When he died, the French king took some parts of Richards French land to himself. Richard was followed by his brother John who was already very unpopular for being greedy. In1204 he became even more unpopular because the French king invaded Normandy and the English nobles lost their land there. He was a failure as a king. He had taken the nobles money but couldn't protect their lands. In 1215 the nobles made him sign a new agreement Magna Carta. Magna Carta and the decline of feudalism. The new agreement was an important symbol of political freedom. Hundreds of years later it was used by Parliament to protect themselves against the powerful king. It didn't give the freedom to most of the people living in England. It's only aim was to make sure that John and the kings after him wouldn't go beyond his rights as a feudal lord again. The nobles established a committee for that. Another sign of the chaning feudalism was the army. Kings started to pay for soldiers.
1.The leg of norm-when william 1 died normandy went to his oldest son robert,feudalism-land was given to lords who suported The domesday book-the first national census,11h 2.Anglo sax 410-793 wrom the jutes came from juteland,angles from south of denma, saxons from germ; deff-the new anglo saxon invaders were not organised centrally as the romans had been;days of the week 3.The celtic peop 500bc-43ad the cealts(fr) the brit(eng)the graels(irel) 4.Roman britain ad 43-410 britains helped the cauls fight against julius ceasar 5.the vihing793-1066 they came acress the north seam most viking who sailed overses were simply searching for letters land for their farms.alfred great the eng king, king canute 1016 of denmark captured the english
Orthodox Christianity in Karelia of Vanaja 1187 Karelians sail to Sweden with 1318 Turku/Åbo Kustö Bishop's castle Estonians to destroy Sigtuna burned Attack to Tavastia 1227 as well as Uprise of Käkisalmi 1337, last known serious challenge of Novgorod forceful "Christianization 1360 Stone Fortress in Käkisalmi campaign" in Karelia Feudalism slowly crept in together with 1240 Ingrian chieftain Pelgusij serfdom since 14th Century alleged with Novgorod against Replacement of Karelian language Swedes with Russian 1260 Novgorod was not guaranteeing safety of German vessels on Karelian waters SWEDISH KARELIA UNTIL NÖTEBORG PEACE TREATY 1323 AFTER 1323 Swedish attempts to gain foothold Not settling with border on Karelian
The Medieval period The Middle Ages began in 1066, when the Normans defeated Anglo-saxons at the Battle of Hastings. Now England had a Norman king William the Conquer. Norman kings ruled in England less than 100 years, during that time Normans brought England closer to the mainstream of European society. William introduced the feudalism. Under it, land was divided among noble overlords, or barons. Knights pledged their wealth and services to the overlords. In return overlords let them use their land. At the lowest end of the social scale were the serfs, peasants bound to the land. In 1154 the Norman time was at the end. In 1154 Henry II started to reign. Henry II was the king who increased royal power at the expense of nobles. His desire to control the Roman Catholic Church in England led to the murder of T. Becket
They and their bishops had to perform certain services. They and the bishops served as members of William's Council, which replaced the Anglo-Saxon Witan. The barons also had military obligations to serve as knights (army commanders) for William. William organised his English kingdom according to the feudal system which had already begun to develop in England before his arrival, but under the Normans, it became more organised. The word feudalism comes from the French word feu, which the Normans used to refer to land held in return for duty or service to a lord. The basis of feudal society was the holding of land, and its main purpose was economic. All land was divided into manors. Most manors contained a village. A baron was tenant-in-chief and had several manors. He passed on part of his military obligations to his tenants, who held manors from him. The tenants of each manor performed specific regular services for their lord. Under
saj II poolel Itaalia humanistide poolt. Seda loetakse I ilmalikuks ajaloo perioodiks. Keskaja perioodid: I varakeskaeg a) 5-9saj-feodaaltsivilisatsiooni algus. b) 9-11 saj välja kujunenud romaani ja germaani kultuur. II vahekeskaeg 11-14 saj. 13 saj kõrgkeskaeg. III hiliskeskaeg- varauusag 14-16saj kriis katoliikluses ja reformatsioon. Keskaja lõpp, kas 1492 ameerika avastamine või 1517 luterlik reformatsioon. Feodaaltsivilisatsiooni tunnused: katoliiklus mõjutas igapäevaelu, feudalism e. ühiskonda korraldav normistik. Bütsans e. Ida-Rooma riik. Vabad maaharijad hakkasid rentima maad. Sõjaväeline ametnikkond, see aitas keisri võimule kaasa. Kogukondlikkus ja tsentraliseeritus. Keisril oli võimutäius, kirik allus ka keisrile. Põllumajandus oli edukas. Ringkäendusega seotuna kindlustas kogukond riigi maksude laekumise. 313 Milano edikt Rooma võttis kristluse riigiuskus. Kristluse levik suurenes üle kogu euroopa. Piiskoppide ül
STUDY QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER 3 · Battle of Stamford Bridge 1066- Battle, that took place on Stamford Bridge between Norwegians who were led by Harald and England (king Harold Godwinson). During the battle many Norwegian leaders were killed. Norwegians lost the battle, and it is very often taken to mark the end of the Viking Age. · Battle of Hastings 1066- Occurred on 14th October 1066 during the Norman conquest of England, between the Norman-French army of William the Conqueror and the English army under king Harold II. During the battle Harold was killed and the Normans won. It was the end of Anglo-Saxon era. · Bayeux Tapestry- Embroidered cloth nearly 70m long, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later king of England and culminating in the battle of Hastings. · Debate poem- ...
