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Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood, gas exchange, transport (0)

1 Hindamata
Punktid
Exercise  
Physiology
Blood
Gas Exchange and 
Transport
Today’s lesson
 Cardiovascular  responses  & adaptations 
to exercise – a review
 Transporting O  and CO  in the  blood
2
2
 Gaseous exchange at the  muscle
  Types  of muscle tissue
 Properties and  function  of muscle tissue
 Microscopic  anatomy  of muscle tissue
 Sliding  filament  theory
Components  of Respiration
 Pulmonary ventilation 
External  
 Pulmonary diffusion
respiration
 CO  and O  transport 
Internal  
2
2
respiration
via blood
 Tissue gaseous 
exchange
Transport of O  in Blood
2
Blood carried in 2  ways :
1. Dissolved in the blood  plasma  (less  than  2%)

Assuming a total plasma V of 3-5 L, only ~ 9-15 ml 
O2 can be carried in a dissolved state.

Resting tissues require > 250ml O2 per min.
2. In combination with haemoglobin within the RBC 
( greater  than 98%)

Haemoglobin within each of the 4-6 bil ion RBC 
al ows blood to transport ~ 70  times  more O2
Haemoglobin  saturation
 1 molecules haemoglobin = 4 molecules of O2
 O2 + haemoglobin = oxyhaemoglobin
 Haemoglobin –  oxygen  = deoxyhaemoglobin
 Binding of O2 to Hb depends on PO2 in blood and the 
bonding  strength  (affinity) between Hb and O2.
 O2-hb disassociation curve
Oxygen-haemoglobin Dissociation curve
 High drop in PO2 
associated with only slight 
changes  in O2 saturation.
 As PO2 of blood  increases  
saturation increases.
 As PO2 of blood decreases 
affinity between O2 and Hb 
decreases and O2 
disassociates from Hb.
 Unloading of oxygen to 
tissue
Haemoglobin Saturation & pH
Low blood pH
(high PCO )
2
Normal 
blood pH
High blood pH 
(low PCO )
2
Everest
Oxygen Saturation & pH
 When the blood becomes more acidic (increased CO2 and 
H+) the curve shifts to the right. 
 O2 has less affinity with Hb and is unloaded more easily. 
 This rightward shift in the curve is known as the  Bohr  
effect. 
  Active  tissues produce CO2 as a by product of oxidative 
metabolism , so therefore are more acidic.
 Lungs slightly alkaline
Haemoglobin Saturation & Temp
430 C
380 C
200 C
Haemoglobin Saturation & Temp
 When the blood becomes warmer (e.g. in 
active muscles) the curve shifts to the right. 
This  means  that O2 has less affinity with 
haemoglobin and is unloaded more easily.
 When the blood becomes cooler (e.g. in the 
lungs) this shifts the curve to the  left . The 
Hb has a  higher  affinity with O2, which 
means  there  is a high level of O2 saturation.
CO  Transport
2
Transported in blood in 3 forms:
1. dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
2. Binds to haemoglobin ( different site to O ) 
2
(carbaminohaemoglobin)
3. Transported as bicarbonate (60 – 70%)
 In the active tissues:
H O + CO    ⇒  H CO        ⇒
HCO - + H+
2
2
2
3
3
(carbonic
bicarbonate
acid)
ion)
CO  Transport
2
 In the lungs:
HCO - + H+ ⇒  H CO  ⇒  H O + CO
3
2
3
2
2
Gas Exchange at the Muscles
a-vO  Dif-ference
2
Rest
 This describes the extent to which O2 is extracted, 
or removed, from the blood as it passes  through  the 
body .
 An increased a-vO2  difference  represents a 
decreased amount of oxygen in venous blood.
Arterial -Venous Oxygen Difference
 The Fick equation represents the  relationship  
of the body’s oxygen  consumption  (VO ), to 
2
the arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-vO  
2
diff ) and  cardiac  output (Q);
 VO  = Q x (a-vO  diff)
2
2
 Rest – 4 to 5 ml/100 ml blood
 Intense exercise - 15-16 ml/100 ml blood
Oxygen Transport in Muscles
 O2 transported to mitochondria by 
myoglobin (similar to Hb but a greater 
affinity to O2)
Factors affecting O2  delivery  and 
Uptake
 O2 content of blood
 Blood flow
 Local conditions  (e.g. pH, temp)
Recommended Reading
 Baechle, T. R., Earle, R.W. (eds) (2008) 
Essentials of strength training and conditioning
2nd ed., National Strength and Conditioning 
Association . Champaign, Il .: Human Kinetics.
 Marieb, E.N. (2000) Essentials of human 
anatomy and physiology. 6th ed.,  Addison  
Wesley, Longman.
 McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., Katch, V.L. (2006) 
Essentials of exercise physiology. 3rd ed., 
London: Lippincott,  Williams  & Wilkins. 
 Wilmore, J.H., Costil , D.L. and Kenney, L.W. 
(2008) Physiology of  sport  and exercise. 3rd ed., 
Champaign, Il .: Human Kinetics.
