SISSEJUHATUS 3 Släng on keele osa, mis erineb originaalkeelest. Tänapäeval kasutavad peamiselt noored inimesed aina rohkem slängi ja seda tegid minevikus ka nendesamade noorte vanemad. Släng on pidevas muutumises, sest iga põlvkonna keelekasutusse tuleb juurde uusi sõnu. Släng kui mõiste tekkis Inglismaal ja on sajandeid vana. Allilma tegelased ja vargad kasutasid oma salakeele kohta sõna slang või flash. Enne 19. sajandit oli slang kasutusel ainult kurjategijate seas, korralikele inimestele oli slang vastuvõetamatu. Slängi on vaja uurida, kuna see on keele lahutamatu osa ja seda kasutavad paljud inimesed kas teadlikut või kontrollimatult. Släng on uurimistöö autori arvates keelepärand, mille kujunemisest ja kasutamisest peaksid teadma ka järgimised põlvkonnad. Töö koostamisel seadis autor hüpoteesiks, et slängi kasutamine ei muutu kunagi kirjakeelest
Kokkuvõte Kasutatud kirjandus Sissejuhatus Släng on keele osa, mis erineb originaalkeelest. Tänapäeval kasutavad peamiselt noored inimesed aina rohkem slängi ja seda tegid minevikus ka nendesamade noorte vanemad. Släng on pidevas muutumises, sest iga põlvkonna keelekasutusse tuleb juurde uusi sõnu. Släng kui mõiste tekkis Inglismaal ja on sajandeid vana. Allilma tegelased ja vargad kasutasid oma salakeele kohta sõna slang või flash. Enne 19. sajandit oli slang kasutusel ainult kurjategijate seas, korralikele inimestele oli slang vastuvõetamatu. Slängi on vaja uurida, kuna see on keele lahutamatu osa ja seda kasutavad paljud inimesed kas teadlikut või kontrollimatult. Släng on uurimistöö autori arvates keelepärand, mille kujunemisest ja kasutamisest peaksid teadma ka järgimised põlvkonnad. Töö koostamisel seadis autor hüpoteesiks, et slängi kasutamine ei muutu
Words with a wide range of application 1. thing- may stand for anything 2.stuff 3. job Ph. Verbs make out (understand), give in (surrender). Nouns converted from ph v e.g. break through, getaway. Time fillers you see! I mean.. eaaa..you know.. Special colloquial vocabulary Slang colourful words and expressions belonging to low colloquial speech. Coined and used by people to show that they are "one of the gang". Used by many social groups. Reason the appearance of slang lies in the speakers desire to be original, witty and sometimes a protest against the standards. If such a word is used widely it seizes to be slang and becomes common or neutral word. E.g. skyscraper, taxi, piano, photo, pub. The history of slang is short. The word boose has been slang word even since it was coined at the 16 th century. Slang is formed by word building means (see lexicology) as well as figures of speech. E.g. upper-storey (head), bread (money). Metonymy is used shirtwoman
Formality in Language", "Formality levels of communication" , "Levels of formality in writing". Proceeding from it, it is possible to draw a conclusion, that levels of formality are almost everywhere. For a start it is worth understanding formality levels in Spoken language. Because the spoken language is used much more often. The first level of Spoken language is informal. Its use for routine messages delivered face-to-face with friends. Informal language is relaxed language with slang, contractions and humor. The second level is Semiformal. Its use for important messages to strangers(for example, Phone call). It is language with some contractions and personal pronouns. And the last one is Formal. Its use for serious messages and in other formal contexts. It is correct, serious language using complete sentences without slang. In a written language it is similarly important as in a spoken language, to what public this letter is directed.
