GETTING TO KNOW THE TOEFL (0)

CHAPTER  1 
GETTING TO KNOW THE 
TOEFL  
WHAT IS THE TOEFL? 
The TOEFL is a comprehensive English language examination required by more than 3,000 
colleges and universities in the United States , Canada , and other parts of the world. In addition , 
foreign born professionals frequently need a TOEFL score for certification to practice their 
profession in the United States or Canada. 
The TOEFL is a timed test that consists  of the three sections listed here . 
 
 THE 
TOEFL 
 
Section 1   Listening Comprehension 
50 questions  
35 minutes 
Part A 
Statements 
20 questions 
Part B 
Short Dialogs 
15 questions 
Part C 
Minitalks and Extended Conversations 
15 questions 
Section 2   
 
 
Structure and Written Expression 
40 questions 
Structure 
25 minutes 
Written Expression 
15 questions 
25 questions 
Section 3   Vocabulary and Reading  
60 questions 
Comprehension 
45 minutes 
Vocabulary 
30 questions 
Reading Comprehension 
30 questions 
 
SECTION 1: LISTENING COMPREHENSION 
This section of the TOEFL test your ability to  understand spoken American English. You will hear  
taped conversations to which you will make responses . Part A and B contain samples of informal  
American English. Idiomatic expressions and two-word verbs are common in these parts. 
Single Statement  
In Part A you will hear a single statement made by a man or a woman . In your test  booklet , there  
are four sentences . You must choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to the one you heard. 
YOU WILL HEAR: 
To get to the post office, cross the street , go three blocks , and you'll see it right on the corner . 
YOU WILL SEE: 
(A) The post office is right on the corner. 
(B) The post office is at the next corner. 
(C) The post office has a cross near it. 
(D) The post office is three blocks away . 
The correct choice is, which most closely gives the  same  meaning as the sentence you heard. It is 
important for you to know that if similar sounding  words or the same words appear in an answer  
choice, that answer choice is seldom correct. 
Short Dialogs 
Part B contains short dialogs followed by a question about what the people said in their 
conversation . Generally, key information is found  in the second speaker's sentence. You will need 
to understand the meaning of the conversation and also the context , such as the time or place in 
which it could occur . The correct choice directly answers the question. 
YOU WILL HERE: 
(Man Did you get to go shopping last night '? (Woman) They'd already locked the doors by the time 
I got there. 
(Man) What does the woman mean ? 
YOU WILL SEE: 
(A) She arrived in time to shop . 
(B) She was too late . 
(C) She locked the doors. 
(D) She had to buy the door . 
The correct choice is. Since the doors were locked when she arrived, she could not have gone 
shopping. Note that the other choices use words heard in the conversation. Choices that contain 
such words are usually not correct. 
Extended Conversation / Minitalks 
In Part C you will hear an extended conversation or a minitalk. The English in this section is 
generally more formal and academic, typical of English conversation or lectures that take place in a 
university or college setting . After each conversation or minitalk, there are between four and eight  
spoken questions about its content. Choose your answer from  among the four choices that appear in 
your test book-let. Look at the example here. 
YOU WILL HERE: 
Man: Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to this tour of one of the nation 's most 
important cities, Chicago . Before we begin , I'd like to give you some background information that 
will make the tour more enjoyable for you. The city was founded in 1837. Its strategic location on 
Lake Michigan quickly made it the center of commerce for the Midwest section of the country . It is 
currently the third largest metropolitan area In the United States. The city's site is generally level, 
built mostly on glacial plain. The narrow Chicago River extends one mile inland from Lake 
Michigan, where it splits, dividing the city into North , West , and South sides . Chicago's weather is 
subject to rapid changes , but generally the climate is cold and windy in the winter , and hot and 
humid in the summer . 
Woman: What gave Chicago an advantage over other Midwest cities? 
YOU WILL SEE: 
(A) Its level site. 
(B) Its location on Lake Michigan. 
(C) Its large population. 
(D) Its location along the Chicago River. 
According to the minitalk, would be the correct choice. Remember that you will not have a written 
copy of the speaker's talk or conversation and you will only hear it once . You must concentrate on 
details , such as names , dates, and the main idea of the selection that you hear. Do not read the 
choices as you listen to the talk. Listen care-fully and try to remember what you hear. 
SECTION 2: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 
This section contains two  types of questions, both   designed to test your ability to recognize correct 
style and grammar in written English. The sentences are academic; ones that you typically find in 
college level texts, journals , and encyclopedias. The sentence topics include the social sciences, 
physical and life sciences, and the humanities. 
Structure 
The structure questions test your ability to recognize correct structure and word order . These 
questions consist of a sentence with one or more words missing . You must make the choice that 
best completes the sentence. Here is an example of this type of question. 
YOU WILL SEE: 
__________ a short time after the Civil War, Atlanta has become the principal center of 
transportation, commerce, and finance in the southeastern United States. 
(A)  While rebuilt 
(B) It was rebuilt 
(C) Rebuilt 
(D) When rebuilt
The correct choice is (C). The other choices make the sentence incorrect or awkward. 
Written Expression 
The written expression questions test your ability to recognize errors in grammar or expression. 
These questions consist of complete sentences with four underlined words or phrases. You must 
identify the underlined part of the sentence that needs to be changed in order to make the sentence 
correct. An example follows. 
YOU WILL SEE: 
The Navajo Indians have displayed a marked ability  
A B 
to incorporate aspects of other cultures into a changing , 
C 
 flexibility lifestyle  
D 
The correct choice is (D). Flexibility, a noun , appears where an adjective must appear. In addition to 
inappropriate parts of speech , be  sure to check for missing words and extra words that are 
inappropriate for the context. 
 
SECTION 3: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 
Good reading skills and an ample vocabulary are keys to doing well on all sections of the TOEFL. 
This section of the TOEFL specifically test these skills. Many TOEFL test takers complain that they 
do not have enough time to carefully answer all questions in this section. It is very important that 
you follow the instructions in this book so that you will use all the allotted time to your advantage. 
Vocabulary 
The first questions on this section will test your English vocabulary. There are 30 academic 
sentences, each containing an underlined word. You must choose the word that has the same 
meaning from among the four choices. Here's an example. 
YOU WILL SEE: 
The United States has instituted a set of forest   conservation measures to maintain forest land. 
(A) accepted 
(B) published 
(C)  established  
(D) suggested 
The word that is closest in meaning to the tested word, instituted, is choice (C). Further hints for 
vocabulary questions can be found in Chapter 2. 
Reading Comprehension 
Your ability to read and understand college level reading material is test on this part of the TOEFL. 
You will find five or six reading passages, each followed by four to seven questions. You must 
work quickly and efficiently . Here is a sample passage . 
YOU WILL SEE: 
A lens has one or more curved surfaces that refract or bend, light rays passing through it to form an 
image on a surface beyond the lens. Examples of such surfaces are the retina of the eye or a movie 
screen . The distance from the lens to the focal plane is known as focal length . In cameras, 
telescopes, and similar devices , the lens is turned on a screw -thread mounting to adjust the focal 
length. This action allows focusing of images of objects at various distances. In the human eye, 
focal length is adjusted by muscles that alter the lens curvature. Light rays of different colors are 
bent by varying degrees as they  pass through a curved surface. This causes a distortion of the 
image, known as chromatic aberration. In cameras, sharp images are obtained by arranging two or 
more lenses so that the aberration of one cancels out the aberration of another . Such an arrangement 
of lenses is called an achromatic lens. 
QUESTION: 
According to the passage, what is focal length?  
(A) A curved surface that refracts light. 
(B) The distance from the focal plane to the lens. 
(C) Adjustment by the muscles that alters lens curvature. 
(D) The degree that light rays of different colors are bent by the lens. 
This is a factual question. The information needed to answer this question is directly stated in the 
text. Choice (B) is the correct answer. Some questions will ask you to draw conclusions based on 
material in the passage, other will ask about the main idea of a selection. Some may even ask what 
information does not appear in the passage. 
THE TEST OF WRITTEN ENGLISH 
Most TOEFL test sessions now require the Test of Written English. The TWE will test your ability 
to respond to topics that you may find on typical college level writing assignments. It will test your 
ability to 
express yourself as well as your organizational skills . The score on this test is reported separately 
and is not used to determine your TOEFL score. 
SOME HELPFUL HINTS 
On all parts of the TOEFL, be sure to answer every question. If you must guess , choose choice (B) 
or (C) since they are slightly more likely to be the correct choice than (A) or (D). 
Watch your time! Be sure to wear a watch and be aware of the time you have remaining in each 
section. Do not waste time reading directions or example in your test booklet. You should become 
familiar with these before you take the test. When you are told to begin, go directly to the first 
question. When time has expired on a section, you may not return to it. Work quickly and 
accurately. If it seems obvious that you will not finish a section within the time limit , guess or 
choose answer (B) or (C) in order to complete the section. 
Prepare yourself for the test. In addition to this book, Barron's How to Prepare for the TOEFL 
provides you with practical hints, tapes with sample questions, model test, and a grammar review to 
help you maximize your TOEFL score. 
 