Muscle (1))
Types of muscle tissue
Task
(i) identify the 3 types of muscle tissue
(ii) give an example of each
(iii) try to identify similarities and  differences  
between the 3 types 
Properties of muscle tissue
 contractile –  ability  to shorten forcibly
 irritability/excitability – ability to respond to a stimulus
 extensibility – ability to be stretched  beyond  resting 
length  (stomach,  heart  etc. more so then skeletal)
 elasticity – ability to return to resting length  
Functions  of muscle tissue
  movement  – al  types
 posture – skeletal 
 stabilizing  joints  – skeletal
 generating heat – skeletal (≥40% body mass), shivering 
 regulating organ  volume  – smooth (sphincters) 
Smooth muscle tissue
  Location  – walls of tissues 
and organs , controlling the 
shape  of lens in the eye
 Appearance – non-striated, 
layered, spindle shaped 
fibres
  Control  – involuntary - 
neural and hormonal 
control,  react  to nearby cells
Smooth muscle tissue
 Function  - various inc. to 
move  food  along  digestive 
tract , to control the flow of 
blood, to  focus  our  sight
  Fatigue  – very resistant to 
fatigue
 Contraction –  slow , wave 
like 
Cardiac muscle tissue
 Location – heart
 Appearance – striated, 
short, interconnecting 
fibres
 Control – involuntary, self- 
controlling (SA/AV nodes) 
with some hormonal and 
neural influences
Cardiac muscle tissue
 Function – to  pump  blood 
to the lungs and  around  the 
body
 Fatigue – does not fatigue
 Contraction – variable, 
depends on many factors
Skeletal muscle tissue
 Location – attached to 
bones via tendons
 Appearance – striated, 
bundles of fibres, arranged 
paral  el to one  another
 Control – voluntary – neural 
control
Skeletal muscle tissue
 Function – to create 
movement by generating 
force  and   acting  upon 
bones
 Fatigue – fatigues 
relatively quickly
 Contraction – contracts 
rapidly and powerfully

Document Outline

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Today’s lesson
  • Components of Respiration
  • Transport of O2 in Blood
  • Haemoglobin saturation
  • Slide 6
  • Oxygen-haemoglobin Dissociation curve
  • Haemoglobin Saturation & pH
  • Oxygen Saturation & pH
  • Haemoglobin Saturation & Temp
  • Slide 11
  • CO2 Transport
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Oxygen Transport in Muscles
  • Factors affecting O2 delivery and Uptake
  • Recommended Reading
  • Slide 19
  • Types of muscle tissue
  •  Properties of muscle tissue 
  •  Functions of muscle tissue 
  •  Smooth muscle tissue 
  • Slide 24
  •  Cardiac muscle tissue 
  • Slide 26
  •  Skeletal muscle tissue 
  • Slide 28
Vasakule Paremale
Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #1 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #2 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #3 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #4 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #5 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #6 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #7 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #8 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #9 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #10 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #11 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #12 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #13 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #14 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #15 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #16 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #17 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #18 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #19 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #20 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #21 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #22 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #23 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #24 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #25 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #26 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #27 Exercise Physiology - lecture 4 Blood-gas exchange-transport #28
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Veri, gaasivahetus ja transport. Inglise keelne PP esitlus antud teemadest.

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