TITLE: Clockwork Orange AUTHOR: Anthony Burgess YEAR: 1962 ILLUSTRATOR: DESCRIBE THE SETTING Action takes place in England in future. Korova Milkbar is a palce where Alex and his friends(who he calls droogs) spend time. Milkshakes, which include alcohol, are sold to minors. They also spent much time in a bar called Duke of New York. POINT OF VIEW Book is written using the first person perspective Alex's narration includes many uncommon words and a slang called Nadsat, which are apparently common to the speech of the youth subculture in the novel. MAIN CHARACTERS Alex is a protagonist. Alex is very easily irritable and very violent, for example he is very fond of opera and classical music but his friend Dim mocks it. Alex gets furious and punches Dim. He is also very arrogant even his gang members think so. The only thing that Alex values is violence and power. He thinks that Devil is inside him and explains that way his violent acts
Fourth level Fifth level Young people prefer Krumping Express emotions and thoughts by dance Start key: move your body freely to the music Result: tragic, emotional, furious The liberation of stress and frustration It brings benefits for the mind and body People believed in negative actions Young people feel more free and are more peaceful The effects of Krumping are highly beneficial Own slang terms `Buck' extremely impressive and hard to pulloff `Labbin' members try to create new buck moves Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6THP9YHh6Q Krumping is a recently developed street dance style based on a variety of moves of the entire body. The
ei räägi ühtmoodi. 3. Slängi tähendus ,,Släng on pärit inglise allilma keelest («cant«) ja on sajandeid vana. Allmaailma tegelased-vargad ja röövlid ütlesid oma salakeele kohta «slang» või «flash». Sama sõna kasutati ka tähenduses petmine («deception») ja ahel («chain»). Viimane viitab sõna päritolule - nimelt hollandi keeles sõna «slang» tähenduseks on «uss». Enne 19. sajandit oli slang omane vaid kurjategijatele, leedidele ja dzentelmenidele ja üldse korralikele inimestele aga täiesti vastuvõetamatu. Tänu ühiskonna edasisele arengule ja demokratiseerumisele sai ka sõna slang järest laiema tähenduse. (7) Üldiselt peetakse slängi omalaadseks linnamurdeks, kuna omavahel suhtlevaid gruppe on tohutult, alustades kasvõi õpilastest lõpetades pedagoogidega. Kõigil neil rühmadel on oma kindel sõnavara, naljad ja loomulikult ka släng. See tähendab vaid üht -
I have enclosed my CV... I am enclosing my curriculum vitae together with two references, I would be happy to provide any further information, if you wish me to attend an interview, I am available at any time, Thank you for considering my application. NB! I look forward to hearing from you. Sign-of Yours faithfully (if you don’t know the name) Yours sincerely (if you know the name) Register/vocabulary/grammar Language appropriate for the task, no contracted words, no slang, a wide range of vocabulary and grammatical structures, spelling and punctuation (a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence, a full stop to finish sentences, avoid exclamation marks), use of linking devices (but not the ones you would definitely use in an essay) Letter of complaint Salutation Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms… Dear Sir or Madam Paragraph 1 Reasons for writing: state the subject of your complaint CLEARLY in the first paragraph.
· Negative colouring becomes stronger with compound stems (honeymoonish) (boyish, girlish have no negative evaluation) Suffixes may be added to proper names: · -ish adds a derogatory colouring (Dickensish) · -ien with names gives a high flown style (dickensien) · -esque has positive connotation and it forms an element of refine style (dantesque) · The main noun forming suffixes with negative evaluation are:-ard, -ster, -monger, -eer · On the slang, -o shows contemptuous attitude (kiddo, coppo) · -happy, -dog show irony, contempt (car-happy, handsome-dog) · Negative affixes that show absence of some quality are rather expressive (unmask vs. reveal, motherless vs. orphan) · The romantic writers tend to bring together such adjectives and the text becomes very emotional (Milton) · Diminutive suffixes imply small size or humoruous or contemptuous colouring (daddy, starlet, lambkin, weakling)
Thousands of Years ago Estonian did not exist. Even nowadays not very many people speak Estonian, nearly 1,5 Million. Compared to English speakers, it's nothing. The Estonian language has changed very much as the years have gone by. The expressions that were used years ago are replaced with English phrases, which are especially popular among young people. That's because almost all films, song lyrics and popular TV shows are in English. They also use slang too much. It's quite possible, that soon the Estonian language dies out and replaces with English. The second reason, why Estonian is in big danger, is because the little importance of the language. Almost everyone can speak at least one foreign language and nowadays the travelling possibilities are also very good. So if the Estonian language has no importance, it's possible, that if several nations will mix and there will be no Estonian anymore.
youtube.com/watch?v=ZZQyNctfPAY MY FAIR LADY ACTORS Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolitlle Rex Harrison, who plays the part of Professor Henry Higgins Stanley Holloway as Alfred P. Doolittle Isobel Elsom as Mrs.Eynsford-Hill Mona Washbourne as Mrs. Pearce Etc.. COCKNEY ENGLISH ·Cockney English is the accent and form of English that workingclass people used to use in the East End of London. ·The accent has dissapeared from modern London but can still be heared in Essex. ·Speakers use rhyming slang, where the speaker replaces the word with an rhyming phrase. ·https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjKgPost1j4 PEARLIES Cockneys who wear pearly outfits during parades are called pearlies. Thanks for listening!
