Estonia from Finland. The Gulf of Riga is situated to the south-west. Estonia has more than 1500 islands. The biggest ones are located to the west. The four biggest islands are Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Vormsi and Muhu. The highest point in Estonia and also in the Baltic region is Suur Munamägi. It is 318. above sea level. Estonia is a country of a thousand lakes. The Largest one is Lake Peipsi which is also the fourth biggest freshwater lake in Europe. Lake Peipsi and Lake Võrtsjärv are rich in fish. Estonia has many rivers but only nine of them are longer than 100km. The most important ones are Pärnu River and Emajõgi River Climate Estonia lies in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Because Estonia is continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream it has a milder climate despite its northern latitude. Northern latitude means long
that belonged to them. At the beginning of the 19th century many settlers came to America, in search for a better life. By the middle of the 19th century there were already 34 states in the U.S.A. The United States grew to be one of the great powers of the world. The nation fought in the First World War. After the war women got the right to vote for the first time. In 1929 the Great Depression began with the stock market crash. Banks, factories and farms shut down and many Americans were unemployed. In 1941 the United States entered the Second World War when Japan attacked the Hawaiian Islands. The war ended in 1945 when the US dropped the first atomic bombs, and the world entered the Nuclear Age. Today about 30 million of 260 million Americans are black. When they were freed after the Civil War, the Southerners were angry at them and showed a lot of prejudice.
Karksi Nuia is small town located in south of Viljandimaa. It has population of 2200 people. In Karksi Nuia is on gymnasium , kindergarten, few shops and big cultural centre. In culture centre there are café, library, parish government etc. There take places acting lessons, theatres, parties and other activities. There is music school also. This is for children's, but older people can learn there too. Karksi Nuia has many interesting places to visit and look. One of them is Maies farm, few kilometers from city centre. There you can visit the birth place of A. Kitzberg, famous Estonian writer. There is skiing mountain too, it is opened in winter when there is a lot of snow. Near Karksi Nuia are many lakes, capes, nice parks and mansions, Near the Karksi is beautiful ruins of castle, what was built in 13 century and destroyed by wars and attacks many years later. There is and church too. It is Karksis Peters Church. If you want to relax and enjoy summer, then
climate such that winters are generally long and mild, and summers are short and cool. These conditions help in the development of forests. Finally, around the Great Lakes and alongside the St. Lawrence River as far downstream as the city of Québec, the climate is characterized by relatively warm summers and cool winters, moderated by surrounding water bodies. These conditions are suitable to the development of mixed wood and broadleaf forests. Mineral Resources Mining and fuel extraction and production accounted for 4.5 percent of Canada's GDP or some US$36.1 billion. Fuel exploration and production dominate this sector, but the processing of other types of mineral resources has grown significantly. In 1996, the top non-fuel minerals were gold with production of US$2.05 billion, copper US$1.47 billion, nickel US$1.45 billion, and zinc US$1.25 billion. There was also significant production of lead and iron. There are about 50
At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer, and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.(www.wikipedia.org) 3 Flora and fauna All terrestrial life in Finland was completely wiped out during the last ice age that ended some 10,000 years ago, following the retreat of the glaciers and the appearance of vegetation. Today, there are over 1,200 species of vascular plant, 800 bryophytes and 1,000 lichen species in Finland, with flora being richest in the southern parts of the country. Plant life, like most of the Finnish ecology, is well adapted to tolerate the contrasting seasons and extreme weather. Many plant species, such as the Scots Pine, spruce, birch spread throughout Finland from Norway and only reached the western coast less than three millennia ago. Oak and maple grows in nature only in the southern part of Finland.
government gave the Indians reservations, pieces of land that belonged to them.At the beginning of the 19th century many settlers came to America, in search for a better life. By the middle of the 19th century there were already 34 states in the U.S.A. The United States grew to be one of the great powers of the world. The nation fought in the First World War. After the war women got the right to vote for the first time.In 1929 the Great Depression began with the stock market crash. Banks, factories and farms shut down and many Americans were unemployed. In 1941 the United States entered the Second World War when Japan attacked the Hawaiian Islands. The war ended in 1945 when the US dropped the first atomic bombs, and the world entered the Nuclear Age.Today about 30 million of 260 million Americans are black. When they were freed after the Civil War, the Southerners were angry at them and showed a lot of prejudice.
