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TMT0050 Microclimate and lighting 2014 tudeng [Compatibility Mode]



1 PHYSICAL HAZARDS in the working environment: Part I – Inconvenient indoor climate Poor lighting Physical hazards Inconvenient indoor climate Poor  lighting Noise Vibration Ionizing radiation Risk of falling,  slipping,  tripping Risk from sharp objects Risk of fire and  electrical shock Non-ionizing radiation (magnetic fields) Indoor climate Air temperature Air humidity Air pressure Ventilation Content of oxygen in air Air ionization Heat exchange between  the environment and human Sick Building  Syndrome (1) SBS is a combination of 
ailments (a syndrome) 
associated with an individual's place of work 
and is presumably connected with overstress 
of organism’s adaption mechanisms.
Building occupants complain of symptoms 
associated with acute discomfort, e.g., 
headache; eye, nose, or throat irritation; dry 
cough; dry or itchy skin; dizziness and nausea; 
difficulty in concentrating; fatigue; and 
sensitivity to odors.  Eye irritation Nose irritation Throat irritation Skin irritation Fatigue,  dizziness, nausea Sick  Building  Syndrome Sick Building Syndrome (2) Sick building syndrome is strongly  suspected when the following  circumstances are present: – Symptoms are temporally related to time spent  in a particular building or part of a building  – Symptoms resolve when the individual is not in  the building  – Symptoms recur seasonally (heating, cooling) 
– Co-workers, peers have noted similar  complaints. SBS reduces worker productivity and 
may also increase absenteeism .


2 Sick Building Syndrome Indoor Air  Quality Health effects connected  with a building  Physical factors:
•Ventilation
•Air moisture
•Air temperature
•Electrostatical fields
•Lighting
•Radon
•Noise Chemical factors:
•CO2
•Volatile organic compounds •Finishing materials
•Cleaning agents
•Office chemicals Psycho-social factors:
•Smoking
•Occupancy of rooms
•Occupation
•Dissatisfaction with work
•Stress
•Health condition Biological 
agents:
•Bacteria
•Molds
•Pollen
•Viruses General factors:
•Climate
•Location
•Pollution
•Age of building
•Used materials
•Renovation Estimation of Air Quality Different variables are used, one of 
them is concentration of VOC (volatile 
organic compounds)
VOC-compounds: – Building materials
– Finishing materials
– Volatile compounds outdoor
– Cleaning agents In indoor air, about 50...300 organic 
compounds can be found, but the 
concentration is hardly over 50 µg/m3 The indoor climate  characteristics: Air temperature Air pressure Air velocity Air absolute and relative  humidity Content of oxygen  in air Content of CO 2 in the air Temperature - is a measure of the heat 
content of the air, (oC)
Air pressure - is the force exerted by the 
weight of a column of air above a particular 
location, measured either in mmHg, mbar or hPa. 
Air pressure is measured using a barometer. 
Several different barometers exist, two of the most 
common are the mercury barometer and the 
aneroid barometer.  1 bar = 1000 mbar = 105 Pa (N/m2) = 750 mmHg 
Air velocity – is the rate of displacement of air 
(m/s), and is measured with anemometer.  Which temperature is the best  for your productivity? Mental work Seppänen, et.al 2006 Productivity vs mental and physical work Mental work performance Physical work performance Temperature P ro d u c ti v it y