a pint of ale. *family The family in Britain is changing. The once typical British family headed by two parents has undergone substantial changes during the twentieth century. In particular there has been a rise in the number of singleperson households. By the year 2020, it is estimated that there will be more single people than married people. Fifty years ago this would have been socially unacceptable in Britain. *slang of the country Cockney Rhyming slang is a coded language invented in the nineteenth century by Cockneys so they could speak in front of the police without being understood. It uses a phrase that rhymes with a word, instead of the word itself thus `stairs' becomes `apples and pears', `phone' becomes `dog and bone' and `word' becomes `dicky bird'. It can become confusing when sometimes the rhyming part of the word is dropped: thus `daisies' are `boots' (from `daisy roots').
resque people who need help. A development of transport is also important in this field. But the fact is that people are getting lazy. Machines do all the work for the people. We just sit and watch machines doing our duties, unfortunately it is so harmful for our health. Computers, the internet and social networks they all put up a wall between real-life communicating. People can not speak and write correctly, because they are usind slang every day on the internet. It is quite impossible to avoid technology, we are forced to use it, for example e-school and the internet bank. But we should stay realistic and need to know that we can not trust technology everywhere. When we can do it, we can avoid disasters and everything is gonna be all right.
Language use: Tenor- Tenor is used to describe the relationship of the text producer to the text receiver – whether the relationship is close (e.g. between friends) or is there social distance (e.g. between professor and student, boss and employer, or child and parent in some societies). A text will usually have many elements that help us determine the different aspects of tenor, such as the (1) level of formality of the text (how formal it is – very formal, everyday speech, slang, etc.), (2) social distance (determined by society – such terms as Miss, Mr, nicknames, use of last or first names, etc. help us understand how close or distant a relationship is, and (3) politeness between the speaker and the addressee (use of the formal ‘teie’ in Estonian; politeness phrases, such as ‘please’, ‘could’, ‘shall’, ‘would you mind’, etc.). Mode- The second sub-parameter of language use is mode
ka keel. Facebook, Iphone, ekool on võõrkeelsed sõnad minu vanaema jaoks. Samamoodi nagu minu jaoks on ... Vaatamata tugevale põlvkondade vahele me ikka leiame teemad rääkimiseks ja ilusti same sellega hakkama. Noored saavad õppida midagi vanemast põlvkonnast ja ka vastupidi, vahepeal ka vanem põlvkond õppib nooremast. Aeg kunagi ei peatu. Põlvkonnad muutuvad ja inimesed nendega. Ühel päeval me kõik leiame ennast kodus oma väikeste poja pojadega, kellel on omad huvid, oma slang, uued arvutid, iPhone73, millest meil pole õna aimu, omad hobid ja eluviis. Meil on raske jõuda järgi, maailm keeleb ju nii kiiresti, kuid meil on palju rääkida neile ajast kui meie olime väikesed. Põlvkonnal mis ignoreerib oma minevikku ei ole ka tuleviku. (Robert Heimlein).
internet. On the other hand, sitting in the computers every day is not good for our health, staring at a computer screen for several hours is enough to tire the eye muscles and it also causes stress and fatigue. Spending too much time in computer will lose students communication skills , because chatting only in the internet forums does not promote their communication skills. The worst about this problem is that in virtual world students prefer talking slang instead of correct english . And they will forget soon how to talk like they used to talk before. Finally, I really hope that in future there will be more computers in our school, that will simplify totally student`s and teacher`s lives. It will also develop our searching skills which we will need in future whether we need them in work or then at university.