.................................................................................................31 9.2 How wind machines work..........................................................................................32 9.3 Types of wind machines............................................................................................. 32 9.4 Wind power plants......................................................................................................33 9.5 Wind production......................................................................................................... 34 9.6 Wind and the environment..........................................................................................34 TIDAL ENERGY............................................................................................................... 35 10.1 Wave Energy............................................................................................................ 36 10
On account of the country's proximity to the sea, the skies are often cloudy, and rain often falls in the spring and autumn, in the winter the rain turns to snow. The highest point in Estonia is Suur Munamäg It is in fact the highest point in the Baltic region Forest cover over one half of Estonia. The most common types of tree are pine, spruce and birch. Estonia, along with Finland and Sweden are the countries with the greatest percentage of forested land. Forest management and wood production are particularly important for the Estonian economy. One third of Estonian forests are protected areas. In these protected forests you can come across types of primeval forest cover, which have long ago disappeared from other parts of Europe. Examples of such primeval forests are the Järvselja forest in Tartumaa County and Poruni in Ida- Virumaa County. Meadows in Estonia are rich in different species much more so than in Western Europe. Estonia is a country of thousand of lakes
12) designed to roll rather than be dragged along the bottom. Warp length/water depth ratios are similar to those used with the single demersal trawl and bridles/sweeps (d) can be steel wire, combination wire, chain or a mixture of all three. Normal towing speed used is around 2.5 knots. 13 Beam trawls are used to harvest whitefish, mainly flatfish such as sole, plaice or megrim together with angler and other species found hard down on the seabed. Each net is fished from an outrigger boom, one on each side of the vessel (Figure 14), and towed from here on a single warp (a) shackled to a three chain bridle (b) attached directly to the beam (c) which holds open the mouth of the trawl. The beam, 9-12 m in length, is constructed from heavy steel tube and supported on each side by rugged steel trawlheads (d) which slide over the sea bottom. Ahead of each groundrope several tons of
When sulfur dioxide is released into the air it reacts with water and oxygen to form sulfuric acid, which is strong it ionizes completely to hydrogen ions. H2SO4 2H + SO4-2 Effects pH range Effect 6.59 No effect 6.06.4 Unlikely to be harmful except when carbon dioxide levels are very high (1000 mg I 1) 5.05.9 Not especially harmful except when carbon dioxide levels are high (20 mg I 1) or ferric ions are present 4.54.9 Harmful to the eggs of salmon and trout species (salmonids) and to adult fish when levels of Ca 2, Na and Cl are low 4.04.4 Harmful to adult fish of many types which have not been progressively acclimated to low pH 3.53.9 Lethal to salmonids, although acclimated roach can survive for longer 3.03.4 Most fish are killed within hours at these levels Environmental effects Very obvious environmental effect of acid rain is the loss of fish in acid sensitive lakes and streams
More people need land to live on and wood products to consume. Limiting population growth may be the first in a series of steps that would limit the destruction of the rain forests. Intensive farming Advantages ✔ One of the major advantages of this farming technique is that the crop yield is high. ✔ It helps the farmer to easily supervise and monitor the land and protect his livestock from being hurt or hounded by dangerous wild animals. ✔ With the introduction of intensive farming, farm produce, such as vegetables, fruits, and poultry products have become less expensive. It also aids in solving the worldwide hunger problems to a great extent. This means that common people can now afford a balanced and nutritious diet. ✔ Many opine that organic food can be afforded only by the elite strata of the society. Apart from that, large farming spaces are required to cultivate organic crops using natural manure. However,
The culture of Fiji has created a unique communal and national identity. Politics of Fiji normally take place in the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Fiji is the head of government, the President the head of state, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Fiji. Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of the more developed of the Pacific island economies, though still with a large subsistence sector. Natural resources include timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower. Fiji experienced a period of rapid growth in the 1960s and 1970s but stagnated in the 1980s. The coup of 1987 caused further contraction. Economic liberalization in the years following the coup created a boom in the garment industry
