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Extended Rules for Using Commas Comma Use 1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave. The student explained her question, yet the instructor still didn't seem to understand. Yesterday was her brother's birthday, so she took him out to dinner. 2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause. a. Common starter words for introductory clauses that should be followed by a comma include after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while. While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door. Because her alarm clock was broken, she was late for class. If you are ill, you ought to see a doctor. When the snow stops falling, we'll shovel the driveway. However, don't put a comma after the main clause when a dependent (subordinate) clause follows it (except for cases of extreme contrast
If you quote a piece of prose a quotation of more than 4 lines should be presented differently (longer quotation (more than 4 lines) should be a separate paragraph and it should be indented (NB! 10 spaces from left margin). Quoting poetry: a poetic piece of 3 lines is a part of your paragraph, you are presenting it as prose only that you need to indicate the end of the line by a slash ( / ), more than 3 lines should have 10 spaces from left margin. MECHANICS Punctuation: full stop (.) has space after it, comma (,) should have a space after it too. Quotation marks ("...") have no space ( "Author X ..... about this fact" ), also there is no space between last quotation marks and a punctuation mark (e.g. ".....", ). FGI 1811 Proseminar I. Ladusseva 3 Works Cited (earlier it was called "Bibliography"), it may also be named References. It is usually placed in the middle. NB
NT: His love letters I returned to the detective. The adjective or several adjectives come after the noun they modify (gives a solem and little archaic touch). NT: I saw the first spring flowers, cold and shy and wintry. NT: In some places there are yellow tulips, slender, spicky and Chinese-looking. POOLELI LK 33 DETACHMENT DETACHMENT means a syntactic separation of a word or phrase from the rest of the sentence to emphasise the isolated part. Isolation is signalled by punctuation (comma, dot, dash, semicolon, full stop) that are not actually needed according to rules of punctuation. The effect is strongest when the full stop is used. NT: I saw him. In his car. NT: I have to break you for money daily. NT: They were heard again, immediately. SSD-s that are based on SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES BEYOND ON SENTENCE The term is not too adequate (accurate) because the devices discussed in this group may occur within on sentence as well. PARALLELISM
3. Vulgar words in the context lend their negative charge normally to the following word. 4. The same do certain intensifiers, such as: merely, only, too, too much, horribly, perfectly, so, etc. 5. Repetition of a word in a sentence makes the negative charge stronger. 6. Graphic presentation the inverted commas, quotation marks (e.g. "This `sweet' lady has killed five husbands."). 7. Uncommon use of punctuation. 8. Exclamatory and interrogatory sentences (e.g. "Women and votes!). 9. The writer may indicate the quality of the character's voice (e.g. "Society," she said blackly (shows speaker's negative attitude). "Society" becomes negatively because of "blackly"). Positive adherent connotation 1. The closeness and neighbourhood of words with inherent positive overtones. 2. We may have comparison a part of which the word becomes. 3. Words "hope", "wish", etc
a crooked street a crooked hook bloodthirsty killer bloodthirsty embrace "Colourless green ideas sleep furiously" - (highly original). OR: e. e. comings (modernist poet): "My father moved through dooms of love Through sames of am through haves of give ..." (here "am" becomes a noun, also "have" becomes a noun). J. Joyce "Ulysses" in last chapter for 44 pages comes no single mark of punctuation but nevertheless it has 8 paragraphs. Why? Because his wife's birthday is on the 8 th of some month. It is very individual. STYLISTICS AS A SCIENCE. SURVEY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF STYLISTIC STUDIES. Stylistics is regarded as a relatively new branch of philology, yet its roots go back as far as ancient Greece and Rome, when the rhetoricians cultivated the art of clear and elegant use of language developing and polishing stylistic devices basically.
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colouring (your bloody principles) · The use of certain intensifiers (too, too much, horribly, perfectly, so, only) (too clean, too new) · We may have a repetition of a word in a sentence (always preaching, preaching, quietly, quietly) · Graphical presentation: in the inverted commas (this "sweet" lady is a killer); uncommon use of punctuation. · Exclamatory and interrogative sentences (women and votes!) · The writer indicating the quality of the characters voice ("Society," he said grimly. Positive adherent connotation: · Proximity of words with pos AC (my hands "beautiful" "big, red and brutal") · A comparison, a part of which the word becomes (Youth is so much more valuable than experience: it is also far more intelligent)
The Imperative 141 The Articles 71 The Subject and the Object 143 Demonstrative Determiners 73 Direct and Indirect Objects 144 Interrogative Determiners 74 Positive and Negative Sentences146 Possessive Determiners 75 Questions 147 7 Verbs and Tenses 79 14 Punctuation 150 The Simple Present Tense 80 Period 150 Am, Is and Are 83 Comma 151 The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152 Have and Has 93 Question Mark 152 The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153 1 What is Grammar?
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