Mr./Mrs./Ms + first and second name Semiformal letter Greeting: depends on the formality of the letter. Farewell: the safest way is to use Best regards Your name has to be written in the same style as the receiver's name. Informal letter Greeting Dear + first name, nickname, of family member's name Farewell Love, with love, best wishes, yours etc. depending on the style of the letter. In every type of letter: YOU MUST NOT USE ANY SLANG! aint conna wanna etc. Grammar Formal and semiformal letters: Impersonal style Complex sentence structure Passive Voice Single word verbs Noncolloquial English Formal language Only facts Few adjectives No use of short forms Few pronouns Informal letters: Personal style Short Use of colloquial English Use of idioms and literature expressions Phrasal verbs Pronouns Chatty Wide use of descriptive adjectives Short forms
Schools use computers to enhance the learning experience, as well as make it fun for students. Businesses use computers to communicate and store important information and data. Even children use computers. Computer modding Everybody wants a beautiful computer. Some people in the world make a living to it. Computer modding What is the computer modding ??? This is tuning. Today we are not only tuning cars, but also computers Modding is a slang expression that is derived from the verb "modify" How Computers have changed our world There isn't very many people around who can say that their lives have not been changed by computers. Computers have taken over our society as we know it. Everywhere you look, computers have greatly improved our lives. It can be as simple as going through a carwash, a computer processes the information that we feed it and adjusts the machine accordingly to give us the particular wash that we paid for
The suffixes ien and ean render the name as lofty (e.g. Shakespearean); suffix esque- possesses positive connotation. The main noun forming suffixes that render negative evaluation are: -ard- (e.g. coward, drunkard, etc.), -ster- (e.g. gangster, hipster, oldster, etc.), -eer- (e.g. rocketeer, profiteer, blackmarketeer, etc.), semi affix: -monger (e.g. war-monger, panic-monger, etc.), Suffixes of young people slang are: -o- (e.g. kiddo (kid), oldo (old), coppo (cop), etc.); other: -happy (e.g. car-happy), -dog (e.g. handsome-dog), -ola (e.g. chair chairola). Their effect is often irony or contempt. There are affixes that are negative, indicating the absence of some quality, they are very expressive (e.g. "motherless / fatherless" are more expressive than "orphan")
Wird definitiv erziehen die Menschen mehr Bücher? Die meisten jungen Menschen nutzen Computer nur zu spielen und mit anderen kommunizieren. Von den vielen Spielern und Spieler durch diese bekommen können, sie kann sicherlich nicht klüger sein. Sie versinken in ihre Welt, und nicht mit anderen, die leben ihr normales Leben zu interagieren. Außerdem macht die Erzählung des Internet Chat mit unserer Sprache noch schlimmer, denn es wird wieder neue Slang, von denen einige in der Schule verwendet werden können, aber es ist nötig, schreiben die Abschlussprüfung 12.klassi richtige estnischen Sprache. Vertraut mit den Jungen, der spielt auch auf dem Computer täglich nach der Schule in vollem Umfang für ihr eigenes Lernen abgeschlossen ist. Er lässt alle Tätigkeiten im Haushalt und Ergebnisse der Studie haben sehr schlecht gegangen. Der Computer macht sich lächerlich, wenn es missbraucht wird.
Europe Great Britain (British English) · Black British English · England (English language in England) o Northern Cheshire Cumbrian (Cumbria including Barrow-in-Furness) Geordie (Newcastle upon Tyne) Lancastrian (Lancashire) Scouse (Merseyside) Mancunian-Salfordian (Manchester & Salford) Mackem (Sunderland) Northumbrian (rural Northumberland) Pitmatic (Durham and Northumberland) Yorkshire (also known as Tyke) In the far north, local speech is noticeably Scots in nature. o East Midlands o West Midlands Black Country English Brummie (Birmingham) Potteries (north Staffordshire) ...
even could mean that he had somekind of bipolar disorder. He could literally hate a person in one second and love in the next. He criticises others alot for being phony. Only persone he really seemed to be fond of was his little sister Phoebe. The book has a slightly depressing undertone because Holdens thougts about the situation he was in and his surroundings were often very gloomy. The lousy hotel where he stayed was probably the gloomiest part of the book. The author uses slang and repeats often same words which is essentially quite similar to something that a teenager would do. This does not make, however, the text duller but makes it more lifelike. What surprised me was that even though it is about 60 years old but still alot of today's young people face similar problems as did Holden. Like not knowing what to do with one's life. At first it seemed to me that it was just a random part of someones life. While reading the
