Inglise keele essee (0)

Fishery resources
Capture fisheries resources are highly diverse. FAO landing statistics refer to about 2 500 species or group of species most of which are finfish. By far the most numerous fish species, and those most important to aquaculture and fisheries, are teleosts, or bony fish , which in the sea extend from small "grazing" species such as anchovy to large active predatory fish such as tuna. A similarly wide range is also found in freshwater, with the most important species from a production point of view belonging to the carp family. These account for over half the total of inland waters fisheries production.
Marine capture fisheries resources are usually considered close to full exploitation worldwide with about half of them fully exploited, one quarter over exploited, depleted or recovering from depletion and one quarter only with some capacity to produce more than they presently do. The overall situation of inland capture fisheries resources is not as well known but is likely to be as serious or worse , considering the much larger environmental impact they are subject to.
Capture fisheries resources are usually exploited and managed on a stock -by-stock basis. Stocks present a wide range of characteristics that affect the fisheries exploiting them: their mono - or multi-species composition, size , value and distribution (e.g. in the coastal areas or high seas). High seas resources such as tuna or marine mammals require international collaboration for their management .
There is no comprehensive global database on fish stocks and FAO has initiated a global inventory of fish stocks with their main characteristics. Their monitoring and the assessment of their state within an ecosystem perspective need significant improvement.
During Soviet period (1944-1991) fish farming developed rapidly since the end of  60-s and reached its peak in 1990 with 1743 tons of fish for consumption , which consisted mainly of common carp (917 t) and large rainbow trout (734t). Estonia is a northern country where the vegetation period is short (3-4 months) and thus the water temperature is a limiting factor of fish farming. Therefore the heated effluent waters of the electric power plants were successfully used to prolong the growth period. Collapse of the socialist system caused  decline in fish farming production, mainly  because of cease of fish rearing in   heated waters of electric power stations. During postsocialist period all the remaining fish farms have been privatised. The trout farmers are now using only formulated dry feeds, while the carp farmers   applied lower stocking densities in order to make use of  the natural food production of the ponds. The main trend has been  rise of interest to  the production of juveniles of commercially important native species ( salmon , sea trout, brown trout, whitefish (Coregonus), pike , pike-perch, tench ) for stocking into the natural waters. The fish farmers hoped that  government , municipalities, owners of fishing rights and sport fishermen would be interested in financing the production of stocking material . Demand on the carp fingerlings by the owners of small water bodies  ( farm and garden ponds, small lakes etc.)  has increased too. The fish farmers have also tried to  adopt several new for Estonia objects of aquaculture (sturgeons, eel, crayfish, arctic char , grayling). Recently angling in ponds has got a good start of development .
There were 22  professional fish farms in Estonia in 1998. Among them were 14 rainbow trout farms. These were producing mainly large rainbow trout. Only recently small demand for portion size trout has occurred  in Estonia. Trout was reared in flow through ponds on river or spring water or in net cages in effluent channel of an electric power station .  The most important enterprises were Viru Salmo and  Saare Kalakasvatus, which owned several different production units. Three enterprises cultivated common carp in stillwater ponds, the most important among them being Ilmatsalu Kala and Haaslava carp farm of R.Kalda. In 1998 285 t of large rainbow trout. 598 kg of trout caviar and 23 t of common carp were produced. There were 328 ha of ponds, 17 th m3 of fish tanks and basins and 1600 m3 of net cages. The total value of farmed fish production was roughly 13 mln. Estonian kroons ( approximately 0.9 mln USD).  There were five hatcheries producing  only fish juveniles for stocking into the natural waters. For stocking into the natural waters  142 thousand juveniles of salmon,   58 th. juveniles of sea trout and  48 th. of  brown trout,  123 th.  0+  whitefish, 6 th. 0+ and  4.2  mln. larvi of pike, 7 th 0+ tench, 112 th. 0+ pike perch and  21 th. 0+  crayfish  were cultivated in 1998.
The only state owned fish farm in Estonia is Põlula Fish Rearing Center , which is
situated in Northern Estonia, near Rakvere. It was built 1995-1998  in place of 100
years   old trout farm  using spring water.  Its main task is production of salmon juveniles for stocking into the rivers , flowing into the Gulf of Finland. Salmon is endangered and rare species in Estonia due to loss of  of spawning sites after dam construction on the rivers  and also because of overfishing. The production capacity is  100 000 2- year old or  75 000 1- year old salmon. 1997-1999 370 th. salmon juveniles have been released .  Being the newest and the best equipped fish cultivation unit in Estonia Põlula Center serves also as a base for education and research.
Research and education in fish farming is carried out in Department   of Fish Farming of Estonian Agricultural University, Tartu. The staff consists of four scientists and four assistants. Until 1990s the main task of it has been to develop suitable for Estonia  technology of carp farming. Nowadays the fields of studies are molecular genetics of salmonid fish, quality of farmed fish,  improvement of techology of new for Estonia objects of cultivation  (sturgeon, crayfish, salmon), fish parasitology.  A large carp farm (125 ha of ponds) near Tartu in Ilmatsalu has been the experimental base for the department. Today the selected broodstock of several strains of common carp is kept there and it acts as reproduction center producing  carp fry for the whole Estonia.
Estonian Fish Farmers Association was established in 1989. It is not a typical   producers association, as it is  joining  besides   the professional fish farmers  the scientists, government officials  and other persons,  whose everyday work is connected with aquaculture.  EFFA  has performed task of educating fish farmers and   representing  their interests before  the government and parliament , propagating aquaculture and distributing information between fish farmers. Non- profit society Eesti Kalaturism was established to promote pond angling and represent interests of owners of angling ponds, while the small producers of fish in farmstead ponds  are active in the farmers unions.