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Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 (0)

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Lesson aims
• Review lecture 1 
   ( part  1)
•  Henry ’s Law
• Respiratory  responses  & adaptations
•  Move  onto the cardiovascular system 
Lecture 1 – recall  task
1) Identify the route that air  takes  from the atmosphere 
to the  blood  (e.g., air enters  through  the mouth and 
then…).
2)  Explain  the mechanism of how air is drawn into the 
body  with  reference  to Boyle’s law and  diffusion .
3) With reference to Dalton’s law explain why training 
at altitude can be problematic for athletes.
Henry's Law
• When a mixture of gases is in contact with a 
liquid , each gas will dissolve in the liquid in 
proportion to its partial  pressure .
•  Greater  concentration of gas, the more and 
faster that gas will go into  solution  in the 
liquid. 
• How much gas dissolves in liquid depends 
on:
– solubility of the gas in the liquid
– temperature of the liquid.
Did You  Know …?
The solubility of a gas in  blood  and the temperature of blood 
are relatively constant. 
Differences  in the partial pressures of gases in the aveoli 
and in the blood create a pressure gradient  across  the 
respiratory membrane. 
This  difference  in pressures leads to diffusion of gases 
across the respiratory membrane. The greater the pressure 
gradient, the more rapidly  oxygen  diffuses across it.
Task 
• How does  exercise   increase  the pressure 
gradient at the respiratory membrane?
Response &  Adaptation
• Response (acute)
 immediate response of systems as a  result  of  exercise  
 response can  change  with intensity, 
 system  changes  return to resting values  once  exercise bout 
has ceased, or shortly after. 
• Adaptation (chronic)
 more  permanent  changes as a result of training
 adaptations wil  resist change but wil  revert to  previous  
state if training ceases
 adaptation is not always a  good   thing  (maladaptation)    
Ventilatory Response to Exercise
Onset  of exercise: initial 
rapid increase, followed 
by a gradual increase in 
breathing depth &  rate
1st  rise  due to  motor  cortex. 
Gradual rise, due to 
changes in temp and CO  2
and H+ quantities.
Raised ventilation post-
exercise, regulated by 
acid-base  balance , PCO2, 
and blood temp. (EPOC)
Minute  Ventilation (V and 
E) and
Exercise 
•  Average : 35 – 45 breaths/min  during  
strenuous exercise, 
– Athletes 60 – 70 breaths per minute.
•  Tidal   volume  (TV) increase from 0.5L to 3L.
• V can rise up to 90 – 150L per minute.
 E can rise up to 90 – 150L per minut
• Some  studies  have  even  shown V  to rise 
E to ris
above  200L per minute
Minute Ventilation (VE)
• QUESTION:
• Two people have an identical VE.
• Does the  same   amount  of oxygen 
necessarily  reach  the alveoli?
V ,  Alveolar  Ventilation & Acute 
E, Alveolar Ventilation & Acut
Exercise
• Volume inspired per breath = 500ml
• Breaths per minute = 10
• Dead  space  = 150ml
• Minute volume (V = volume/breath x breaths/minute
E) = volume/breath x breaths/min
= 500ml x 10
= 5 L/min
• TASK: HOW MUCH AIR WILL REACH THE ALVEOLI?
• Alveolar ventilation = (inspired vol – dead space) x
                                                  breaths/min
= 350ml x 10
= 3.5L/min
V , Alveolar Ventilation & Acute 
E, Alveolar Ventilation & Acut
Exercise
• Volume inspired per breath = 1000ml
• Breaths per minute = 5
• Dead space = 150ml
• Minute volume (V = volume/breath x breaths/minute
E) = volume/breath x breaths/m
= 1000ml x 5
= 5 L/min
• TASK: HOW MUCH AIR WILL REACH THE ALVEOLI?
• Alveolar ventilation = (inspired vol – dead space) x breaths/min
= 850ml x 5
= 4.25L/min
V & Acute Exercise
E & Acute Exercis
• Low intensities ⇑ tidal volume.
•  Higher  intensities ⇑ breathing  frequency
Ventilatory  Equivalent  for 
Oxygen
Volume of air ventilated (VE)
   Volume of O used (VO
2 used (V
2)
Rest   =
20 – 25L of air per L of O2
Strenuous Activity = 30 – 40L of air per L of O2
• Relatively constant over a range of exercise levels, 
indicating  control  systems for breathing is matched 
by O   demand .
2 demand
V /VO
E/
2
• TASK: Calculate The ventilatory equivalents for the 
following  exercise intensities
V L.min
VO L.min V /VO
EL.min
2L.min
E/V
2
23.3
35
1.5
24
48
2.0
24.8
62
2.5
30.0
90
3.0
Ventilatory Threshold
•  Steady  state: V /VO remains constant 
E/VO2 remains constan
because pulmonary ventilation eliminates 