CHAPTER 2 
UNDERSTANDING  
THE TOEFL: 
Vocabulary and Reading 
Comprehension Section 
 
Developing a good English vocabulary is the most important way to prepare for the 
vocabulary you will see on the TOEFL. In addition to developing a good English vocabulary, it is 
very important to know the kind of vocabulary you will see on the TOEFL and to understand how it 
is tested. 
Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension make up Section 3 of the TOEFL. This section 
contains 30 vocabulary questions and 30 reading comprehension questions. Remember that your 
general vocabulary is tested in all sections of the TOEFL. However , it is in this section of the 
TOEFL where your knowledge of  specific vocabulary is tested. 
You will have 45 minutes to complete this section of the TOEFL. Many test takers report that 
they do not have enough time to complete the reading comprehension questions, so you should 
work quickly in order to complete the vocabulary questions as soon as you can. If you follow the 
strategies in this book you will have more time to complete the Reading Comprehension section of 
the TOEFL. 
The Vocabulary Question 
Vocabulary questions are written in a formal, academic style, typical of most college or 
university level texts and journals. The topics of these sentences are those that a first- year college 
student in North America would be likely to encounter . The topics  come from such areas as the 
natural sciences, business, liberal  arts , and the social sciences. Many sentences contain references to 
North American places and personalities. Others  will refer to historical  events and may include 
dates. It is important for you to understand that your knowledge of these areas is never tested on the 
TOEFL. You do not have to be familiar with the content of the sentences to be successful on this 
section of the TOEFL. 
Each TOEFL vocabulary question consists of a single sentence followed by four choices. 
These choices are marked by letters (A), (B), (C), (D). Most sentences have one word underlined, 
and less frequently, some sentences may have a phrase underlined. You must identify the word 
among the choices that has the same or similar meaning as the under-lined word or phrase in the 
question. These words are called synonyms. Let's examine a sample question. 
Many organisms change their role in habitats from one season to another 
(A) 
diet  
(B) 
size  
(C) 
color  
(D) 
function  
 
This question is typical of the Vocabulary section. The topic is from the natural sciences and 
the sentence contains a single underlined word. The correct answer is (D) function. Function is a 
synonym for role. As in this example, the word you  select is the one that best matches the meaning 
of the underlined word. Note that all four of the choices make  sense in the sentence. Vocabulary 
questions are written so that the con-text of the sentence seldom helps you to determine the meaning 
of the word. Therefore , you must understand the vocabulary to select the correct choice 
Strategies 
Remember that your reading comprehension skills are not tested on this section of the test. 
Therefore you should not waste time reading the sentences. Simply look at the underlined word and 
choose its synonym from among the four choices. This strategy  will save you time and prevent  
frustration. 
You must choose the word that maintains the original meaning of the sentence. Be prepared 
for unfamiliar vocabulary presented in unfamiliar contexts, but do not waste time reading the 
sentences to determine the word's meaning. You will need this time for the Reading Comprehension 
section. If you do not know the word tested or can't determine its synonym, choose (B) or (C) as 
your answer. On the TOEFL, (B) and (C) answers tend  to be used slightly more than (A) and (D). 
Also remember that answer choices that contain the same  prefix or suffix or are pronounced like the 
underlined word are seldom the correct answers. Examine the following question. 
Swallows are among the most agile passerine birds . 
(A) 
Idle 
(B) 
swift  
(C) 
fragile 
(D) 
frail 
Note that choices (A) and (C), idle and fragile, have sounds similar to agile. Such words are 
not usually the correct choice. Such words are often used to distract you. Unless you are sure of the 
answer do not choose these words. 
Let's see how to use our strategy with a sample item. Look at the sentence and look 
immediately to the underlined word. Do not read any other words in the sentence. Read the four 
choices and make your selection. 
The spider wasp has a slender body  with smokey or yellowish wings . 
(A) 
tiny  
(B) 
long 
(C) 
thin  
(D) 
dark  
The following is an illustration of how you should read the sentences. 
+++ ++ +++ + ++++ +++ + slender ++++ ++++ ++++++ ++ 
+++++' +++ +++++ 
(A) 
tiny 
(B) 
long 
(C) 
thin 
(D) 
dark 
You should pay attention only to the underlined word and the choices that follow. If you 
know the meaning of the word and recognize the synonym, there is no need to read the sentence. If 
you do not know the meaning of the underlined word, you must make an educated guess about its 
synonym. The context will not usually help you to determine the correct choice. All of the choices 
from this example fit into the sentence. 
The spider wasp has a tiny body with smokey or yellowish wings. 
The spider wasp has a long body with smokey or yellowish wings. 
The spider wasp has a thin body with smokey or yellowish wings. 
The spider wasp has a dark body with smokey or yellowish wings. 
These sentences show that the context does not help you determine the meaning of the 
underlined word. If you cannot decide on the answer, read the sentence. It may help you to 
remember any previous experience you have had with the word. If not, guess, and continue to the 
next question. 
 