När man lägger en . Mellan kommer bisats stå själv och detta är ett nytt fel. Samtidigt uppstår felet konjunkturen där närliggande ord står i olika form- ändra hittade till hittar! Gör meningen om till Romanen slutar lyckligt när Candide tillslut hittar sin kärlek. Mening" Candide på franska betyder typ trosskyldig och oskyldig. " 2. Första felet som uppstår är tydligt användning av ordet typ. Detta är användning av slang. Ta bort. För det andra så finns det en felaktig sammansättning- Trosskyldig. Gör den om till troskyldig, alltså ta bort en s så ordet blir rätt igen. Gör om meningen till Candide betyder troskyldig och oskyldig på franska. Eller Candide på franska betyder troskyldig och oskyldig. Mening "Mot slutet börjar Candide tveka på alla dem hemska moments han bevittnar runt om i världen och får senare en annan syn på det hela. 3
segakeel. Tiit Hennoste (2000) on leidnud definitsiooni, et ,,släng on väikeste rühmade erikeel, mis on oluline selle rühma eneseidentiteedi jaoks". Eesti keeles on käibel, nii argoo, zargoon kui ka släng. Tõnu Tender (2003: 5) järeldab raamatus ,,Trellide ja luku taga", et kolm erinevat sõna on tulnud erineval ajal. I etapp 1926.-1937. aastatel hakkati kasutama sõna ,,argoo", mis kasutati slängi tähistamiseks. Oldi teadlikud, et selline sõna nagu slang eksisteerib inglise keeles, aga eesti keelde see ei olnud veel kasutusele viidud. II etapp - 1950.aastal, sel aastal vene keele vahendusel tuli käibele veel üks termiin- zargoon. III etapp -- 1968. aastal esimest korda sõna släng ilmus ajakirjas ,,Mana". Sellest ajast paljud Tartu keeleteadlased hakkasid kasutama seda terminit oma töödes (Tender, Ilm 2003: 12) Nagu Tiit Hennoste on juba maininud, släng on eelkõige kõnekeele ja suulise kõne
FGI 1081 Stylistics (I. Ladusseva) 1 STYLISTIC TERMS: Understatement (nonce-words) Style Zeugma Common Coll. Voc. Stylistics Semantically false chain Special Coll. Voc.: The styl. of lg. Pun Slang The styl. of speech Periphrasis Jargon Denotation Simile Cant Connotation Euphemism Vulgarisms Inherent Personification Professional w. Adherent Bathos Dialectal w. Phonestheme Allusion Rhythm
The same is true for grammatical patterns and vocabulary: different grammatical patterns and words make the essay more interesting and easily readable. As an essay is a formal piece of writing, contractions (e.g. isn't, aren't, etc.) are not acceptable because they are not formal enough. S/he can be used instead of the cumbersome "he or she" to save space when having in mind a person of either sex, or the also politically correct "they" for the singular. There should be neither slang forms nor colloquialisms. It is important to be as precise and to the point as possible. Hinting at things is not a good idea because essays are not meant to be read by friends who know the writer's point of view anyway, but by mere acquaintances or most often even strangers who should also understand everything the writer is trying to say. As to the sentences, it is stylistically good to have them nicely balanced, some of them longer, some shorter, but not too long or too short
,,Kle, miswärk" jututoaslängist Essee Nimi: Klass: Tallinn 2009 ,,Rahvakeele säilitamine on muutunud väga ohtlikuks, kuna suurenenud on arvutikasutus. Manitsusega ei saa peatatada ingise keele sissetungi. Üks ainukestest võimalustest on luua vastukaal sellessamas keskonnas Internetis. Selleks tuleb teha eesti keele teatmematerjalid (sõnastikud, käsiraamatud jms) mugavalt kättesaadavaks igale arvutikasutajale (koolilapsele, professorile, poliitikule, ärimehele jne) ning hoolitseda selle eest, et esitatu oleks parimal võimalikul tasemel. Internetis olevad sõnastikud ja nendega seotud mitmekesised päringuvariandid loovad uued võimalused eesti keele õppimiseks ja õpetamiseks kõigil keeleõppe tasanditel: põhikoolist doktoriõppeni, nii emakeelena kui võõrkeelena." Käesolevas töös analüüsin ma noortekeelele iseloomulikku Internetis kasut...
THINK: why you are writing the report, why the reader needs your report and what she might be interested in. Think about the best way to present the facts. If it’s a report of events (e.g. a traffic accident), describe them in chronological order. It should NOT be written like a letter! NO salutation/sign-off. Impersonal style (PASSIVE!), unless you make suggestions or give personal opinion – then you can use “I”. Formal language –no contractions, slang, etc. You can use the following format at the beginning of the report: To: From: (DO NOT write your own name. A member of the student committee etc. is fine) Subject: Basic structure 200 (+/- 10%) Introduction: Aim of the report Status of the writer (who you are – not your name – to write the report given in the task) Source of the information that the report is based on a survey, state when and by whom the survey was carried out. Body paragraphs:
· Non-rhotic · They use intrusive / r / · They use the broad / a: / sound · They use glottal stop more often (instead of k/p/t) · Use of / w /, recieved pronouncation will have / l / sound · /l/ may disappear [vunnerable] · /I/ -> /i:/ · Use of question tag [Ain't I? (einnai)] · Yod coalescence when two things come together. Like: /d/ instead of /dj/ /t/ instead of /tj/ [tu:zdeI] · Prolongs diphtongs · H-dropping (Tell him= [tellim]) 5) Cockney, Cockney Rhyming Slang Cockney English has a very distinctive accent, intentionally made and cryptical. It is used in a sense of community and also by traders or criminals to confuse the police. Cockney English is a "working class English" with approx. 7 million speakers. Cocnkey Rhyming Slang is a secret language used for communication in a group (traders speaking to eachother; criminals confusing the police; amusement) in the English language and is prevalent in the East End London dialect.