3 Temperature - is a measure of the heat 
content of the air, (oC)
Air pressure - is the force exerted by the 
weight of a column of air above a particular 
location, measured either in mmHg, mbar or hPa. 
Air pressure is measured using a barometer. 
Several different barometers exist, two of the most 
common are the mercury barometer and the 
aneroid barometer.  1 bar = 1000 mbar = 105 Pa (N/m2) = 750 mmHg 
Air velocity – is the rate of displacement of air 
(m/s), and is measured with anemometer.  Air absolute humidity - is the quantity of 
water vapor present in air, (g/m3)
Air relative humidity - is the ratio of the vapor 
partial pressure of the air to the saturation vapor 
partial pressure of the air at a prescribed 
temperature, (%) 
Content of oxygen in air – the average oxygen 
content of our air is approximately 20-21% 
outdoors, and lower in polluted areas. Indoors, 
the acceptable level is 18...21%. There have been 
suggestions that low air oxygen content (10...15%) 
could be leading to the noticeable increases in 
cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic 
degenerative diseases.  Air absolute humidity - is the quantity of 
water vapor present in air, (g/m3)
Air relative humidity - is the ratio of the vapor 
partial pressure of the air to the saturation vapor 
partial pressure of the air at a prescribed 
temperature, (%) 
Content of oxygen in air – the average oxygen 
content of our air is approximately 20-21% 
outdoors, and lower in polluted areas. Indoors, 
the acceptable level is 18...21%. There have been 
suggestions that low air oxygen content (10...15%) 
could be leading to the noticeable increases in 
cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic 
degenerative diseases.  Oxygen  content of air Signs and symptoms 15...19.5% Decreased ability  to work strenuously.  May impair co-
ordination  and may induce symptoms in persons with 
coronary, pulmonary  or circulatory problems. 12...15% Respiration deeper, increased pulse rate and 
impaired co-ordination, perception and judgement. 10...12% Further increase in rate and depth of respiration, 
further increase in pulse rate, performance failure, 
giddiness, poor judgement and blue lips. 8...10% Mental failure, nausea, vomiting, fainting, 
unconsciousness, blue lips, ashen face. 6...8% 8 minutes may be fatal in 50...100% of exposures,  4...5 minutes recovery with treatment. 4...6% Coma in 40 seconds, convulsions, respiration ceases. Content of CO 2 in the air • Epidemiologic and intervention research has  shown that higher levels of CO 2 within the range  found in normal indoor settings are associated with 
perceptions of poor air quality, increased 
prevalence of acute health symptoms (headache, 
mucosal irritation), slower work performance, and 
increased absence (Erdmann and Apte, 2004) • Serious health impacts:  – concentrations > 20,000 ppm cause deepened breathing;  – concentrations > 40,000 ppm increases respiration markedly; – concentrations > 100,000 ppm causes visual disturbances  and tremors and has been associated with loss of 
consciousness (Lipsett et al, 1994) • Standard EN 15251:2007→ in office rooms 850…1000 ppm. 


4 Ensuring optimized values Design/planning measures (position of working rooms) – Hot departments to different naves in the building
– Heat flows emitted by machines should not cross
– Materials which are cooling down should place to the fresh air  entrance Constructive measures – Heat insulation
– Screens
– Sealing the machines
– Outside surface of machines should be lowered to <45˚C  Hard physical occupations in extreme conditions 
should be automized
Distant piloting
Ventilation
Protective clothing Lighting Luminous flux Luminous intensity Illuminance  Luminance Luminous efficacy Glare Colour temperature Colour Rendering Index (CRI) IONIZING AND NON- IONIZING RADIATION Ionizing radiation consists of highly-energetic  particles or waves that can detach (ionize) at least  one electron from an atom or molecule (beta- particles, neutrons, alpha-particles, X-rays,  gamma-rays)
Non-ionizing radiation is any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry  enough energy per quantum to ionize atoms or  moleculs; but has sufficient energy only for  excitation, the movement of an electron to a  higher energy state (ultraviolet, visible light,  infrared, microwave, radio waves, low frequency  RF and static fields)  Light technical measuring  system Consists of 4 main variables: Measures Symbol Unit Luminous flux Φ lm (lumen) Luminous 
intenstity I cd (candela) Illuminance E lx (lux) Luminance L cd/m2 Luminous flux (Ф)- the total perceived power of 
light emitted in all directions, measured in lm. It’s 
the value of radiant flux which contains those 
wavelenghts which are detectable by the human 
eye. 
Luminous intensity (I) is a measure of the 
luminous flux over a solid angle (steradian (ω)) 
emitted to a given direction (cd).
Illuminance (E) is the term given to the 
quanitify of luminous flux falling on unit area of a 
surface, measured in lx.
Luminance (L) is the luminous intensity emitted 
by a light source per unit area (cd/m). Illuminance Illuminance (E) is the 
term given to the 
quanitify of luminous flux 
falling on unit area of a 
surface.  E = Ф/A Unit - lux (lx)
The value of illuminance 
depends on the distance 
of lighting source.  • E = I cos α / r2, where
α  – falling angle • Ф/A = I cos α / r2
• I = Ф r2/ S cos α  