STRATEGIES TO REMEMBER 
 
•  Do not waste time reading the sentences. Immediately look for the underlined word and 
search for a synonym among the answer choices. 
•  The sentence will not help you understand the meaning of the underlined word. 
•  Analyze words quickly. Don't spend too much time studying word roots , prefixes , and 
suffixes. 
•  Work quickly, but carefully. Conserve time for the second part of Section 3. Try to spend 
only 30 seconds on each question. 
•  Words that contain similar sounds and spelling are usually not correct answers. 
•  Always answer every question. If you must guess, choose (B) or (C) as your answer. 
CHAPTER 3 
IMPROVING YOUR TOEFL 
VOCABULARY 
READ A LOT 
One of the best ways to  build your vocabulary is to read authentic English language material. 
You should read material that a college student would read. Examples of such material are 
newspapers , college textbooks, encyclopedia articles , magazines, and academic books. Any 
material that-has an academic theme will help you get used to the kinds of words and the style of 
writing you will find on the TOEFL. Reading articles on a variety of topics of interest  to you will 
help you develop  your vocabulary. 
MAKE  FLASH  CARDS 
As you read, you will find new words that you will want lo learn. One good way to learn 
words is to make flash cards. Use small cards made of thick paper , like index cards The cards 
should be small enough to fit in your pocket. On one side write the new word, then on the back  
write a synonym for the word. You may also want to note the meaning of the word. Review these 
cards as often as you can,  perhaps with a friend who is preparing for the TOEFL. 
You will be  able to build a large " sight  vocabulary" by using this  method . Do not be 
concerned if you are unable to actually use these words in conversation you have in English. With 
time, they will become a part of your  active  vocabulary. Your ability to use new words is not as 
important as your ability to recognize new words and their meanings. 
MAKE WORD  LISTS  
Another good way to learn new words is to make word lists. Many students use a small 
notebook for this purpose . When you discover a new word, add it to a list of words to be learned. 
On one side of the page, list the new word. To the right of the new word, write a synonym for it. 
Study  the words by covering the synonym,  looking at the new word, and recalling the synonym. It 
is also useful to reverse the process  so that you practice both the new word and the synonym. 
LEARN WORDS FROM OLD TOEFL 
Learn words that have been tested on previous TOEFLs. The under-lined words on previous 
TOEFL tests are sometimes tested  again , but they frequently appear among the four choices 
presented as synonyms for new words that are tested. You can find words to put on your flash cards 
or word lists on any TOEFL tests that you may have. TOEFL tests can be found in the TOEFL test 
kits available  from the Educational Testing Service . 
LEARN THE WORDS IN THIS BOOK 
Include all of the words listed in this book on your cards and lists. These words have been 
carefully selected, and many will appear on the TOEFL. Pay  special attention to the list of 450 
words in Chapter 6. 
You should learn prefixes, suffixes, and word roots, For a list of them , see Chapter 4. 
Suggestions for studying word roots, suffixes, and pre- fixes  can be found in that chapter. 
LEARN TO USE A  THESAURUS  
Become familiar with a thesaurus. A thesaurus is a dictionary of synonyms. When you find a 
word that you don't know, look it up in the thesaurus. Note a synonym for the word on a card or a 
word list. If you find a synonym but still don't know the meaning of the word, look it up in an 
English language dictionary. If you can't find the word in the thesaurus, it will not be tested on the 
TOEFL. The TOEFL tests only those words that have a variety of synonyms. For more information 
about the use of a thesaurus, see Chapter 5. 
 
VOCABULARY  BUILDING  STRATEGIES 
 
 
• 
Read often. Choose material that is written for college level readers. 
• 
Make flash cards of new words with synonyms and practice them often. 
• 
Make word lists of new words with synonyms and practice them often. 
• 
Learn words that have been tested on previous TOEFLs. 
• 
Learn word roots, prefixes, and suffixes found in Chapter 4. Study the key list of 450 
words in Chapter 6 of this book. 
CHAPTER 4 
 
BUILDING YOUR 
VOCABULARY 
 
DEVELOPING WORD ATTACK SKILLS 
When readers find an unfamiliar word in a sentence, they are some- times able to determine its 
meaning by reading the other words in the sentence. The other words give the context that allows 
readers to make an educated guess about the meaning of an unfamiliar word. However, we already 
know that on TOEFL vocabulary questions all of the possible answers fit into the context of the 
sentence. Therefore, the success you will have on this part of the TOEFL, depend upon whether you 
can determine word meanings by examining the word being tested, not by studying the context. In 
this chapter, you will learn how to determine the meaning of a word by studying its parts. 
Many English words consist of more than one part. Let's examine three important parts you should 
know in order to improve your vocabulary. 
Word Roots 
Many words in English contain Latin and Greek roots. These roots convey the basic meaning of the 
word and they occur repeatedly through out the language. Knowing these roots will help you deter -
mine the meaning of words with which you are not familiar.  Below is a list of common roots and 
their general meanings. 
Learning these roots will help you recognize the basic meaning of hundreds of English words. Let's 
look at the word manufacture . Manufacture is a combination of two root words, manu and fact . 
Using the list of roots, we can see that manu means " hand " and fact means "make" or "do". 
Therefore, we can infer the meaning "make by hand". 
Let's look at another example, biography. Again, using the list of roots, we see that bio means "life" 
and graph "write". Therefore, we can conclude that the word biography relates to the "writing of a 
life" or the written story of a person 's life. 
 
Root Meaning  Example 
belli war 
rebellion 
biblio book 
bibliography 
bio life 
biology 
cosm order 
microcosm 
cycl  circle  
cyclone 
dic two 
dichotomy 
dict word 
dictate 
duc  carry , 
lead  
conducive 
duct carry, 
lead 
conduct 
fac do, 
make 
facsimile 
fact do, 
make manufacture 
fect do, 
make  perfect  
form  shape  
uniform  
fort  strong   fortify 
geo earth 
geography 
gram  write 
telegram  
graph write 
autograph 
homo same 
homophone 
log 
speech, study of 
dialog  
logy 
speech, study of 
analogy 
man hand 
manage  
manu hand 
manual  
mater  mother , 
home 
maternity 
matri mother, 
home 
matriarch 
medi  middle  
mediocre 
miss   send  
dismiss 
mit send 
submit  
multi  many 
multiply 
nom name 
nominate 
nym name 
synonym 
pater   father  
paternal  
pathy  feeling , 
suffering 
sympathy 
patri father 
patriarch 
ped  foot  
pedal 
port carry 
transport 
scend  climb  
ascend 
scrib write 
scribble 
script written 
language 
postscript  
secut follow 
consecutive 
sent   feel  
consent 
sequ follow 
subsequently 
tact  touch  
contact 
tempor time 
contemporary 
tract  
pull, draw out 
attractive 
vene assemble, 
meet 
convene 
vent come, 
go  advent  
vers   turn  
reverse 
vert turn 
convert  
voc  voice , 
call  
vocal  
vok voice, 
call 
revoke 
volu turn, 
roll  convoluted 
volve turn, 
roll   involve  
 
How to Study Word Roots 
There are several ways to study word roots. One effective way is to make a flash card for each one. 
On this card write the root and a word containing the root. Also, write the meaning of the root and a 
synonym for the example word on the back of the card. As you practice with the cards, first identify 
the meaning of the root, then the word containing the root, Next, give a synonym for that word. As 
you study the roots, set aside those you have learned and concentrate only on those roots and 
synonyms that you have not learned. Save all of the cards for review. 
Make word lists. When you read English material, make lists of words that contain the roots you 
have studied in this section of the book. Identify the root and look up the word in a thesaurus. Write 
the meaning of the root and a synonym of the word. This method will help you identify root words 
and synonyms on the TOEFL. 
Prefixes 
Prefixes are the second important part of words. A prefix is a part of a word that is attached to the 
beginning of a word root. A prefix adds meaning to the base word or word root. Thus, if you know 
the meaning of the prefix, you will be better prepared to determine the meaning of the word. 
Knowing both prefixes and word roots will unlock the meaning of thousands of English words. 
There are many prefixes in English. The following list contains some of the most common prefixes 
found on the TOEFL. 
Let's examine the word contact. We can determine from the list of prefixes that con means "with". 
Upon further examination of the word, we see the word root tact means "touch". Without knowing 
the exact meaning of the word, we can guess that the word is related to "touch" and "with". Indeed, 
contact means communication with another per-son. Referring to the root words and prefixes in this 
chapter we can ascertain that autobiography means "self, life, and write", or the story of a person's 
life written by that same person. 
You can approach your study of prefixes with the same method you are using to learn word roots. 
Make a flash card for each of the prefixes. On this card write the prefix and a word containing the 
prefix. Write the meaning of the prefix and a synonym for the example word on the back of the 
card. As you practice with the cards, first identify the 
 
