Exercise Physiology Anaerobic Energy Systems Anaerobic Pathways · Anaerobic Glycolysis (lactate system) 10 s to 2 minutes. · ATP-PCr (phosphate system) Less than 10 s · 200 m Sprint (50-100 m Sprint swimming) Men's WR:19.32 s - Michael Johnson (37.3 km/h) Women's WR: 21.34s - Flo Griffith-Joyner (34 km/h · Energy system: The lactate system · Fuel: Carbohydrate only Anaerobic Glycolysis · Breakdown of glucose or glycogen via special glycolytic enzymes. · First glucose or glycogen must be converted to Glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate costs 1 ATP · Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, without oxygen pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. · Net gain 3 moles of ATP (glucose = 2 ATP) Anaerobic Glycolysis · Reserve fuel activated when a person accelerates
üle ei kuumeneks (alanda pinget 150V-ni). 4. Lülitasime foreesiaparaat elektrivõrgust välja, kogu puhvrivannidest puhver kokku ja valasime tagasi puhvri pudelisse, võtsime geeli aparaadist välja, eraldasime klaasplaadid teineteisest väga ettevaatlikult kasutades väikest spaatlit. 5. Panime geeli ööseks Coomassie G250 värvilahusesse. 6. Saime elektroforeesi tulemust : Lahtrites vasakust paremale : 1. Marker 2. BSA (Mw = 66,5 kDA) 3. Trypsin (Mw =23,8 kDA) 4. Lactate dehüdrogenase ( Mw = 35 kDA) 5. Tundmatu 6. Albumin (Ovalbumin) (Mw = 44,3 kDa) 7. Proteinase K ( Mw = 28,5 kDa) Migreerumistee Mw Valk pikkus (cm) (kDA) BSA 2.9 66.5 Albumine 4.6 44.3 Lactate dehydrogenase 5.2 35 Proteinase K 5.7 28.5
8 62 2.5 30.0 90 3.0 Ventilatory Threshold · Steady state: VE/VO2 remains constant because pulmonary ventilation eliminates CO2 produced. · Nonsteady state: as VO2 increases, VE eventually increases disproportionately to increase in VO2, this is known as Ventilatory Threshold (VT) · Normally occurs at approx 5570% of VO2max, although can be 80% in trained athletes. Ventilatory Threshold Exercise Intensity and Blood Lactate Accumulation Ventilation (VE) Variable Rest Hard exercise Alveolar ventilation (l/min) 4.2 140 Tidal volume (l) 0.5 3 Breathing rate 12 55 (per min) Expired ventilation (l/min) 6 180 O2 consumption (ml/kg/min) 3.5 85 Alveolar PO2 (mmHg) 100 120
Agricultural University Only 50 - 60 % of arable land in Estonia is characterized by a high degree of fertility, where it is possible to foster competitive agricultural production. The share of low fertility, droughtly and coarse rich soils as well as eroded soils, nutrient - poor acid soils and overmoistened soils in the arable area, where agricultural production is not profitable, is relatively large. On all arable land soils with a low or very low content of lactate soluble potassium account for 40 - 65 %. Considerable phosphorus deficit occurs in 20 - 35 % of soils in the arable area. The soils of Põlva, Valga and Võru counties are exceedingly poor in humus. The available water supply in the metric profile of arable soils at the beginning of vegetation period varies from 140 to 255 mm. Gleyic and gley soils occupy the large areas in the West-Estonian depression, in the Peipus Lowland and Hiiumaa. In cental Estonia soil conditions
eemaldamisel, vahutavust ja pesemisvõimet erineva karedusega vees. Autor soovitab valida Lähte erinevate paikade vett, lumevett, vihmavett, merevett jne. KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS 168 exports trading, 2012. Coconut acid oil. http://www.168exports.org/product- catalog/coconut-oil/coconut-acid-oil.html (kasutatud 01.01.13) 3C Chem, 2007. PEG (6) monostearate. http://www.3cchem.com/template/p01_29.htm (kasutatud 04.01.13) Bramble berry, 2013. Sodium lactate. http://www.brambleberry.com/Sodium-Lactate- P5127.aspx (kasutatud 10.12.12) Brookscole, 2012. The chemical structure of soap. http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/ templates/student_resources/0030012910_kotz/appchem/ch11/carbon10.html (kasutatud 09.11.12) Chemblink, 2013. Benzyl salicylate. http://www.chemblink.com/products/118-58-1.htm (kasutatud 06.01.13) Chemblink, 2013. Pigment red 5. http://www.chemblink.com/products/6410-41-9.htm (kasutatud 04.01.13) Chemical book, 2008
5 0 0 -5 23.25 V1 V2 V3 1 G6P 1 -1 0 2 F6P 0 1 -1 3 FBP 0 0 1 4 GAP 0 0 0 5 Dihydroxyacetone-P 0 0 0 6 GBP 0 0 0 7 3PG 0 0 0 8 PEP 0 0 0 9 PYR 0 0 0 10 Lactate 0 0 0 11 Ace-CoA 0 0 0 12 Acetyl-P 0 0 0 13 Acetate 0 0 0 14 Acetaldehyde 0 0 0 15 Ethanol 0 0 0 16 Formate 0 0 0 17 OXA 0 0 0 18 2KG 0 0 0 19 Gluc-1,5-lactone-6P 0 0 0 20 6P-Gluconate 0 0 0 21 Ru-5P 0 0 0