5 1 lux 1 m2 Lightmeter  Vellemon DVM1300 Lightmeter  HTC LX-104 Source:  http://www.vellemanusa.com/products/view/?country=us&lang=enu&id=351244
www.mrclab.com Luminance Luminance (L) is the  luminous intensity
emitted by a light source 
per unit area. Unit – cd/m2 Examples:
1.6 * 109 cd/m2 Solar disk at noon (don't look!) 600 000 cd/m2 Solar disk at horizon 8 000 cd/m2 Average clear sky 2 500 cd/m2 Moon surface 2 000 cd/m2 Average cloudy sky 0.0004 cd/m2 Darkest sky Other measures: Luminous efficacy (lm/W) – the ratio between  the total luminous flux emitted by a device and 
the total amount of input power it consumes;
Colour temperature (K) – is desrcibed as the  absolute temperature of perfect black body (e.g.  tungsten filament lamp: 2800 K);
Colour rendering index CRI (without unit) – describes how a light source makes the color of an  object appear to human eyes and how well subtle 
variations in color shades are revealed. CRI is a  scale from 0 to 100 percent indicating how  accurate a "given" light source is at rendering  color when compared to a "reference" light 
source.  Other measures: Luminous efficacy (lm/W) – the ratio between  the total luminous flux emitted by a device and 
the total amount of input power it consumes;
Colour temperature (K) – is desrcibed as the  absolute temperature of perfect black body (e.g.  tungsten filament lamp: 2800 K);
Colour rendering index CRI (without unit) – describes how a light source makes the color of an  object appear to human eyes and how well subtle 
variations in color shades are revealed. CRI is a  scale from 0 to 100 percent indicating how  accurate a "given" light source is at rendering  color when compared to a "reference" light 
source. 


6 Colour Rendering Index CRI Eight standard color samples used in the test-color  method for measuring and specifying  the color rendering properties of light sources.  Adapted from IESNA Handbook  Source:  http://emergencetechnologyconsultants.com/cri.php Glare An excessive variation in luminance within the visual field. Disability glare Discomfort glare Source: Lighting  for Health and Safety, By: Smith, N.A. © 2000 Elsevier Reflected glare from polished 
surfaces reduces visibility 
and causes discomfort glare. Luminaries should ideally be installed outside the 45 0 “forbidden angle” in order to minimize disability glare. DIRECT GLARE REFLECTED GLARE Source: Lighting  for Health and Safety, By: Smith, N.A. © 2000 Elsevier Source: Lighting  for Health and Safety, By: Smith, N.A. © 2000 Elsevier Source: Lighting  for Health and Safety, By: Smith, N.A. © 2000 Elsevier Source: Lighting  for Health and Safety, By: Smith, N.A. © 2000 Elsevier


7 Visual ergonomics
How to  design a workplace lighting?
• The value of luminous intensity should be adequate considering the specific job; • Lighting should be balanced;
• Adecuate contrast should be provided between the object and immediate
backround; • The light source should not cause the glistening of the object; • The light source should not elicit excessive disability or direct glare. General recommendations 
of illuminance:
Offices 300 lx Writing, data processing, reading 500 lx Classrooms, laboratories 500 lx Bookshelves in libraries 200 lx Corridords 100 lx Stairs 150 lx Cafeterias 200...300 lx Sports halls 300 lx Parking lots 75 lx Lighting is prohibited to be under 10 lx Far around  1 Near surround  3 Target  10 Ideal luminance distribution across a visual task 10:3:1 Poor lighting Insufficient light (luminance and illuminance 
levels)
Glare – too much light for the need
Improper luminance contrast level
Unacceptable colour contrast
Poorly distributed light
Flicker, stroboscopic effect
Many visual distractions Poor lighting can affect the quality of work, specifically in 
situation where precision is required, and overall productivity. Signs of poor lighting: Eyestrain;
Eye irritation;
Blurred vision;
Dry burning eyes;
Headaches.
Poor lighting affects not only the ocular  system but can also contribute to stiff necks  and aches in shoulder area. These problems  can occur when humans adopt poor or  awkward postures when trying to do  something under poor lighting conditions.


8 Safety Lighting Divided by application field: – Evacuation lighting is foreseen for people  in danger to find the evacuation way and 
rescue equipment quickly and safely;  – Panic avoidance lighting is meant to  prevent panic among people who are 
present in large rooms to reach the 
location where evacuation way is lighted 
properly; – Risk area lighting is a part of safety lighting  which is meant to switch off the equipment 
in potentially dangerous area.
Vasakule Paremale
Physical hazards konspekt #1 Physical hazards konspekt #2 Physical hazards konspekt #3 Physical hazards konspekt #4 Physical hazards konspekt #5 Physical hazards konspekt #6 Physical hazards konspekt #7 Physical hazards konspekt #8
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Autor AnnaAbi Õppematerjali autor
PHYSICAL HAZARDS in the working environment:
Part I – Inconvenient indoor climate Poor lighting.

Sick Building Syndrome (1)
 SBS is a combination of ailments (a syndrome) associated with an individual's place of work and is presumably connected with overstress of organism’s adaption mechanisms.

 Building occupants complain of symptoms
associated with acute discomfort, e.g.,
headache; eye, nose, or throat irritation; dry cough; dry or itchy skin; dizziness and nausea; difficulty in concentrating; fatigue; and sensitivity to odors.

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