aboriginal peoples, Indians and Inuit, who are thought to have arrived from Asia 10 3000 years ago by crossing a land bridge formed between Siberia and Alaska during the last ice age. It is believed that the ancestors of Canadian Inuit were inland hunters who adapted their lifestyle to new conditions. Some of them lived near the coast and began to hunt seals and walruses. Their main diet consisted of marine mammals and fish. Others never went to sea but hunted game in nearby areas. The traditional dwelling where the Inuit lived used to be an igloo, which is a domeshaped house built out of blocks of ice. The Inuit traveled in a sledge pulled by dogs and their main weapon was the harpoon. For many centuries, the Canadian Inuit lived in nearly total isolation. Only at the beginning of the 19th century were they more permanent trading relations with whale hunters and fur merchants
the European Union in 2004. Rivers, Lakes, Waterfalls Estonia is a country of thousand of lakes. In the Estonian territory there are about 1200 natural lakes whose water area exceeds 1 ha. The largest of these is Lake Peipsi, which is the fourth largest freshwater lake in Europe. Most of Estonia's lakes are small and are found in the south of the country. Larger lakes such as Lake Peipsi and Lake Võrtsjärv are rich in fish. One can find rare species of fish such as the lake whitefish and the Peipsi smelt in Lake Peipsi. Võrtsjärv is famous for its catches of pike-perch and eel, which are regarded as a delicacy. There are also many rivers in Estonia, but only ten of them are longer than 100 kilometres. The most important rivers are the Pärnu River and the Emajõgi River. Keila Waterfall (Keila Juga) is a beautiful natural phenomena, located in the northern part of Estonia in Harjumaa County Jägala Falls are the largest waterfalls in Estonia
The Cold Table Flounder The first course in traditional Estonian cuisine is based on cold dishes - a selection of meats and sausages served with potato salad or Rosolje, an Estonian signature dishes based on beetroot, meat and herring . Small pastries called pirukad ("pirukas" in the singular) - a relative of the pirozhki - filled with meat, cabbage, carrots, rice and other fillings or mixtures are also popular, and are often served with bouillon. Herring is common among other fish as a part of the Estonian Cold Table. Smoked or marinated eel, crayfish dishes and imported crabs and shrimps are considered delicacies. One of Estonia's national dishes is räim (Baltic dwarf herring), along with sprats. Flounder, perch and pike-perch are also popular. Soups Soups are traditionally eaten before the main course and most often are made of meat or chicken stock mixed with a variety of vegetables. Soups are also blended with sour cream, milk and yogurt. The Main Course
mid-November for universities. Plants and animal life: For millions of years New Zealand has been isolated and unique birds, animals and plants have developed here. Best known are flightless birds such as the Kiwi. Because there were no ground based enemies for ancient birds many lost there ability to fly with the passage of time. Lizards, frogs, and bats are the only indigenous land animals in New Zealand. Dogs (kiri) and rats were introduced by the Maori, and red and fallow deer, trout, salmon, Australian opossum, rabbits, and domestic animals have been introduced over the last 150 years by European settlers. There are now strict regulations with very heavy penalties against the importing of plants, fruit and animals unless approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries to protect the New Zealand environment. Agriculture: Agriculture has been and continues to be the main export industry in New Zealand. The largest
Most of Estonia's many islands belong to the West Estonian archipelago. The largest islands are Saaremaa with 2671 sq km, Hiiumaa with 989 sq km and Muhu with 200 sq km. The sea between these islands and the Mainland Väinameri is very shallow (less than five metres deep on average) and rich in shoals. The water of the Baltic Sea is brackish. Its average saltinity is only one fourth of that of the sea in general. Thus, most Estonian freshwater fish (about 30 species) also inhabit the sea. There are some 1450 lakes in Estonia (6.1% of its territory). The two largest of them are Lake Peipsi (the fifth largest in Europe) at 3555 sq km and Võrtsjärv with its 270 sq km area. About 1440 vascular plant species grow in Estonia, while ¾ of the total number of species are found in the coastal lowlands and islands. There are 82 species of fish living in Estonia, which are hard to divide into freshwater and sea species.