Substances that have a circadian variation (e.g., cortisol) can be properly interpreted only with knowledge of the time of day the sample was drawn. During specimen collection, other principles should be remembered. Specimens should not be drawn above an intravenous line, as this may contaminate the sample with intravenous fluid. Lysis of cells during collection of a blood specimen will result in spuriously increased serum levels of substances concentrated in cells (e.g., lactate dehydrogenase and potassium). Certain test specimens may require special handling or storage (e.g., blood gas specimens). Delay in delivery of specimens to the laboratory can result in ongoing cellular metabolism and therefore spurious results for some studies (e.g., low blood glucose). Conclusion Obtaining a proper medical history, performing a complete physical examination, and having a thorough understanding of the accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and indications of
ning pulss (10-15 lööki minutis). Liik suudab isegi ellu jääda tingimustes kus hapniku tase vees on väga madal, nt mõõna ajal olevates lompides. Rai lõpetab täielikult hingamise kui hapniku osarõhk langeb alla 10-15 Torri, ja ta saab elus olla sellises seisundis vähemalt 5 tundi. It deals with extreme hypoxia by coupling anaerobic glycolysis to additional energy-producing pathways in its mitochondria, which serves to slow down the accumulation of potentially harmful lactate within its cells. Nagu ka teised liigid tema perekonnas, suudab ka marmorrai toota tugevat elektrilaengut läbi ühe paari elektriorganite, ründeks ja kaitseks. Iga organ koosneb 400-600 vertikaalsest sambast, igas sambas on hoidla milles on umbkaudu 400 tarretise laadset "elektroplaati" mis põhimõtteliselt töötab nagu üks patarei. Sellelt railt on mõõdetud 70-80 voldine elektri laeng, ning maksimaalne võimalik elektrivoolu laeng arvatakse olevat ligi 200 volti
ATP, which is especially important because abundance compared with glycogen (500 removal of calcium from the sarcoplasm is mmol/kg dry muscle weight for glycogen). an ATP-dependent process (Hargreaves and Phosphocreatine can easily transfer a phos- Thompson 1999). phate group to ADP in a reaction catalyzed The primary fuels for muscle cells include by creatine kinase. This reaction is easily phosphocreatine, glycogen, glucose lactate, reversible and phosphocreatine supplies free fatty acids, and triglycerides. Glucose can be readily restored when ATP demand and glycogen are the preferred substrates for is low. In living muscle, when activity is muscle metabolism and can be utilized either intense, this system can be advantageous, as aerobically (oxidative phosphorylation) or it consumes H+ and thus can reduce the anaerobically (anaearobic glycolysis)
Kõrge bilirubiini tase veres võib viia kolaltõveni. sorbitooldehüdrogenaas- (sorbitol dehydrogenase- SDH) pöörduvalt oksüdeerib p-sorbitooli n-fruktoosiks koos kofaktor NAD'ga (nikotiinamiid adeniin dinukleotiid). Hobuse ja veise seerum kaotab 25% SDH aktiivsusest külmutamisel. glutamaatdehüdrogenaas- (glutamate dehydrogenase-GDH) NAD on kofaktioriks glutamaadi dehüdrogenaasi reaktsioonis, tootmiseks alfa-ketoglutaraati ja ammooniumi. laktaatdehüdrogenaas- (lactate dehüdrogenaas- LDH) Koos kofaktori NAD'ga katalüüsib pöörduva püruvaadi oksidatsiooni r-(f)-laktaadiks. 12. Perikardiit- Perikardiit (percarditis) e. südamepaunapõletik Tavaliselt infektsioosse algupäraga. Veistel tuleb arvesse ka traumajärgselt infitseerunud perikardiit. Põletiku tõttu tekkiv eksudaat võib olla seroosne, mädane, ihhoroosne jne. Eksudaat takistab südame üksikute osade laieneminst diastolis väheneb verega täitumine, langeb löögimaht ja vererõhk
laktaadisisaldus, mis aitab täpselt määrata anaeroobset ja aeroobset läve ning anda treeningjuhiseid vastavalt koormustsoonile. Vereproov võetakse soovitavalt kõrvalestast või näpuotsast. Vere analüüsiks kasutatakse viimasel ajal väikseid portatiivseid laktaadianalüsaatoreid, mis võivad vastuse anda juba 60 sek (analü- saator Lactate Pro) või 15 sek (analüsaator Lactate Scout) pärast. Laktaaditesti kasutatakse: · algajatele ja edasijõudnutele treeningu optimaalseks juhtimiseks; · tervislikust seisukohast ülemäärane koormus ei tohi kahjustada organismi; · ülekaalulistele tervise ja töövõime kontrolliks; · tervisesportlastele optimaalse treeningukoormuse hindamiseks, ülekoormuse en-
" "Ummm ... Okay." "You'd have trouble finishing a 10K." I nodded. "In fact, I think you'd have trouble finishing a 5K." This wasn't exactly what I wanted to hear, but three months of obsessing over ultraendurance had taken me many places, and this was one of them: enzymes. CS, 3HAD, LDH, and PFK are all enzymes that limit energy production through di erent pathways. South African Xhosa mid- and long-distance runners, for example, have high levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which allows them to recycle lactate at higher than normal rates. More LDH appears to mean less accumulation of plasma lactate (more commonly referred to as "lactic acid"), which means less debilitating muscle burn. In Kenyan runners, higher levels of another enzyme, 3-HAD, mean a greater ability to use fat instead of carbohydrate during sub- maximal exercise. How did I measure up? I am the one under the line. Hear me roar:
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