Prefix Meaning 
Example 
ante before 
anterior 
anti 
against, not in favor    anticipate  
auto self 
autonomous 
hi two 
bisect 
circum circle, 
around  
circumvent 
co with, 
together  coherent 
col with, 
together   collect  
corn  with, 
together 
complex  
con with, 
together  condense 
de down, 
reverse decline 
dis no, 
not 
disregard 
e out, 
from 
emit 
ex out, 
from 
export  
im no, 
not 
improper 
in not 
inactive 
inter between, 
among interact 
it no, 
not 
irrelevant 
micro small, 
tiny 
microscopic 
mis 
wrong , bad, not 
mistake 
mono one 
monotone 
non not 
nonsense  
post after 
postpone 
pre before 
preconception 
prim first 
primary  
pro 
for, in favor of 
promote 
re again 
recover 
sub under 
submit 
sup under 
supposition 
trans  across , 
over 
transmit 
tri three 
triple 
ultra  excessive 
ultrasonic 
un no, 
not 
undeniable 
uni one 
unique  
 
Make word lists. When you read English material, make lists of words that contain the prefixes you 
recognize. Identify the prefix and look up the word in a thesaurus. Write the meaning of the prefix 
and a synonym for the word on your lists. This method will help you identify words with prefixes 
and synonyms on the TOEFL. 
Suffixes 
The final word part is the suffix. A suffix is added to the end of a word. Similar to a prefix, a suffix 
adds meaning to the root word. However, the meaning is often grammatical, telling us the tense or 
the function of the word; seldom does it change the actual meaning of the word in the way that 
prefixes do. Suffixes are attached to verbs, nouns , adverbs , and adjectives. There are not many 
suffixes on this part of the TOEFL, and you may already know many of them from your grammar 
study. Nevertheless, you should become familiar with all the English suffixes in the list here. 
 
ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES 
 
Suffix Meaning 
Example 
able capable 
of 
affordable 
ant tendency 
to 
dominant  
alive  tendency 
to 
innovative 
ent tendency 
to 
persistent  
etic  relating 
to 
sympathetic 
ful  full  
of 
harmful 
ible capable 
discernible 
ical relating 
to 
identical 
less without 
harmless 
ous full 
of 
famous  
ry  occupation  
ministry 
some tendency 
to 
bothersome 
y 
a quality of being 
arbitrary 
 
NOUN SUFFIXES 
 
Suffix Meaning 
Example 
ary place 
library 
ation  process 
population 
cule small 
minuscule 
dom 
state of being 
wisdom  
er 
one who does 
teacher  
hood 
state of being 
manhood 
ist 
one who does 
geologist 
ly like, 
similar 
to manly 
ment 
state of being 
contentment 
ness 
state of being 
happiness  
ous full 
of 
enormous 
ry occupation 
dentistry 
ship  
state of being 
citizenship 
 
ADVERB SUFFIXES 
 
Suffix Meaning 
Example 
ly the 
way 
predictably 
ways the 
way 
sideways 
wise  the 
way 
otherwise 
 
VERB SUFFIXES 
 
Suffix Meaning 
Example 
 
ade 
action or process 
persuade  
ate to 
make 
accentuate 
en to 
make 
broaden 
ish 
action or process 
flourish 
ize to 
make 
emphasize 
CHAPTER 5 
IMPORTANT VOCABULARY 
BUILDING TOOLS  
THE DICTIONARY 
For students of English as a second language, a good English dictionary is essential . It is a source of 
valuable information and if it is used correctly, the dictionary will serve  as a useful tool toward your 
goal of English fluency. 
There are many types of dictionaries that a student may consider ,  including collegiate learner 's, 
unabridged, and bilingual dictionaries. 
For more advanced students, collegiate or college dictionaries are preferred . In addition to the 
standard word entries, collegiate dictionaries often contain sections with abbreviations, foreign 
expressions used in English, and biographical listings. Some also contain geographical listings. 
Learner's dictionaries are highly recommended. This type of dictionary is written specifically for 
students of English as a foreign language. Definitions are written in clear , easy to understand 
English. These dictionaries often anticipate learners' questions with special explanatory sections. 
They also use a standard phonetic alphabet  to indicate pronunciation of entries . 
Unabridged dictionaries are the most comprehensive, but are not practical for second language 
learners because of their size and detail. These dictionaries are often found in the reference sections 
of libraries on special tables to accommodate their size and weight . An unabridged dictionary is an 
excellent source for determining the historical development of words , examples of sentences that 
demonstrate proper usage , antonyms, and synonyms. 
A bilingual dictionary, which contains words both in your native language and in English, should be 
avoided. Often these dictionaries are incomplete and give only basic native language equivalent 
words. These words are frequently out of date or inappropriate for the context of the sentence in 
which you want to use the unknown words; thus entries in bilingual dictionaries can be misleading 
and can actually cause you to make mistakes. It is worthwhile for English language students to 
switch to a learner's dictionary as soon as possible, or to use it in conjunction with a bilingual 
dictionary. You will find that your vocabulary will increase faster by using an English language 
dictionary. 
What You Can Learn 
A dictionary gives you the information required to choose the best word for your needs. A typical 
dictionary entry contains the correct spelling of a word, followed by the word written in a phonetic 
alphabet, which shows how to pronounce it. The word is separated by syllables. These help you 
determine where to separate it at the end of a line when writing. Following the phonetic spelling of 
the word, its part of speech is indicated. The meanings of the word are given in a numerical order, 
sometimes followed by a sentence that shows the proper use of the word. While many modern 
dictionaries list the meanings of words from the most common and current  meaning to the oldest 
meaning, some list their definitions from the earliest meaning to the latest meaning . Therefore, 
before you choose a definition , you should read all the meaning of the entry, then choose the one 
that meets your needs . Some dictionaries provide synonyms, or words with the same general 
meaning, and antonyms, words that have the opposite meaning. Some dictionaries give the 
derivation, an historical development of the word that follows a word back through different 
languages to its origin . 
English language dictionaries contain entries listed in alphabetical order, that is, in an A to Z order . 
Two guide words appear at the top of each page in a dictionary. When the book is open , the word 
on the left page is the first entry of the two pages; the word on the right page indicates the last entry 
on the two pages. You can use these guide words to determine if the word you are looking up is 
contained among those entries on the two pages. 
max • i • mum (mak's a -ma m) n. pl. -mums or - ma (-ma) Abbr. max. 1.a. The greatest possible 
quantity or degree. b. The greatest quantity or degree reached or recorded; the upper limit of 
variation . c. The time or period during which the highest point or degree is attained. 2. An upper 
limit permitted by law or other authority . 3. Astronomy. a. The moment when a variable star is most 
brilliant . b. The magnitude of the star at such a moment. 4. Mathematics. a. The greatest value  
assumed by a function over a given interval. b. The largest number in a set.— maximum  adj. Abbr. 
max. 1. Having or being the greatest quantity or the highest degree that has been or can be attained: 
maximum temperature. 2. Of, relating to, or marking up a maximum: a maximum number in a 
series. [Latin, from neuter of maximus , greatest.] 
As we see, the entry is for the word maximum. By examining the word entry, we can determine that 
it contains three syllables, each syllable being separated by the mark • : max • i • mum. The word is 
followed by a phonetic spelling of the word inside parentheses, (mak' sa - ma m). At the bottom  of 
every page of the dictionary, you will find a pronunciation key that will give you the speech sounds 
of the symbols . After the pronunciation, you will find a part of speech label. Here are the traditional  
speech labels found in most dictionaries. 
 