Essay 200 (+/- 10%) words The text consists of 4-5 paragraphs discussing a specified topic. Usually the task contains points you have to discuss. Make sure they are all covered! Keep in mind! Formal language – no slang, so contracted forms, colloquialisms, try to avoid repetition of words. Indented lines! Clear paragraphs with one central idea. Avoid strong feelings 8everybody hates... it is absurd to believe...) and strong personal expressions Use generalization (children assume…), but do not use overgeneralizations (all children assume…) At least 2 linking words per paragraph (separate them from the rest of the sentence by commas!) that show the connection between paragraphs.
5. What is a Cockney? (people and language) Traditionally, a true Cockney is anybody born within the sound of Bow bells (the bells of the church of St Mary-le-Bow). In fact the term is commonly used to denote people who come from a wider area of the innermost eastern suburbs of London and also an adjoining area south of the Thames. `Cockney' is also used to describe a strong London accent and it is associated with working-class origins. A feature of Cockney speech is rhyming slang : `wife' is referred to as `trouble and strife' and `stairs' as `apples and pears'. 6. Explain the following notions: snobbery, inverted snobbery, posh and being posh, blue/ white collar workers, underclass, social mobility. inverted snobbery middle-class people try to adopt working-class values and habits. posh of a class higher than the one I belong to; being posh being pretentious 7
from it. When he confronts his sister with his plans, she wants to go with him but Holden refuses, deciding not to go anyway in the end. Instead, Holden takes his sister to the zoo and watches her ride a carousel. The book ends with words "Don't ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody," which is, in my opinion, also very thought provoking. 4. Language (list of words or expressions frequently used by the author): The novel is filled with slang of the time the book takes place in. · Crumby disappointing, inadequate · Phony very hypocritical · That killed me a phrase used often in the book to display something Holden found hilarious. · [...], I really did something Holden said a lot to emphasize certain things. · You would have liked him/her Holden said this when he was describing someone. · Swell something cool or nice 5
OK was first used by Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States. According to another theory, the term came from the election slogan by the O.K. Club, boosters of Martin Van Buren's 1840 re-election bid, referencing to his nickname Old Kinderhook. Third theory is that OK was spelled out as okeh in 1919 by Woodrow Wilson, supposedly representing Chocotaw okeh “it is so”. However, the earliest known usage of OK is from 1839. One explanation is that was the survivor of a slang fad in Boston and New York where abbreviations of common phrases were deliberately misspelled (O.K. – “oll correct”). Second explanation is from the French expression “au quai” (“to the quay”) which was used when merchandise was finally ready to ship and could be interpreted as “everything is fine”. Tex-Mex – The term was first used in the English language as a nickname for the Texas Mexican Railway, built in 1875 in southern Texas
stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happening simultaneously and performing the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions at the same time. 1.1.1.2) A four-stroke engine (also known as four-cycle) is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes which comprise a single thermodynamic cycle. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. While risqué slang among some automotive enthusiasts names these respectively the "suck," "squeeze," "bang" and "blow" strokes.[1] they are more commonly termed 1.1.1.3) High-speed (approximately 1,000 rpm and greater) engines are used to power trucks (lorries), buses, tractors, cars, yachts, compressors, pumps and small electrical generators. As of 2008, most high-speed engines have direct injection. Many modern
very much into the East countries, because India has Bollywood and it is as huge as Hollywood. Of course America has stolen some ideas from other countries, like Japan, where there are very many TV shows and comedy shows. Pop culture is meant for the masses. Pop music is a wide variety of styles which are with good rhythm and meaningful lyrics so it must be for big masses. The most movies we have watched are made in Hollywood, so about 90% of them are the American culture spreaders. We get our slang words from the movies or from the songs. Europeans don't watch many American TV shows, because they are just not shown over here (we have started broadcasting the old episodes). The American most "Pop" sports (Baseball, Football) aren't also widely spread in the other countries. I believe that America's pop culture is the most advanced and most famous in the whole world! Broadway the Simpsons - Homer
to the South Islands famous motorcycle rides. · Queenstown - adrenalin and adventure capital of the world, where you can skydive, bungy jump, jet-boat, thrill yourself to your hearts content · Dunedin - the Edinburgh of the South, proud of its Scots heritage, chocolate factory, Southern Albatross colony and its wonderful tramping tracks within a short drive from the CBD Guide to Kiwi Slang bach holiday home mate buddy, friend brassed off annoyed no worries no need to worry choice very good pakeha non-Maori New Zealander rattle your crikey wow! hurry up dags crook unwell she'll be right not a problem cup of tea,
twainish characters (-ish +proper name) At the same time, with proper names we may have the suffix ian e.g Dickensian characters, Shakesperian characters. Suffix s with names has poor connotation and belongs to refine style. E.g Dante -> Dantesque, Turneresque, picturesque. Suffixes expressing negative attitude The main noun-forming suffixes with negative attitude : gangster, hipster, oldster, profiteer, black-marketeer. Semi-affix monger: war-monger (for the war), panic-monger. In the slang of young people, -o is a negative suffix e.g coppo, (policeman), kiddo. Semi-affixes happy: car-happy (crazy about cars), handsome-dog (nice-man) -ola: chairola They are also slang-suffixes and contribute to contemptious ironic connotation There are negative affixes that indicate absence of some quality and they convey expressive connotations. E.g fatherless, motherless are more expressive than ,,orphan" which denotes the same, because the suffix shows that something important is missing.
