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FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA (0)

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Punktid
FORMATION  OF MEDIEVAL 
kARELIA
WHAT WAS  BEFORE   MIDDLE   AGES
WHAT  CHANGES   OCCURRED WITH IT 
HOW KARELIA LOOKED LIKE WHEN NEW 
ERA DAWNED IN  16th   CENTURY

GEOGRAPHY  OF KARELIA 
AND ITS RELEVANCE
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Major  changes in prehistoric  times  in 
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Karelia
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Transgression of  Ladoga
Birth  of Vuoksi 3700 BCE
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Birth of Neva 1300 BCE
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Land  rise  during   entire   period  from Ice Age  till  
todayleading  most notably to changes in 
Vuoksi  river ’s flow
Crossroads of trading routes
White Sea/ Arctic   Ocean
Upper  Volga / Caspian  basin
Baltic  Sea basin
Dnepr /  Black  Sea basin
Daugava
Waterways: 
Gulf of  Finland , Ladoga, Onega, White Sea, 
Neva, Vuoksi, Svir, Volkhov, Vytegra, 
Uiku/Vyg.  Network  of waterways like Saimaa 
in  present  day Finland
ARCHAELOGY
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Very few findings 300­700 CE
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Development  of agriculture from 
6th/7th Century onwards with 
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new crops and techniques, which 
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enabled  considerable  population 
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growth

After 750 CE findings  increase

Typical  feature in findings: 
Mixture of  cultural  influences 
from  EastWest  and  South  but 
also  local   features  common. 
Problem: Items do not  speak , so they 
do not  tell  much about people and not 
even  where they were manufactured; 
were they locally made or imported.
copper  cauldron  found  in 1892 in 
Sakkola, Karelian Isthmus
SPREAD OF KARELIANS
Heartlands  around  Lake Ladoga and Kareliand Isthmus
Karelian people and culture did have larger  spreading  from Arctic Ocean to lake 
Ilmen, from shores of lake Saimaa in present day Finland to Beloye Ozero in  Russia
Karelians’ settlements were also  predominant on the shores of White Sea,  along  
northern  Dvina and in the northern  part  of Gulf of Bothnia.
Povest vremennykh let (also called  Nestor ’s Chronicle) speaks of the White Sea Karelians 
as  zavolodskye  chudy , ”Chuds in Hinterland”
ALDEIGJUBORG­LAATOKANLINNA
First  town in Karelian lands
Importance  declined after rise of  Novgorod  
•Major trading  centre , existed  already  753 
in  10th  Century, subjugated to Novgorod 
CE
after period of  Swedish  Earldom in  11th  
•Earliest  Arab  coins from 786 CE
Century, regressed from town into a mere 
•Controlled trade along Volkhov and was 
fortress
major East/West hub
•Burnt in 860 possibly in  domestic  strides of 
•Ladoga/Volkhov route  started  
Rørik and  other  old Dukes.
substituting Daugava route in 7th Century
•Attempt to  conquer  by Swedes 1164
•Exact population composition unknown, 
•Burnt in  1313  by Swedes
but  included   Finnish , Scandinavian and 
later  also Slavonic elements
•Finnish component included Karelian, 
Veps, Votic and probably Estonians and 
maybe even other tribes, but not  known  
to which  degree  they had by that time 
acquired  separate  linguistic /cultural 
identities beyond the one deriving from 
their home area
CORE FINDINGS 800­1300 CE
Few  CLEAR  CONCENTRATIONS OF 
DOESN’T  MEAN  ELSEWHERE HAD BEEN 
POPULATION
EMPTY, JUST NOT FOUND YET
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KURKIJOKI
Remarkable centre of medieval 
Maybe even phonetically Kirjalabotn = kureojala 
karelia
 kurkijoki
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KÄKISALMI­KORELA­KEXHOLM
Käkisalmi was karelian centre  controlling  
Swedish name Kexholm probably 
Ladoga estuary of Vuoksi and trade  through  it
abomination of karelian idiomatic 
käksalm, kägösalm
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Around 1100­1300 indisputably main 
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town in Karelia
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VIBORG / VIIPURI
Important  trading post  since  11th Century
Gulf of Finland estuary of Vuoksi
Incorporated to  sweden  1293,  stone   castle   built
End of Middle Ages one of two major cities in Finland, 
only one  surrounded  by a stone  wall , 1470
TOWN privileges latest 1403
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CHRISTIAN  KARELIA
Long  process  of christianization, till 16th century
Monasteries,  above  all  valamo
played important  role
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INCORPORATION OF KARELIA TO 
NOVGOROD REALM
Loose Alliances from 1100 till 
As Part of Novgorod and (from 
1227­1290
1478 ) Muscovy
Novgorod supports spreading of 
1311 Campaign to Tavastia, destruction 
Orthodox Christianity in Karelia
of Vanaja
1187 Karelians  sail  to Sweden with 
1318 Turku/Åbo Kustö Bishop’s castle 
Estonians to  destroy  Sigtuna
burned
Attack to Tavastia 1227 as well as 
Uprise of Käkisalmi 1337, last known 
forceful ”Christianization 
serious  challenge of Novgorod
campaign” in Karelia
1360 Stone Fortress in Käkisalmi
Feudalism  slowly crept in together with 
1240 Ingrian chieftain Pelgusij 
serfdom since  14th  Century
alleged with Novgorod against 
Replacement of Karelian  language  
Swedes
with  Russian
1260 Novgorod was not 
guaranteeing safety of  German  
vessels on Karelian waters
SWEDISH KARELIA
UNTIL  NÖTEBORG  PEACE  
TREATY  1323
AFTER 1323
Swedish  attempts  to gain foothold 
Not settling with border on Karelian 
were  frequent  since Swedish realm  Isthmus
came  to  exist  around 1000.
Karelians on Isthmus  divided  in two 
Attack on Aldeigju~1164
realms and religions
Frequent skirmishes despite existing 
Invasion to Neva 1240
peace treaty, Karelians fighting 
1256­1257 Narva mouth campaign
Karelians
”3rd Crusade” to Viborg 1293, 
Destruction of Tiuri/Tiversk castle in 
castle
Räisälä 1411
1294 conquest of Korela
Peasants essentially free, no 
Foundation of Landskrona on Neva  feudalism or serfdom
1300
No new peace treaty till 1595 though 
Constant  battles  till peace treaty
de  facto   shift  of border to the east
OLAUS  MAGNUS : CARTA  MARINA  1539
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Distortions reflect subjectivity and thus tell us a lot from the times, Neva not important but Gulf of Viborg is. White Sea marked  close  to Gulf of Bothnia and as a lake. Gulf of Finland longer  than  in reality.
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Document Outline

  • Slide 1
  • GEOGRAPHY OF KARELIA AND ITS RELEVANCE
  • ARCHAELOGY
  • SPREAD OF KARELIANS
  • ALDEIGJUBORG-LAATOKANLINNA
  • CORE FINDINGS 800-1300 CE
  • KURKIJOKI
  • KÄKISALMI-KORELA-KEXHOLM
  • VIBORG / VIIPURI
  • CHRISTIAN KARELIA
  • INCORPORATION OF KARELIA TO NOVGOROD REALM
  • SWEDISH KARELIA
  • OLAUS MAGNUS: CARTA MARINA 1539
  • Slide 14
Vasakule Paremale
FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #1 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #2 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #3 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #4 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #5 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #6 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #7 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #8 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #9 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #10 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #11 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #12 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #13 FORMATION OF MEDIEVAL kARELIA #14
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