  WORD 
LABELS 
   
abbr.  
abbreviation 
n. 
Noun 
adj.  
adjective 
pl.  plurial 
adv.  
adverb 
prep.  preposition
ant. ..  antonym 
pron.  pronoun  
arch .  
archaic 
sing.   singular  
conj.  
conjunction 
syn.  synonym 
interj.  
interjection 
tr. 
transitive 
intr.  
intransitive 
v. 
Verb 
mod.  
modifier 
 
 
 
Following the pronunciation entry for the word maximum, an n. and the plural forms  (identified by 
the abbreviation pl.) pl.-mums, or - ma appear. According to the labels, these abbreviations mean 
that the word is a noun and its plural can be formed two ways: by replacing the last syllable mum 
with mums (maximums) or ma (maxima). The plural forms are followed by the abbreviation of the 
word, identified by abbr. max. Each definition of the word is marked by a number. 
In many dictionaries, the order of the definitions reflects the frequency of use of each meanings of 
the word . The definitions that follow the first definition reflect more specialized uses . Your 
dictionary will explain  the order in which the meanings are presented. When the numbered 
definition has closely related meanings , they are marked with 1.a., b., and c. as in the example 
shown. Also note that words with specialized definitions in academic disciplines are identified. In 
the sample entry, there are two specialized uses of the word maximum, one in Astronomy, 3.a. and 
b., and another in Mathematics, 4.a., and b. After all meanings of the noun form are defined, the 
entry continues with the definition of the adjective form. The last item of the entry gives the 
derivation, or word origin, inside brackets[]. 
Please note that several styles of usage arc normally indicated in a dictionary entry. These styles are 
typically identified in the following ways: 
 
Nonstandard - Words that do not belong to any standard educated speech 
Informal 
- Words that are often used in conversation and seldom in
formal writing 
Slang 
- Usually a highly informal word that is often figurative in
use . Its meaning is usually short lived  
Vulgar 
- A word that is taboo or not socially acceptable in most
circumstances 
Obsolete  
- A word that is no longer in common usage  
Archaic 
- A word that was in common usage, but is now rarely used 
Rare  
- Words that have never been common in the language 
British  
- Words that are in common usage in British English 
Regional 
- Words that are used in a limited geographical area  
 
THE THESAURUS 
A thesaurus is a collection of words with similar meanings, usually presented in alphabetical order. 
These words are called synonyms. A thesaurus is useful when you want to change a word to another 
word with a similar meaning. The entries in a thesaurus typically contain the synonyms in most 
frequent to least frequent occurrence. In a modern thesaurus, guide words also appear at the tops of 
pages. They function the same way as guide words in dictionaries, indicating the first and last words 
of the pages. All words on the page appear in alphabetical order. Not all words have synonyms, yet 
almost all words on the TOEFL are words with many synonyms. Therefore, regular use of a 
thesaurus will build your vocabulary and help you prepare for the TOEFL. 
Most of the same word labels used in dictionaries appear in a thesaurus. Many entries do not specify  
the difference between adjective and adverb, since the same forms can often appear both as 
adjectives or adverbs. The abbreviation mod. is used to mark such a word. Let's examine an entry 
for the word maximum. 
maximum, mod. -Syn. supreme, highest, greatest; see best 1. maximum, n.-Syn. supremacy, height , 
pinnacle, preeminence, culmination, matchlessness, preponderance, apex,  peak , greatest number, 
highest degree, summit , nonpareil; see also climax: Ant. minimum*, foot, bottom. 
There are two entries for this word. The abbreviation mod. in the first entry indicates that the word 
could be used as a modifier of other words. Following this, syn. indicates that synonyms for the 
word follow. At the end of the listing appears the  suggestion see best 1. This suggestion refers us to 
the first entry for the word best if we wish  to see more words with meanings related to maximum. 
The second entry gives the synonyms for the noun form of the word. The n. indicates that the word 
is used as a noun, and syn. indicates that synonyms follow. This entry also refers the reader to the 
word climax for additional words related to maximum. At the end of the entry, antonyms, marked 
with the label ant., are listed. 
The dictionary and thesaurus are two powerful learning tools that you should have for reference. 
They are essential for a good vocabulary building program . 
CHAPTER 6 
THE ESSENTIAL TOEFL 
VOCABULARY 
This chapter contains 30 lessons. Each lesson contains entries for 15 key TOEFL words. After these 
entries, there are 10 matching exercises . At the end of each lesson, there are five TOEFL -like 
vocabulary questions that contain all of the words in each lesson. The TOEFL-like questions are an 
excellent vocabulary review as well as thorough preparation for the vocabulary section of the 
TOEFL. 
You should study the lessons in order, For example, after studying lesson 1, go directly to lesson 2. 
The book is designed to provide systematic review of words in previous lessons. By studying the 
lessons out of order you will be defeating the purpose of the review system. 
Let's examine a sample entry to see the kinds of information you will learn. 
 
intricate  
adj. having many parts; finely detailed 
adv. intricately  
syn. complex 
n. intricacy 
 
The intricate design of the vase made it a valuable  piece for her collection. 
I cannot begin to understand all of the intricacies of modern  automobile motors. 
 
The entry features the word intricate. Directly under the word, you will find other forms of the same 
word. These words have the same general meaning; they  represent  the different parts of speech of 
the word. For each of the forms, the part of speech is given. The following abbreviations for parts of 
speech are used in the word entries. 
adj. 
) 
adjective 
adv. 
) 
adverb 
conj. 
) 
conjunction 
v. 
) 
verb 
n. 
) 
noun 
In the  case  of intricate, the adjective form, adj., is presented as the key word. Other forms of the 
entry, intricately and intricacy, are listed below the main entry. 
The key word is then defined in clear, easy to understand English. In this example, we see that 
intricate means something having many parts or something that is finely detailed. 
Under the definition you will find a synonym for the key word. The synonym is a word that has the 
same or a similar meaning and it is marked with the letters syn. In the example  above , the synonym 
given for intricate is complex. 
Below the synonym, there are two sentences that show the usage of two different forms of the word. 
The sentences are  rich  in context; that is, the words surrounding the key word tend to  support and 
clarify the meaning of the key word. Let's look at the two sentences in the example. 
The intricate design of the vase made it a valuable piece for her collection. 
 
I cannot begin to understand all of the intricacies of modern automobile motors. 
 