joint holdings. Except for shrines and temples, these groups manage forests to produce income. In general, these forests are not very large: the average forest area per establishment was 3.7 ha in 1990. Groups operating forests of less than 100 ha control 67% of the total area. Hence forests are not necessarily owned by a few large concerns. Private ownership of forestland was officially permitted after the Meiji restoration of 1868, which marked the end of feudalism. Previously, forestland was legally owned collectively for the use of local communities. After the Meiji restoration, most of these ,,commons" became privately owned land, although some still exist and are operated by permanent joint holdings. In many cases, common forests were divided equally among members of the community, and individual parcels of forestland were small. ----------------------- According to the 1995 assessment by the Forestry Agency, the private forest area was 14.6
Anglo-norman period (1066-1300) The normans · The name derives from "the Northmen" · Descendants of the Vikings · Seized the north-western part of France · The area known as Normandy · Adopted French customs and Christianity · Norman-French (their version of French). 1066 · Edward the Confessor dies in January · Harold Godwinson crowned as king in Westminster Abbey on the same day · Another candidate for the throne William, Duke of Normandy · Gathered an army · Invasion delayed (bad weather) · Harald, king of Norway, invades England from the North · A battle at Stamford Bridge · Harald's army defeated, leaders killed · The end of the Viking Age · The Normans land in Britain (a few days after Stamford Bridge) · The Battle of Hastings · Harold defeated ...
The necessity for this moral law is quite simple: Immanuel Kant provided a sort of equation for the humanity, if we can name it that, that determines a reason for things we do or why we find certain things moral or immoral and why we want to follow certain things through, example given why we eat - so to not starve or why we follow the law - so to not go to jail. 4. What was civic democracy in Medieval society? Civic democracy was called feudalism. It comes from the Latin word feodum or feudum. It is a structure in society, which includes higher ups that had land or could afford protection for themselves and fo those, who could not afford it and people working for them in a way that benefits everyone in the society. It is similar to a pyramid scheme. The 3 main classes that held this structure together were lords, vassals and fiefs. There is a common saying from that time period as well - my vassals vassal is not my vassal
Invaded Britain in 1066. The Battle of Hastings. The Bayeux Tapestry is a 50 cm by 70 m long embroidered cloth which depicts the events of the invasion itself. Importance of the Norman Conquest: 1) Norman influence to Anglo Saxon culture 2) New buildings and fortification of England 3) French influences to the English language. French as the language of the ruling classes for nearly 300 years. 4) Adoption of the European feudalism. King the most powerful man in the country; Barons and lords king's closest advisors and friends, members of aristrocracy, had absolute power in their territories; Knights, merchants and yeoman the middle classes, could own small pieces of land; Villens and serfs did not own land and worked for the aristocracy slaves no land, owned by the lords and used as they wished. 5) 1086 Domesday Book to improve taxation
For the first time the king allowed himself to be ,,accountable" to Parliament. Merchants & country gentlemen were anxious to influence the king's politics both at home & abroadin order to protect their interests. The alliance between esquires & merchants made Parliament more powerful & separated the Commons more & more from the Lords. Many European countries had the same kinds of Parliaments at this time, but in most cases these disappeared when feudalism died out. In England the death of feudalism helped to strengthen the House of Commons in Parliament. In 1363 Ed III appointed ,,justices of the peace" to deal with smaller crimes & offenses & to hold court 4 times a year. These JPs as they became known, were usually less important lords or members of the landed gentry. They were & still are chosen for their fairness & honesty. This made the middle classes still stronger. The JPs remained the only form of local government to the countryside until 1888