night rather smooth and the nights around the Midsummer Day shorter still. 7. Flora & fauna Estonia's plants and animals aren't represented in great variety. The percent of forests is growing every year and the most common trees are pine, birch, spruce, aspen, oak and alder. Forests offer a habitat to different wild animals. Among 65 species of mammals, the most widespread are the elk, roe deer, wild boar, hare, hedgehog, squirrel, fox and marten. Some endangered species, such as the brown bear, lynx and wolf, are represented in small numbers. Estonia is believed to have 40,000 living species, but only about 23,500 have so far been discovered. Compared to more northern areas, Estonia has one of the richest diversities of flora and fauna. Estonia's meadows are very rich in different species and the colours of them are absolutely fantastic. 8. Population Estonia is one of the most sparsely populated countries in Europe with 29 people per one square mile
Natural zones The wet forests also called the rainforests occupy the narrow coastal region in the east. In the west they give place to grasslands with some trees called savannas. Farther west the trees disappear and the savannas give place to the bushlands. The real desert occupies the centre of the Western Plateau. In the very southwest there are thin forests of evergreen trees. Plants A rich variety of plant can be found in the natural landscapes of Australia. A lot of species can be found in wet tropical forests in the north and in temperate rainforests in the south. The biggest family of the native plants is the myrties. They include more than 500 species of eucalyptus, or gum trees. Only the big river red gum is seen everywhere. These can be found beside rivers and dry riverbeds. Some gum trees are valuable timber species and have been cut down for many years. Gum tree leaves are full of oils, which evaporate easily. That why
reach 30g per cubic metre, with blue- green algae prevailing in summer. Water is turbid, yellowish-green or greenish yellow, with a transparency of about 1m. Mud particles stirred up by the wave action contribute to turbidity. The zooplankton of the lake consists of smaller animals building up the summer biomass. The amount of bottom animals is low but variable in different years. pic: plaktonic algae About 35 fish species are in Lake Võrtsjärv. Pike-perch, eel, bream and pike are the most important commercial fishes. In the fifties and sixties Võrtsjärv was known as a ruff lake since inferior fish prevailed in catches. After the application of measures proposed by scientists of the Limnological Station ,big and valuable fish species became dominating. The natural eel have been caught in some years. The total yearly fish catch averages over 400 tons in
yield over 28% and primary branches (including agriculture) approximately 5.5% of the overall output. The important sectors of the Estonian economy are the processing industry (approximately 18% of the overall production), transport, warehousing and communications (15%), commerce (over 14%) and estate, rental and letting, as well as business services (about 16.5%). Agriculture amounts to slightly less than 3% of the overall production, construction approximately 7% and government, education and health care to more than 13%. Agriculture:Nowadays only about 4% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture and the sector yields just slightly less than 3% of the overall production. Milk cattle, also pigs and poultry are the main farm animals raised in Estonia. Field crops include cereal crops, potatoes and vegetables. Plant products are mostly for internal use, a considerable amount of meat is imported
materjalist, ka kividest), mis suunab kala kas seina otsas olevasse kasti või mingisse veekogu ossa, kust kala on raske leida väljapääsu. Seejuures kasutatakse ära kala orienteerumist hoovustele, vee sügavusele jne. Tihti kasutatakse tänapäeval kalatõkkeid lihtsalt ka kalasuunamiseks sinna, kust teda on lihtsam püüda mõne teie püünisega. Kalatõkete hulka kuulub ka kalasuunamine vajalikus suunas, kasutades selleks mingeid füüsikalisi välju (elekter, õhkkardinad) Weirs help Fish and Game workers count fish moving up or downstream. Sustainable fishing: improving management Tuna fishing 'Almadraba' style, Spain. This type of Mediterranean fishing is based on setting out a labyrinth of nets to intercept different species of tuna in their migration. If the fishing quota is respected, this type of fishing is very selective and sustainable. © WWF-Canon / Jorge BARTOLOME Tonnara Photos in a tuna trap, and carrying Norbert's video camera.