future I will refer to this later this will be referred to later Personal pronouns Active verbs use more personal pronouns: I think ... We are working on ... Be careful not to overuse I. We is a good alternative for talking about companies: We will launch the product in June. Reference to the audience As I'm sure you know ... We have all experienced ... You may remember ... As I'm sure we'd all agree ... Everyday language Using slang and everyday expressions can make an impact on the audience and add drama: Where's the caring side of employment gone? I'll tell you where. It's hiding behind a damned set of targets and objectives that's where it is! You need to know your audience very well to use this kind of language. Emphasising and minimising Emphasising Strong adverbs intensify adjectives: We've had an extremely good year. This kind of negligence is absolutely unacceptable.
In both these works Mark Twain shows his deep distrust of `respectable' society and his sympathy for social outcasts and the common man. He uses humour to criticise the practice of slavery and the hypocrisy and prejudices of his times. In his characterisations he displays a penetrating insight into human psychology. Mark Twain's use of language is also strikingly original. The stories of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn are told from the point of view of the young protagonists and contain slang, regional dialect and illogical sentence constructions that make the dialogue come to life. As a writer Twain did not emulate European models; he created a distinctly Am lit style. Many critics agree with Ernest Hemingway's claim that `all modern Am fiction comes from Huckleberry Finn'. Transcendentalism was represented in poetry by the work of Walt Whitman (1819- 92). The first of 9 editions of his collection of poems Leaves of Grass appeared in 1855
"whitens your teeth,” before learning that some locals chewed betel nuts to blacken their teeth, a sign of attractiveness in their culture. • The Scandinavian vacuum manufacturer Electrolux didn’t account for a common American colloquialism when marketing their vacuum in the U.S: "Nothing sucks like an Electrolux". • The soft drink Fresca was marketed under that name in Mexico … before the company discovered that ‘fresca’ is a slang term for lesbian in parts of Mexico. • Pepsi used the slogan “Come Alive With Pepsi” in Taiwan … or so they thought. The slogan was actually translated as: "Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the dead." • The Coors slogan "Turn It Loose," was translated into Spanish as "Suffer From Diarrhea. WHY CULTURAL FACTORS MATTER WHEN CHOOSING EXPORT MARKET? It is essential that companies take into account the lifestyles and culture of countries
reflect the ambivalence of his experience of war. As he explained: ...I was stunned by the sight of the breech of a 75 millimeter in the sunlight. It was the magic of light on the white metal. That's all it took for me to forget the abstract art of 1912-1913. The crudeness, variety, humor, and downright perfection of certain men around me, their precise sense of utilitarian reality and its application in the midst of the life-and-death drama we were in...made me want to paint in slang with all its color and mobility.[4] This painting marked the beginning of his "mechanical period", during which the figures and objects he created were characterized by sleekly rendered tubular and machine-like forms. Starting in 1918, he also produced the first paintings in the Disk series, in which disks suggestive of traffic lights figure prominently.[5] In December 1919 he married Jeanne- Augustine Lohy, and in 1920 he met Le Corbusier, who would remain a lifelong friend.