The key word will always appear in the first sentence. The key word sentence is followed by a 
second sentence illustrating the use of one of the related words, but with a different part of speech. 
If no related words are given, then the second sentence serves as another illustration of the meaning 
of the key word. 
Some word forms are not included in the entries. These are words that are not in common usage and 
not likely to appear on the TOEFL. 
The word entries provide you with all the information you need to build a powerful TOEFL 
vocabulary. 
STUDYING THE WORD ENTRIES 
In order to study vocabulary efficiently, you must have a study plan and follow it carefully. The 
following plan has been useful to many students who are building their TOEFL vocabulary. 
Plan to spend at least an  hour studying the words in each lesson of this book. Do not study words 
that you already know. 
Read 
First, read the 15 entries of the lesson carefully, including the definition, different forms, synonym, 
and example sentences. It is important for you to associate the key word with its meaning and 
synonym. These are the three most important parts of the word entry. 
Reread 
Next, read each word entry again. Look up unfamiliar words that appear in the example sentences. 
This time when you study the entry,  cover the key word, then look at the meaning and its synonym. 
Then identify the key word. When you are able to identify the key word, reverse the process by 
identifying the covered synonym.  Finally , cover everything in the entry, except the meaning, and 
identify the key word and its synonym. 
Find the Synonyms 
You are now  ready for the matching exercise at the end of the word list. Let's look at a typical 
matching question. 
1.  intricate 
(A)  functional  
(B) complex 
(C) predominant 
(D) inordinate 
The purpose of the question is to test your knowledge of synonyms, a key skill for the TOEFL. You 
will see four choices. In this example, you must choose the synonym for the word intricate. The 
correct answer is , complex. Nearly all the words that appear as answer choices are key words 
introduced in the same and previous lessons. Check your answers by referring to the Answer Key at 
the back of this book. 
You are now ready to test your skill on actual TOEFL-like questions. Let's look at the following test 
question. 
The intricate design of the building's facade is typical of buildings of the nineteenth century . 
(A) functional 
(B) accurate 
(C) standard 
(D) complex 
This test question is typical of the questions on the vocabulary section of the TOEFL. You must 
choose the word that has the same or similar meaning as the underlined word in the sentence. Most 
TOEFL, questions do not use the word in a sentence context that will help you with word meaning. 
Therefore, as we learned in Chapter 2, you will probably not be able to determine the meaning of 
the word by reading the sentence. Look directly at the underlined word and do not read the 
sentence. Look for its synonym among the four choices. The correct answer is , complex. Most of 
the answer choices for the test questions at the end of each lesson are key words introduced in that 
lesson. 
Make Flash Cards 
After you have studied the 15 words and their synonyms, and have completed the practice 
exercises, make flash cards. On one side of the card, write the key word and its related forms. On 
the other side of the card, write its synonym. Review these cards several times during the weeks 
before your TOEFL test session. If you are preparing for a specific TOEFL test date, make a study 
schedule based on how much time you have before the TOEFL. For example, if you have six weeks 
before your test date, plan to study five lessons each week. 
Be sure that you organize your cards. It is suggested that you organize your cards by alphabetical 
order of the synonyms or by the lesson number. Keep  two groups of cards: one group for the words 
you have learned, and the second group for those words you need to learn. Re-view the second 
group more often than the first group of words that you already know. 
As your vocabulary grows , return to the exercises and test questions in each lesson. 
By following this study plan you will be better prepared for the important day when you hear the 
words You may now open your TOEFL test booklet ". 
Now begin Lesson 1 following the directions you have just read. 
CHAPTER 7 
THE PRACTICE TESTS 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS 
Essential Words for the TOEFL provides you with two TOEFL Vocabulary Practice Tests on the 
pages that follow. After you have studied the vocabulary lessons in this book, take both of the tests 
on separate days . 
When taking each test, circle the correct answer in your book. Allow yourself no more than 15 
minutes to take each test. Although on an official  TOEFL you will be given 45 minutes to complete 
Section 3 of the test, you should complete the vocabulary items in less than 15 minutes, in order to 
give yourself ample time to answer the longer Reading Comprehension items. Thus, allow yourself 
no more than 15 minutes to complete each of the Practice Tests that follow. 
After you take each test, score it using the answer key provided  on page 197 of this book. For each 
item you answer incorrectly, look up the word tested in this book. Try to understand why you made 
the mistake so you won't make it again. If necessary , look up the tested word or the options in your 
English dictionary. This will provide you with additional information on the meaning of the word in 
different contexts and perhaps other ex-ample sentences demonstrating its usage. 
For information on interpreting your performance and converting it to the TOEFL scale, follow the 
directions in Scoring Your TOEFL Vocabulary Practice Tests, at the end of this Chapter. Now take 
the TOEFL Vocabulary Practice Test 1. 
TOEFL VOCABULARY PRACTICE TEST 1 
 