and Anglomania than of any particular aesthetic sensibilities. Bazarov feels some kind of pity towards Pavel, he finds that a man must be his own master, not trapped in the aristocratic emotionality. the true aristocrats - the anglomaniacs, westernists, the ,,Pechorin types". Larding their chatter with foreign phrases typical to the gentry.. e destruction of patriarchal and monarchical illusion Religion allied with feudalism, odd aristocratic sentimentality, Bucolic life. 3 The love-story between the peasant and the landlord symbolises an underlying problem of the society on the eve of Emancipation in 1861 (the serfs were emancipated by royal decree in 1861, novel set in 1959). Such a relationship between landowner and peasant girl takes the reader further into ideology, calling to mind the social scene in Russia on the eve of Emancipation
2) rahvusluse idée propageerimisega hakkavad tegelema mõnevõrra laiemad ringkonnad, nt üliõpilased, kooliõpetajad 3) liikumisega liituvad massid, tekivad seltsid 4) tekivad erakonnad, püstitatakse nõue riigi loomiseks ning lõpuks rahvusriigi väljakuulutamine. Tööstuslik pööre Sai alguse Inglismaal 18.sajandil, sest Inglismaa oli teistest enam arenenud, tal oli palju kolooniaid, kust saadi odavat toorainet ning kaotatud oli feudalism. Toimus vabrikute esilekerkimine, võeti kasutusele masinad, käsitsitootmine vähenes märgatavalt. Kaasa aitas ka James Wattsi leiutatud aurumasin, mis pani masinad tööle. Vabrikute ümbrusesse rajati ka elamuid, mis moodustasid varsti ka linna. Tekkis konkurents tootjate vahel ning mõne tootega sai kaubelda ka monopol. Tööstusrevolutsiooni tähtsus(järnevas ka juttu): 1)odavnes kaupade hind 2) arenes tööstus ja teadus 3) toimus urbaniseerumine 4) rahavaarv suurenes
Evil forces are only victorious to a certain extent, however in the end vitue wins. Real political and social world, the influence of the environment and history on characters. Nature is an anemey in his tragedies. Othello, The Moor of Venice love's fight against racial discrimination. Othello is a talented, intelligent military leader; Iago is his jealous enemy; Desdemano is O's wife. King Lear a tragedy of family and politics, take splace during the late feudalism period; Goneril, Regan, Cornelia. Lear's kind of an asshole. Ill, gains sympathy for the poor and oppressed, on his deathbed only Codelia and the fool care for him. Macbeth The Romantic Period Cymbeline, The Tempest, The Winter's Tale. Evil is not absolute, but relative. The guy learned how to write complexly. 1. What does the term RENAISSANCE mean in literature and art? When and where did the renaissance start
Anglic-speaking land in the south-east and attained overlordship of Gaelic-speaking Galloway and Norse-speaking Caithness; by the end of the 13th century, the kingdom had assumed approximately its modern borders. However, processes of cultural and economic change beginning in the 12th century ensured Scotland looked very different in the later Middle Ages. The stimulus for this was the reign of King David I and the Davidian Revolution. Feudalism, government reorganisation and the first legally defined towns (called burghs) began in this period. These institutions and the immigration of French and Anglo-French knights and churchmen facilitated a process of cultural osmosis, whereby the culture and language of the low-lying and coastal parts of the kingdom's original territory in the east became, like the newly acquired south-east, English-speaking, while the rest of the country retained the Gaelic language, apart from the
These areas were gradually reconquered and brought back under English control by Alfred's successors. *Feudalism and the manor system Manorialism, otherwise known as the Manorial System, is the political, economic, and social system by which peasants of medieval Europe were made dependent on their land and on their lord. The manorial system was the most convenient device for organizing the estates of the aristocracy and the clergy in the European Middle Ages. Feudalism is a hierarchical system in which a lord or king gives a gift or land to a vassal in exchange for protection. The decline of feudalism can be marked by the crusades. *Edward the Confessor was an Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last of the House of Wessex. His reign marked the continuing disintegration of royal power in England and the enlargement of the great territorial counts. Edward was canonized and is regarded as the