CO  produced.
2 produce
• Non­steady state: as VO  increases , VE 
2 increases, VE
eventually increases disproportionately to 
increase in VO , this is known as Ventilatory 
2, this is known as Ventila
Threshold (VT)
• Normally occurs at approx 55–70% of 
VO2max,  although  can be 80% in  trained  
athletes.
Ventilatory Threshold
Exercise  Intensity and Blood 
Lactate    Accumulation
Ventilation (V )
E
Variable
Rest
Hard  exercise
Alveolar ventilation (l/min)
4.2
140
Tidal volume (l)
0.5
3
Breathing rate 
12
55
(per min)
Expired ventilation (l/min)
6
180
O   consumption  (ml/kg/min)
3.5
85
2
Alveolar PO  (mmHg)
100
120
2
Arterial  PO2 (mmHg)
97
90
(A-a)PO   diff . (mmHg)
2-10
30
2
Mixed venous PO  (mmHg)
46
20
2
Arterial PCO  (mmHg)
40
25-32
2
Arterial pH
7.4
7.2-7.3
Pulmonary blood flow (l/min)
5
30
Lung  capillary blood volume 
70
250
(ml)
Mean  red blood cell  transit  
0.75
0.5
time (s)
in Martin & Coe (1997) pp119
Adaptations
• maximum amount of air inspired per minute increases
• ventilation is not usual y a limiting  factor  to endurance  performance
• however,  improved  functioning of respiratory muscles  means  that 
they wil   fatigue  at a slower rate
• improvements in VO  therefore  are more likely to be due to improved 
2  therefore are more likely to be due to improved
O  transport and extraction rather  than  intake 
2 transport and extraction rather than intake
Cont
• improved O  extraction  could  result from greater 
2 extraction could result from greater
capil arisation  around  the alveoli resulting in a larger 
diffusion area
• improved alveolar functioning and involvement could also 
account for improved O  extraction
2 extract
• improved extraction at the  muscle  wil  also increase a­v O2 
diff.
Research  Articles
• An Evaluation of the Predictive Validity 
and  Reliability  of Ventilatory Threshold 
(AMANN et al., 2004)
• Inspiratory muscles do not  limit  maximal 
incremental  exercise performance in 
healthy  subjects  (Romer et al., 2006)
Reading
• Marieb & Hoehn (2007) Human  anatomy  & Physiology. CH. 22.
• Tortora & Grabowski (depends on edition), Principles of 
Anatomy & Physiology, chap. 23
• Wilmore & Costil  (2004) Physiology of  Sport  & Exercise, 
chaps . 8 & 9
•  See also McArdle, Katch & Katch
Respiratory 
Regulation

Document Outline

  • Lesson aims
  • Lecture 1 – recall task
  • Henry's Law
  • Slide 4
  • Task 
  • Response & Adaptation
  • Ventilatory Response to Exercise
  • Minute Ventilation (VE) and Exercise 
  • Minute Ventilation (VE)
  • VE, Alveolar Ventilation & Acute Exercise
  • Slide 11
  • VE & Acute Exercise
  • Ventilatory Equivalent for Oxygen
  • VE/VO2
  • Ventilatory Threshold
  • Slide 16
  • Exercise  Intensity and Blood Lactate  Accumulation
  • Slide 18
  • Adaptations
  • Cont…
  • Research Articles
  • Reading
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
Vasakule Paremale
Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #1 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #2 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #3 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #4 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #5 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #6 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #7 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #8 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #9 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #10 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #11 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #12 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #13 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #14 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #15 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #16 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #17 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #18 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #19 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #20 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #21 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #22 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #23 Exercise Physiology - lecture 1 #24
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Inglisekeelne esitlus inimese füsioloogiast, mis annab ülevaate Henry seadusest, respiratoorsest tegevusest.

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