1. 
It is evident that animals played a predominant role in the world of the upper Paleolithic 
Period. 
(A)  hazardous  
(B) principal 
(C) minuscule 
(D) misunderstood 
2. 
Some experts believe that the functions of the print media will be replaced by audio or visual  
media. 
(A) distribution 
(B)  influences  
(C) roles 
(D)  popularity  
3. 
A central  issue in probability is predicting the value of a future observation . 
(A) recording 
(B) interpreting 
(C) observing 
(D) foretelling 
4. 
The modem world is inundated with competing propaganda and counterpropaganda. 
(A) balanced 
(B) sustained 
(C) overwhelmed 
(D) contaminated 
5. 
The expansion of public services has caused concern that the civil service branches are 
becoming autonomous powers. 
(A) independent 
(B) advanced 
(C)  superior  
(D) perilous 
6. 
A deep rock tunnel between Washington, D.C. and Boston that employs an entirely new type 
of rapid conveyance is receiving serious consideration from civil planners. 
(A) an outlandishly 
(B) a comparatively 
(C) an intrinsically 
(D) a completely  
7. 
Women 's magazines reflect the changing view of women's role in society. 
(A) distort 
(B) show 
(C) accentuate 
(D) promote 
8. 
Courtship is a widespread prelude to mating among modern reptiles. 
(A) a tedious 
(B) an uncontrolled 
(C) a common 
(D) an essential 
9. 
The elimination of carbon dioxide is a necessary process in all animals. 
(A) rejection 
(B)  accumulation  
(C) deletion 
(D)  production  
10. 
In contrast  to traditional rhetoric, modern rhetoric has shifted its  focus to the audience  or 
reader. 
(A) intensified 
(B) narrowed 
(C) maintained 
(D) altered 
11. 
The enormous rigid plates that make up the outer  shell of the Earth continually move relative 
to one another. 
(A) vast 
(B)  ancient  
(C)  dense  
(D) deep 
12. 
The process of eutrophication involves a sharp increase in the concentration of phosphorus 
and nitrogen and promotes the growth of algae. 
(A) conceals 
(B) boosts 
(C) disrupts 
(D) halts 
13. 
Evidence that harmful effects may result from small amounts of radiation has prompted 
concern about low level irradiation from various sources . 
(A) minimized 
(B) exaggerate 
(C) generated 
(D) sustained 
14. 
Large sponges often harbor smaller organisms. 
(A) shelter 
(B) reject 
(C)  avoid  
(D) consume 
15. 
Most varieties of squash were cultivated by American Indian civilizations. 
(A) bartered 
(B)  grown  
(C) eaten 
(D) gathered 
16. 
The sugar maple grows to a height of 120 feet  and has a dense crown of leaves that turns 
bright red in the fall . 
(A) vibrant 
(B) thick 
(C) remarkable 
(D) large 
17. 
The sumacs grown for landscape use display a graceful style with spectacular fall colors and 
colorful fruit clusters. 
(A)  elude  
(B) maintain 
(C) develop 
(D)  exhibit  
18. 
Tadpoles typically dwell at the bottom of bodies of fresh water. 
(A)  swim  
(B) feed 
(C)  live  
(D) reproduce 
19. 
John Quincy Adams was a conspicuous opponent of the expansion of slavery. 
(A) consistent 
(B) noticeable 
(C) distinguished 
(D) formidable 
20. 
The Indian civilizations of  Alabama spanned over 10.000 years . 
(A) declined 
(B)  developed  
(C) covered 
(D) prospered 
21. 
The banana is a gigantic herb  that springs from an underground stem to form  false trunks up 
(3) to 20 feet high. 
(A) an immense 
(B) a striking 
(C) an attractive 
(D) a plentiful 
22. 
The evolution of agriculture in the early years of the twentieth century was characterized by 
the partial mechanization of the sowing and reaping processes . 
(A) created 
(B) enriched 
(C) accelerated 
(D) typified 
23. 
One of the most striking aspects of Indian cultures was the production of ceremonial 
costumes and ornaments worn during religious rituals. 
(A)  absurd  
(B) remarkable 
(C) arbitrary 
(D) spontaneous 
24. 
The innovative use of iron and steel in construction represented an important advancement in 
the building industry of the 1800s. 
(A) improvement 
(B) element 
(C)  influence  
(D) occasion 
25. 
Professional interior design assignment are typically complex endeavors that begin with an 
interview with the client . 
(A) personal 
(B) intricate 
(C) orderly 
(D) gratifying 
26. 
In antiquity, mosaics were made of uncut pebbles of uniform size. 
(A) consistent 
(B)  ideal  
(C) moderate 
(D) minuscule 
27. 
All organisms must obtain nutrients from the environment in order to sustain themselves. 
(A) isolate 
(B) harvest 
(C) acquire 
(D) digest 
28. 
Sauropods are distinguished by their body form as well as their enormous size. 
(A) limited 
(B) overwhelmed 
(C) allocated 
(D) identified 
29. 
The predominant unit of  drawing is the line. 
(A) smallest 
(B) resilient 
(C) principal 
(D) dramatic 
30. 
The primary task of the kidney is to maintain the volume and composition of bodily fluids 
(2). 
(A) preserve 
(B) distribute 
(C) assimilate 
(D) condense 
TOEFL VOCABULARY PRACTICE TEST 2 
1. 
The vital laws of geologic succession were not fully understood until the end of the 
eighteenth century. 
(A) erratic 
(B) complex 
(C) legitimate 
(D) indispensable 
2. 
It is a familiar phenomenon that an object released above the Earth's surface accelerates 
toward the Earth. 
(A) positioned. 
(B) freed 
(C) transported 
(D)  observed  
3. 
The Earth's magnetic fields have been investigated with increasing accuracy for over one 
hundred years. 
(A) probed 
(B) dissected 
(C) attracted 
(D) repelled 
4. 
In 1835, James Espy began extensive studies of storms from which he developed a theory 
to explain their sources of energy. 
(A) documented 
(B) Precise 
(C)  crucial  
(D) comprehensive 
5. 
One of the most beneficial effects of the automobile has been to permit nearly everyone in 
the automotive countries to travel for recreation. 
(A)  adverse  
(B) advantageous 
(C)  fundamental  
(D) practical 
6. 
A major shift in propulsion technology during the postwar period caused the world to 
adopt jet propulsion as the power source for military and passenger aircraft. 
(A) expansion 
(B) advance 
(C) switch 
(D)  discovery  
7. 
Throughout the nineteenth century, a succession of improvements in textile machinery 
steadily increased the volume of cloth and garment production. 
(A) attractiveness 
(B) refinement 
(C) quantity 
(D) caliber 
8. 
The human environment, in the biological sense, is chiefly a hostile one. 
(A) mostly 
(B) actually 
(C) normally 
(D) partially 
9. 
All of the outer surfaces of the human body are covered with microorganisms that are 
potentially harmful. 
(A) intolerable 
(B)  annoying  
(C) intrusive 
(D) unhealthy 
10. 
One remarkable form of communication among insects is the dance language of the 
honeybee. 
(A) substantial 
(B) exceptional 
(C) mysterious 
(D)  tangible  
11. 
The celebrated beauty of Maine's landscape and the character of its people have given the 
state a stature beyond its political and economic importance . 
(A) renowned 
(B) appealing 
(C)  incredible  
(D)  scenic  
12. 
In the United Nations, controversies generated by political differences are generally settled 
by compromise . 
(A) exaggerated 
(B) created 
(C) enhanced 
(D) eroded 
13. 
The United States sustains an economic life that is more diversified than any other on. 
Earth. 
(A) accelerated 
(B)  distinct  
(C) impressive 
(D) varied 
14. 
Remains of ancient people dating to 9000 B.C. have been found in the state of Ohio. 
(A) indigenous 
(B) frail 
(C) early 
(D) conserved 
15. 
Hawaii is economically vigorous, with extensive agriculture and manufacturing , and is a 
Pacific Basin transportation and cultural center. 
(A) advantaged 
(B) dependable 
(C) involved 
(D) strong 
16. 
The unique nature of viruses requires careful study to determine how they develop in host  
cells. 
(A)  rage  
(B)  vague  
(C) resilient 
(D) intriguing 
17. 
Active volcanoes are scattered over the area of the Earth known as the Ring of Fire . 
(A) feared 
(B)  discovered  
(C) distributed 
(D) grouped 
18. 
Theodore Roosevelt regarded vaudeville as an amusing North American pastime. 
(A)  abusive  
(B)  interesting  
(C) enriching 
(D) archaic 
19. 
Most migrant workers move in a well-established pattern according to the season of the 
regions where they work. 
(A) area 
(B) way 
(C) group 
(D)  habit  
20. 
The standard definition of writing highlights the fact that writing is in principle the 
representation of language  rather than a direct representation of thought . 
(A) mentions 
(B) conceals 
(C) emphasizes 
(D) distorts 
21. 
An intensification of internal stress and conflict among social, racial, and ideological 
groups has had profound effects on education in the twentieth century. 
(A) disruptive 
(B) significant 
(C) unavoidable 
(D) debilitating 
22. 
Visible light is the most familiar form of electromagnetic radiation (4). 
(A) perceivable 
(B) blinding 
(C) dim 
(D) measurable 
23. 
Emotions influence the way humans conceive and interpret the world around them. 
(A)  modify  
(B)  mirror  
(C) clarify 
(D) overcome 
24. 
All great encyclopedia makers have tried to objectively present (1) an accurate picture of 
civilization. 
(A) an acceptable 
(B) a balanced 
(C) an enlightening 
(D) a worthwhile 
25. 
Conservative groups and artists  in Hollywood have never been able to sustain a beneficial 
lasting relationship . 
(A) gratifying 
(B) enduring 
(C) worthwhile 
(D) reliable 
26. 
A primary exception to the steady abandonment of windmills was their resurgence in rural  
areas for pumping water from wells. 
(A) unmistakable 
(B) wanton 
(C) unhealthy 
(D)  constant  
27. 
Equality , human rights , and justice are prominent issues that came from the United States' 
civil rights movement of the 1960s . 
(A) contemporary 
(B)  nominal  
(C) conspicuous 
(D) unique 
28. 
The typical symphony orchestra has evolved gradually since the late eighteenth century. 
(A) haphazardly 
(B) scarcely 
(C) steadily 
(D) logically 
29. 
The fire salamander takes its name from an old belief that it could withstand flames. 
(A)  survive  
(B) extinguish 
(C) elude 
(D)  reduce  
30. 
Satellite images show tropical depressions as brilliant white masses of clouds. 
(A) powerful 
(B) vast 
(C)  radiant  
(D) elaborate 
ANSWERS TO TOEFL VOCABULARY TESTS 
 
Practice Test 1 
 
Practice Test 2 
 
1.B  11.A 21.A 
1.D 
11.A 21.B 
2. C 
12. B 
22. D 
2. B 
12. B 
22. A 
3.D 13.C 
23.B  3.A  13.D 
23.C 
4. C 
14. A 
24. A 
4. D 
14. C 
24. B 
5.A 15.B 
25.B  5.B  15.D 
25.B 
6. D 
16. B 
26. A 
6. C 
16. A 
26. D 
7.B 17.D 
27.C  7.C  17.C 
27.C 
8. C 
18. C 
28. D 
8. A 
18. B 
28. C 
9. C 
19. B 
29. C 
9. D 
19. B 
29. A 
10. D 
20. C 
30. A 
10. B 
20. C 
30.C 
 
Scoring Your TOEFL Vocabulary Practice Tests 
Essential Words for the TOEFL contains two TOEFL Vocabulary Practice Tests. These tests are 
provided so that you may determine what effect  the study of this book has had on your knowledge 
of TOEFL vocabulary and on your ability to answer vocabulary questions in the TOEFL format . 
The tests will also provide you with a fairly accurate estimate of how you would do on Section 3 of 
the TOEFL, if that section consisted of Vocabulary questions alone .* 
To score your TOEFL Vocabulary Practice Tests, follow the procedures described below. 
Find the key (list of correct answers) that corresponds to the TOEFL Vocabulary Practice Test that 
you took . The key to both tests is located at the top of this page. 
Score each test using the key. Place a C next to each correct answer in the book. 
Count the number of correct answers and write that number in the space called Number Right 
below. 
 