Denmark, divided kingdom into 4 earldoms, while abroad The vikings of Normandy 789 first ships to England Big raid in Kent 835. three decades of yearly attacks, arrival of a full-scaled army Reasons_ Growth of population in Vikings home landin many european countries from 850´s onwards In Ireland, ScotlandWales and Cornwall- mainly Norwegian, in English, Frankish lands- Danish 9th C invaded England, conquered all nothern, Feudalism, manor system Feudalism- social system of rights and dutie based on land tenure and personal relationship The basis- holding land, Main purpose- economy King was the owner of the whole land, land was held by vassals, greater nobles gave part of their land to smaller, system developed mailny in 9th C, loyal dynasties became independent and started to build up small territorial states Manor system- political, economical, social system, peasants
Edard, kes tõusis 1461 troonile Edward VI- na. Vahelduva eduga peetud sõda lõppes 1485 Bosworthi lahinguga. Et rooside sõjas hukkus enamik inglise kõrgaadlist, tugevnes kuningavõim. Bosworthi lahhing 1485: Lancasteri soost pärit Henry Tudor (Henry VII) ja Yorki dünastiast lahku löönud väed võitsid viimast Yorki soost kuningat Richard III. See lahing märgib ka sümboolset lõppu Inglise keskajale. BASTARD FEUDALISM: Termind, mida kasutatakse hiliskeskajal feodaalkorra iseloomustamiseks, põhiliselt Inglismaal. Termin pärineb Inglismaalt, kus kuningad asendasid feodaalide sõjaväekohustuse rahalise maksuga, mille eest palkasid endale palgasõdureid. PÕHJA-EUROOPA SKANDINAAVIA RISTIUSUSTAMINE JA RIIKIDE TEKE: Skandinaavia konungid tülitsesid pidevalt omavahel. Igaüks püüdis saada endale võimalikult rohkem maakondi. Vahel
In late 1640s and 50s debate over the shape and authority of the rapidly changing constitution of England intense. Charles I off throne, Commonwealth, power to gentlemen landowners. No radical social change, or popualr democracy experiment. Men at the top harassed by those who supporteed the old and those who sought further to radicalize the new. Dissenting Puritans, restless Protestant sectarians. Pamphlet literature of those who saw Charles I’s overthrow as freedom from Norman feudalism. Native rights, more equal distribution of constituencies, removing property qualifications from voters. John Lilburne – Leveller party. Contrasts between rich and poor. Equal distribution of property. 9. Milton. Paradise Lost Lengthy works of religious convictions discarded today, wanted to remove his poetry to greater extent than that of others, for material: the fall of man, the restoration of the human race in Christ, destruction of God’s
See nõupidamine muutus hiljem regulaarseks, kusjuures parlament jagunes Edward III valitsusajal kaheks: ülemkojaks (House of Lords) ja alamkojaks (House of Commons). Ülemkoja moodustasid vaimulikud ja suurfeodaalid, kes olid nimetatud kuninga poolt. Alamkotta saatis iga krahvkond kaks rüütlit ja iga linn kaks kodanikku. Parlamendi nõusolekuta ei tohtinud kuningad makse kehtestada ning aja möödudes hakati seal ka koos kuningaga seadusi vastu võtma. Bastard feudalism termin, mida kasutatakse hiliskeskaja feodaalkorra iseloomustamiseks, põhiliselt Inglismaal. See termin pärineb Inglismaalt, kus kuningad asendasid feodaalide sõjaväekohustuse rahalise maksuga, mille eest palkasid endale palgasõdureid. (värd(jas)feodalism Edward II äärmiselt nõrk Inglise kuningas, keda iseloomustasid ebakompetentsus, poliitiline nääklemine ja sõjaline ebaõnn. Edward II valitsusajal lõi Inglismaast lahku Sotimaa Bannockbumi lahingu järel
See nõupidamine muutus hiljem regulaarseks, kusjuures parlament jagunes Edward III valitsusajal kaheks: ülemkojaks (House of Lords) ja alamkojaks (House of Commons). Ülemkoja moodustasid vaimulikud ja suurfeodaalid, kes olid nimetatud kuninga poolt. Alamkotta saatis iga krahvkond kaks rüütlit ja iga linn kaks kodanikku. Parlamendi nõusolekuta ei tohtinud kuningad makse kehtestada ning aja möödudes hakati seal ka koos kuningaga seadusi vastu võtma. Bastard feudalism termin, mida kasutatakse hiliskeskaja feodaalkorra iseloomustamiseks, põhiliselt Inglismaal. See termin pärineb Inglismaalt, kus kuningad asendasid feodaalide sõjaväekohustuse rahalise maksuga, mille eest palkasid endale palgasõdureid. Edward II äärmiselt nõrk Inglise kuningas, keda iseloomustasid ebakompetentsus, poliitilised tülid ja sõjaline ebaõnn. Edward II valitsusajal lõi Inglismaast lahku Sotimaa Bannockbumi lahingu järel. 1327 eemaldati ta troonilt.
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