Economy, Agriculture The United States is a country of highly developed economy. Most American industry is located in the eastern and Midwestern parts, around the Great Lakes and also on the Pacific coast. The U. S. engineering products are known all over the world the country produces planes, rockets, spaceships, cars, agricultural machinery, ships etc. Electronics has become a major industry. The role of service and leisure industries has also grown. Canned fish and timber are the chief products of the state of Alaska, while Hawaii's are sugar, nuts and canned pineapple. Textile industry is also well-developed, especially in the South near the large cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley. Agriculture is very wide-spread, above all in the prairie regions, where wheat and other grain crops are grown. Besides providing its own people with food, the US sends much food to other countries
The droughts are caused by the EL Nino, a weather pattern which happens when the Southern Pacific Ocean heats up. This causes the wind direction to reserve. Instead of bringing moist air towards eastern Australia, the rain bearing clouds are blown away. An EL Nino occurs every four or five years causing droughts and bushfires. Droughts are often followed by floods. Plant Life A long time ago Australia was separated form other countries. This movement caused the difference of species, plants and animal form the other countrys. The water controls the type of vegetation in a country. The two main types of vegetation are the eucalyptus or gum trees and acacia or wattles. The eucalypts are found all over Australia. There are more than 500 varieties of gum trees in Australia. Australia is the home of some 600 species of acacia. These trees develop smaller, leathery leaves to avoid loss of water.
energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generation),followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. While there are many large-scale renewable energy projects and production, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development.Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20100 watt) solar power systems sold per year. Some renewable energy technologies are criticised for being intermittent or unsightly, yet the market is growing for many forms of renewable energy. Climate change concerns coupled with high oil
caribou are also widespread as are the otter and beaver. Reptiles, amphibians and a large selection of snakes also call Canada home. Squirrels, chipmunks, racoons and skunks often found in and around cities. Some of the most common animals to spot in Canada are birds, including Canada Geese, Bald Eagles and the Great Blue Heron. Canada's varied climates allow for a large selection of spiders, bugs and insect while the countless rivers, lakes and 3 oceans are home to dolphins, whales, salmon, sharks and many other species of fish and sealife. There are five major Biomes in Canada: Arctic Biomes, Tundras, Taigas, Praeries and Deciduous Forests. The Tundra is located near the Arctic region. It is permafrost and desert-like. The area is very cold and windy. The growing season is 50-60 days. Some of the plants that can survive there are lichens and mosses. Typical animals for the Tundra are musk oxen, elks, moose, lemmings, wolves and foxes.
Eastern England the most extreme. Annual rainfall is fairly evenly distributed but the amount of precipitation varies greatly between the mountainous areas of the west and the central and eastern parts. 7. Animals, plants Animals The diversity of animals is modest because of several factors: the size of the land area, seasonal changes and the age of habitats on the island. Because GB has a small area, it means that the number of species that can evolve is limited because there is not enough land mass to support the diversity of animals. The environment is very young due to the Ice Age, so there has not been enough time for such diversity to develop. The seasonal changes that occur across the country mean that the animals have less to eat. Since industrialization began in England in the mid eighteenth century, it has had a big impact on indigenous animal populations. Song
Economy. Canada is a very large country blessed with many natural resources. From trees in the forests across the country we make pulp and paper. From mines we extract coal, gold, silver, iron, uranium and many other minerals. On the prairies we grow grain, raise cattle and extract oil and gas from beneath of the ground. From the oceans on our east and west coast we take fish and other seafood. In Japanese restaurants customers may buy Alberta beef and British Columbia salmon. In Russia people sometimes eat bread from Canadian wheat. In the United States many of the newspapers are made from Canadian pulp and people use Canadian oil and gas in their cars. Because Canada has a relatively small population and abundant natural resources much of our international trade is in exporting those resources and buying manufactured goods.