For example, if you used formal language to write to a close friend, the letter would look odd, or if you used informal language to write a letter to a company, the letter would look impolite. · There are certain characteristics which allow us to distinguish between formal and informal letters. These are: ~ The salutation (e.g. Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Bill) ~ The style or language (e.g. use of formal language for formal letters, or the use of slang and idioms for informal letters) ~ The closing remarks (e.g. Yours faithfully, Lucy Cohen ; Yours sincerely, Lucy Cohen / Love, Lucy) Note: 1. In formal letters your address and the date as well as the recipient's address are included in the letter. When you do not know the name of the recipient, you should include their title in the address. e.g. The Director of Studies, St Michael's School, 15, Pine St., London.
castanet, salsa, cafeteria, canyon, hurricane, barbecue, tortilla, tango, gringo, tequila, patio, Mediated Native American words o Cigar, cocoa, chocolate, chilli, tomato, cannibal, canoe, maize, potato, avocado, tamale, tobacco 20th century o Burrito, bongo, taco, sangria, sangria, cha-cha, rumba, mambo, fajita, margarita Informal slang o Cojones, el cheapo Adapted o Alligator, barricade, cask, cedilla, galleon, grenade, hoosegow, lariat, ranch, renegade, sherry, stampede, stevedore, vamoose; Direct o Adobe, armada, armadillo, borracho, bravado, chili, chinchilla, embargo, guerrilla, hacienda, mosquito, mulatto, negro, peccadillo, pinto, pronto, sarsaparilla, silo, sombrero, vigilante 10. Italian borrowings
“All the candidates for the post in “Tetra Pak” and IBM should know English quite well… And all these facts are just the top of the iceberg.” [7] At last, English is the language of the world's youth culture. Throughout the world young people sing the lyrics of The Beatles, U-2, Michael Jackson and Madonna, sometimes not even knowing what these words mean. “Break dance”, “bodybuilding”, “computer hacking” and many other words are included in the youth slang. [7] 1.6 English Speaking Countries Great Britain, the United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are English-speaking countries. They are situated in different parts of the world and differ in many ways. The nature of these countries, their weather and climate and the way of life of their people differ. Each coutry has its own history, customs, traditions, and its own national holidays. But they all have a common language, English. The United Kindom of Great Britain
Huumor on parim meelelahutus. Meelelahutust Iga nali kulub, kui seda liiga palju korrata. auditoorium „ostab”. Huumor aitab leevendada võimalikke pingeid, mis On oht olla labane: Claud Hopkins: „Don’t sacrifice võivad mõne kauba tarbimisega või kommu- dignity to misapply humor in copy. Coarse jokes and nikatsiooniga kaasneda. ribald jests and vulgar slang in advertisements are not likely to cause buyers to open their purses.” Huumor levib – seda räägitakse edasi. Mendelsohn (1962): kui reklaamis on naerualuseks või auditooriumi lõbusust esilekutsuvaks subjektiks Huumor süvendab kuuluvustunnet, eraldab „omad reklaami peategelane, saab esile kutsutud pigem võõrastest”
The last item of the entry gives the derivation, or word origin, inside brackets[]. Please note that several styles of usage arc normally indicated in a dictionary entry. These styles are typically identified in the following ways: Nonstandard - Words that do not belong to any standard educated speech Informal - Words that are often used in conversation and seldom in formal writing Slang - Usually a highly informal word that is often figurative in use . Its meaning is usually short lived Vulgar - A word that is taboo or not socially acceptable in most circumstances Obsolete - A word that is no longer in common usage Archaic - A word that was in common usage, but is now rarely used Rare - Words that have never been common in the language
contemporaries that the device with which a lock is opened when the key has been lost is still called in French a rossignol." While the fact of the current usage is true, its implied origin is false. Unfortunately for so charming an etymology, this particular use of the term rossignol appears as criminal argot in police documents as early as 1406—almost two centuries before the cryptologist was born. Since the word also means "nightingale," it may be possible that the thieves adopted it as slang for a picklock because its nighttime solos of clicks and rasps were music to their ears. He had been the cryptologist of France in that incomparable moment when Moliere was her dramatist, Pascal her philosopher, La Fontaine her fabulist, and the supreme autocrat of the world her monarch. Rossignol was, like them, a superlative practitioner of his art at the foremost court of Europe in the very splendor of its golden age.
his friend. O'Brian provides much comedy with Stephens lame attempts to under stand the jargon of the sailor, but also gives a good reason for the exasperated Jack to explain details of battle and sailing that we, the readers, want to know about. W E S T E R N ALLIES: SIDEKICKS In the rich tradition of Hollywood Western movie serials and T V shows, the Ally is called a "sidekick," a term from early nineteenth-century pickpockets slang for a side pants pocket. In other words, a sidekick is someone you keep as close to you as your side pocket. Every T V Western hero had to have his Ally, from the Lone Ranger s "faithful Indian companion" Tonto to W i l d Bill Hickock's "comical sidekick" Jingles, played by character actor A n d y Devine, who also filled the Ally's role in many Western movies going back to Stagecoach. T h e Cisco Kid had his comic foil Pancho, Zorro had his silent but very useful accomplice Bernardo
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