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The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 (0)

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Exercise Physiology
Anaerobic  Energy Systems
Anaerobic Pathways
• Anaerobic Glycolysis ( lactate  system)
– 10 s to 2 minutes.
• ATP-PCr ( phosphate  system)
– Less  than  10 s 
• 200 m  Sprint  (50-100 m Sprint swimming)
– Men's WR:19.32 s - Michael Johnson (37.3 km/h) 
–  Women ’s WR: 21.34s - Flo Griffith-Joyner (34 km/h
• Energy system: The lactate system
• Fuel: Carbohydrate only
 
 
Anaerobic Glycolysis
• Breakdown of glucose or glycogen via 
special  glycolytic enzymes.
• First glucose or glycogen must be 
converted to Glucose 6-phosphate.
– Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate costs 1 ATP
• Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, without  
oxygen pyruvic acid is converted to  lactic  
acid.
• Net gain  3 moles of ATP (glucose = 2 ATP)
 
 
Anaerobic Glycolysis
•  Reserve  fuel 
activated when a 
person  accelerates 
during  race, during 
the last 200 m of a 
mile run, or performs 
a 400 m run or 100 m 
swim .
 
 
Lactic Acid/Lactate  Formation
• During very high intensity exercise  high 
rate  of glycolysis  H+ released faster 
than they can be removed by NADH 
(ETC)  increased lactic acid  production .
• The  above  due to  both   lack of O2 and the 
recruitment of  fast  twitch fibres.
• Lactic acid  lactate  diffuses into  blood  
for buffering and rapid  removal.
 
 
Lactic Acid as an Energy Source
• Lactic acid allows high rates of ATP 
production for short duration (2-3 minutes).
• As exercise intensity slows or during 
recovery   sufficient O available again   

NAD scavenges H+ from lactate and  takes  
it to the ETC  lactate reconverts to 
pyruvate to join oxidative system.
 
 
Cont
• Lactate helps the dissociation of O  from 
2
haemoglobin 
• At higher intensities of exercise lactate 
production outstrips the cell’s removal 
capacity , thus  accumulation  occurs.
 
 
Cont…
• Endurance  trained : lower  blood lactate 
concentrations  than untrained individuals 
at both the  same  relative and absolute 
intensity. 
– Due to either a delay in the  onset  of lactate 
production or facilitate a more rapid rate of 
removal from the cel
 
 
Lactate as a Fuel
• Cori cycle  = lactate   liver   converted 
to glucose  to muscle   muscle 
glycogen.
 
 
Lactate Threshold
• As exercise intensity increases , blood levels 
of lactic acid begins to  rise  exponentially.
• Lactate Threshold is defined as the VO  or 
2
exercise intensity above which blood lactate 
rises  above resting values 
• Reflects an increased reliance on anaerobic 
metabolism .
 
 
Lactate Threshold
• Untrained individuals at 50-60% of VO2 max and at 65-
 
 
80% of VO2 max in trained.
Exercise Physiology
The Phosphate System
 
 
The  Sprinter
• 100 m Sprinter
– World  record male  9.69 –  Usain  Bolt, female  
10.49 - Florence Griffith-Joyner 
– 36.8 km/h male, 34.3 km/h female
– Resynthesis ATP quickly
– Reach maximal velocity as fast as possible, 
maintain it as long as possible,  slow  down less
• Energy system: ATP-PCr
• Fuel: ATP and phosphocreatine 
(PCr)
 
 
ATP-PCr
Creatine kinase
• PC + ADP 
   ATP + C (creatine)
• ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr)  stored  within 
muscles provides energy for performances of 
short duration and high intensity.
– E.g.  100m  sprint, 25m swim, smashing a  tennis  serve, 
lifting a weight upwards.
• ATP-PCr can  provide  energy for 1 min of a  brisk  
walk, a slow run for 20-30  seconds , and all-out 
sprinting for 6 to 8 seconds.
 
 
Cont…
• Quantity of high energy phosphates in 
muscle influences  ability  to generate al -out 
energy for  brief durations
• Longer duration  performance
carbohydrates, fat, and  protein  provide 
necessary  energy to recharge the pool of 
high energy phosphates
• PCr  reformation  takes  place  only during 
recovery
 
 
Task
• Read  through  research article to answer 
the  following :
• What are the  effects  of different recovery 
duration of the levels of high energy 
phosphates?
 
 
High-intensity Exercise Research
• Bogdanis et al. (1995) 30 s sprint
– PCr = 19.7 and ATP = 70.5% of the resting values,
– muscle lactate was 11.9 mmol and muscle pH was 
6.72.
• 1.5 minutes of recovery, PCr increased to 65% of 
resting levels, but reached only 85% with 6 min 
recovery. 
• No  change  in ATP or glycogen after 6 min
• After 6 min of recovery peak W,  speed  and  mean  
power  were al  lower than the  original  sprint
 
 
Bogdanis et al.
 
 
Cont…
• Gaitanos and colleagues (1993) examined 
the effects of 10 x 6 s maximal sprints on 
muscle metabolism. 
• Energy for 1st sprint from PCr degradation 
and anaerobic glycolysis, reflected  in a 57% 
depletion of PCr, and a significant  increase  
in lactate concentration. 
 
 
• After 10th sprint  there  was:
– a  decrease  in mean power output by 23%, 
– no increase in lactate, 
– and a fal  in PCr levels from 43% pre-bout to 16% 
post sprint, accounting for 90% of ATP production. 
• Anaerobic glycolysis was inhibited and energy 
was  provided  by PCr degradation and increased 
aerobic metabolism (more than 13% increase).
 
 
Cont…
• Bogdanis et al. (1998) mean W is 
decreased by 21% in the 2nd  half of a 20 s 
sprint.
• Increase in aerobic energy contribution from 
13 to 27% of total ATP turnover , partially 
compensating for  the decreased anaerobic 
   metabolism
 
 

Document Outline

  • Slide 1
  • Anaerobic Pathways
  • Anaerobic Glycolysis
  • Slide 4
  • Lactic Acid/Lactate Formation
  • Lactic Acid as an Energy Source
  • Cont…
  • Slide 8
  • Lactate as a Fuel
  • Lactate Threshold
  • Slide 11
  • Exercise Physiology
  • The Sprinter
  • ATP-PCr
  • Slide 15
  • Task
  • High-intensity Exercise Research
  • Bogdanis et al.
  • Slide 19
  • Slide 20
  • Slide 21
Vasakule Paremale
The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #1 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #2 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #3 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #4 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #5 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #6 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #7 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #8 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #9 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #10 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #11 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #12 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #13 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #14 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #15 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #16 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #17 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #18 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #19 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #20 The Anaerobic Energy Systems 7 #21
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