twelve of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). · PCDD · 2,3,7,8TCDD · PCDF · PCB · PCDDs and PCDFs are not commercial chemical products but are trace level unintentional byproducts of most forms of combustion and several industrial chemical processes. Of all of the dioxins and furans, one, 2,3,7,8tetrachloropdibenzo dioxin (2,3,7,8 TCDD) is considered the most toxic. · PCBs were produced commercially in large quantities until production was stopped in 1977. . Emission sources Dioxins are mainly produced as unwanted byproducts of industrial processes and there is no intentional production or use. They can also to a small extent be formed naturally in forest fires or volcanic activity. Examples of activities resulting in dioxin emissions are waste incineration, burning fuels (wood, coal or oil), chlorine bleaching of pulp and paper and chlorinated pesticides manufacturing.
tourism, banking, trade, textile and sewing industries give work to many people. Paper and timber industries also employ many workers. Paper was first produced in Estonia in 1677 and it has retained its important role. Estonian furniture industry has also a long tradition. The electronics industry is one of the most promising branches in Estonia. One tenth of the population receives income from agriculture, fishery and forestry. Food industry is largely based on local agriculture. The production of meat and milk products is the main branch. In the countryside people breed dairy cattle, raise pigs and grow grain, potatoes and vegetables. The main grain crops are rye, oats, barley, wheat, potatoes, fodder crops. Many farms have specialized in vegetable growing. Strawberries are also widely grown and there are many apple orchards in Estonia. The soils are more fertile in the central part and poorer on the islands. Climate and weather
tiib pära veoköis tiib 3 4 harvesting of channel catfish ponds Püük kalda- nootadega 5 Beach seining the main stem Salmon River, Oregon Lõhipüük kaldanoodaga Oregonis (USA) 6 12.2. Püük separaatoritega fish wheel Fish wheels at Chitina 7 Yukon, fish wheel fish wheel Fish wheels used to capture salmon in the lower Chilkat River 12.3. Püük viskevõrguga. Ingl. k. cast Nets
crossing a land bridge during the last Ice Age, at least 10,000 years before the Europeans arrived. The natives lived in harmony with nature and took only what they needed to survive. The first Europeans arriving there changed that, however. Those were the Vikings from the north. A famous Viking explorer built a settlement there, but it was abandoned. The first settlements that stayed were greatly helped by the fact that there was an abundance of fish stocks in the Atlantic Region. The British and French both sent explorers to those areas, and both countries were interested in creating settlements there. France and Britain, however, didn't have good relations. They fought over colonies and fur trade. Their different religions also caused tension. In 1756, a 7-year war broke out between the two countries. The British were victorious, and renamed the French-speaking region in their territory Quebec. The
A couple of generations ago agriculture was the main occupation of the Estonians. Nowadays only about 4% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture. The 1990s was a hard time for agriculture competition with cheap imported products became an issue, enterprises had no money for new equipment and vehicles. Although today the situation in agriculture isn't perfect, some enterprises, including farms who use modern production methods, have cropped up. Joining the European Union has had a positive effect on Estonian agriculture as we can now sell food products to other European countries. Milk cattle, also pigs and poultry are the main farm animals raised in Estonia. Field crops include cereal crops, potatoes and vegetables. Plant products are mostly for internal use, a considerable amount of meat is imported. Some dairy products and some specific products e.g. cultivated and wild berries,
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