Test 
Number Right 
Scaled Score 
1 ----------------------- ----------------------- 
2 ----------------------- ----------------------- 
Average   
 
 
Now for Test 1. multiply the number of correct answers by 1.47. 
Remember Section 3 consists of 30 vocabulary items and 30 reading comprehension items. Thus, 
your performance on the vocabulary items will contribute 50 percent of your score on this section. 
The other 50 percent is determined by your performance on reading comprehension items. 
Add 23 to the product. You may round off to the nearest whole number. Write this number on the 
line that corresponds to the Scaled Score for Test 1. 
Follow the same procedures for Test 2 and determine your Scaled Score for Test 2. 
Now add the Number Right scores for Test 1 and Test 2 and divide  the sum by 2. Place this number 
on the line that corresponds to the Average Number Right 
To determine your Average Scaled Score, add the two Scaled Scores together and divide the total  
by 2. Place this number (the average of the two Scaled Scores) on the line that corresponds to the 
Average Scored Score. 
Now let's practice these procedures in order to  verify that you are following them correctly. 
Suppose on Test 1 you answered 21 questions correctly, and on Test 2 you answered 24 items 
correctly. For Test 1, your calculations would look as follows. 
 
 
 
 
21  30. 
87 
 
x 1.47
then + 
23 
 
30.87
 
53. 87          or  54 
 
 
 
 
 
Now follow the procedure on your own for the Test 2 Number Right score of 24. 
Your Scaled Score for Test 2 should be 58.28. for which the nearest whole number is 58. The 
average of these two scaled scores is 56. Your Average Scaled Score on Test 1 and 2 is the best 
estimate of how you would perform  on Section 3 of the TOEFL, if it consisted of vocabulary items 
alone. This is because the Average Scaled Score is based on a larger sample of vocabulary items 
than is either Test 1 or Test 2 alone. 
When you take the TOEFL at an official administration, if your score on Section 3 is different from 
your Average Scaled Score on these TOEFL Vocabulary Practice Tests, the difference is probably 
due to your performance on the reading comprehension items in this section. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Essential 
Words for the 
TOEFL 
 
LESSON 1 
 
  abroad    abrupt   acceptable    acclaim    actually   adverse 
  advice    attractive   autonomous   disapproval   disruptive 
 haphazardly   ideal   persistent    wide  
 
abroad 
adv. to or in another country 
 
Syn. overseas, internationally 
Louis Armstrong often traveled abroad.  
Living abroad can be an educational experience. 
 
abrupt 
adj.  quick , without warning 
adv. abruptly 
Syn. sudden 
 n. 
abruptness 
There was an abrupt change in the weather.  
After the incident everyone left abruptly. 
 
acceptable 
adj.  allowable or satisfactory 
 v. 
accept  
Syn. permissible 
adv. acceptably 
 n. 
acceptability 
adj. accepting 
The idea was acceptable to everyone. 
The registrar accepted more applicants than he should have. 
 
acclaim 
n. enthusiastic  approval , applause 
adj. acclaimed 
Syn.  praise  
 n. 
acclamation 
Isaac Stem has won acclaim abroad.  
Acclaimed authors often win Pulitzer Prizes. 
 
actually 
adv. being in existence, real or factual 
adj. actual 
Syn. truly 
They were actually very good soccer players.  
The actual time allotted  to complete the test is two  hours . 
 
adverse 
adj. displeasing, objectionable, or bad 
adv. adversely 
Syn. unfavorable 
 n. 
adversity 
 n. 
adversary 
Adverse weather conditions made it difficult to play the game .  
His indecision adversely  affected  his job performance. 
 
advice 
n. a  recommendation given by someone not   
 v. 
advise 
associated with the problem or situation  
adj. advisable 
Syn. suggestion 
 
 
 n. 
advisability 
 
Good advice is  hard to find. 
It is not advisable to stay up late the night before a test. 
 
attractive 
adj. calling attention to, pleasing, creating interest,  
 v. 
attract   pretty  
 n. 
attraction 
Syn. appealing 
 n. 
attractiveness 
adv. attractively 
The idea of  working four, 10-hour work days was attractive to the employees. 
The major attraction of the show was a speech by the president . 
 
ideal 
adj. having no flaw or mistake, excellent 
adv. ideally 
Syn. perfect 
 n. 
ideal 
The  beach is an ideal place to relax.  
Candidates for the job should ideally have five years experience in similar positions . 
 
persistent 
adj.  continuous , refusing to give up,  firm in action or 
decision  
 v. 
persist 
n. persistence 
adv. persistently 
Syn. constant 
The attorney 's persistent questioning weakened the witness. 
Her persistence earned her a spot on the team . 
 
wide 
adj. extending over a large area 
adv. widely 
Syn.  broad  
 n. 
wideness 
Pine   forests  are found over a wide area of the Pacific Northwest. 
The senator has traveled wide1y. 
 
autonomous 
adj. by itself, with no  association  
adv. autonomously 
Syn. independent 
Mexico became an autonomous state in 1817. 
Although working closely with the  government , all businesses function 
autonomously. 
 
disapproval 
n. the act of disagreeing, not giving approval 
 v. 
disapprove 
 
 
adv. disapprovingly 
Syn.  objection  
Their disapproval of the plan caused the experiment to be abandoned.  
The students disapproved of the plan of study. 
 
disruptive 
adj. causing confusion and interruption 
v. disrupt Syn. 
disturbing 
n. disruption  
adv. disruptively 
Frequent questions during lectures can be disruptive. 
The storm caused a disruption in bus service. 
 
haphazardly 
adv. having no order or pattern, by chance  
adj. haphazard 
Syn. arbitrarily, carelessly 
 n. 
haphazardness 
It was obvious that the house was built haphazardly. 
  Susan completed the assignment in a haphazard way. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. widely 
6. haphazardly 
  
(A) 
broadly 
 
 (A) suddenly 
  
(B) 
abroad 
  
(B) 
secretly 
  
(C) 
secretly 
  
(C) 
carelessly 
 
 (D) truly 
 
 (D) constantly 
 
 
2. autonomous 
7. constant 
 (A) 
independent 
 
 (A) disruption 
 (B) 
sudden 
  
(B) 
acceptable 
 (C) 
international 
  
(C) 
abrupt 
 (D) 
abrupt 
 
 (D) persistent 
 
 
3. advice 
8. perfect 
  
(A) 
acclaim 
 
 (A) attractive 
  
(B) 
attention 
  
(B) 
ideal 
  
(C) 
suggestion 
  
(C) 
actual 
  
(D) 
praise 
 
 (D) abrupt 
 
 
4. attractive 
9. unfavorably 
  
(A) 
appealing 
 
 (A) attractively 
  
(B) 
adverse 
  
(B) 
haphazardly 
  
(C) 
arbitrary 
  
(C) 
acceptably 
  
(D) 
perfect 
 
 (D) adversely 
 
 
5. disapproval 
10. disturbing 
 (A) 
attraction 
 (A) 
perfect 
 (B) 
attention 
 (B) 
disruptive 
 (C) 
objection 
 (C) 
persistent 
 (D) 
persistence 
 (D) 
attractive 
 
 
 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
1. As a government official, Benjamin Franklin often traveled abroad. 
 (A) 
widely 
 (B) 
secretly 
 (C) 
alone 
 (D) 
overseas 
2. American poet James Merrily received   critical acclaim for his work entitled 
Jim's Book.  
 (A) 
advice 
 
 
(B) disapproval  
 (C) 
praise 
 
 (D) 
attention 
 
3. A revolution in women's  fashion during the second half of the twentieth  
century made trousers acceptable for almost all activities . 
 (A) 
available 
 (B) 
permissible 
 (C) 
attractive 
 (D) 
ideal 
 
4. No fan,  electric or otherwise, actually cools the air. 
 (A) 
truly 
 (B) 
haphazardly 
 (C) 
persistently 
 (D) 
continuously 
 
5. The climate of Chicago is subject to abrupt changes of weather. 
 (A) 
sudden 
 
 (B) 
extreme  
 (C) 
adverse 
 
 (D) 
disruptive 
LESSON 2 
 advanced   advantage   advent   agile   albeit   allow  
 appealing   celebrated   contemporary   distribute  
  encourage    energetic   frail   refine   worthwhile 
 
advanced 
adj.  ahead of current thought or practice forward  
thinking , new 
 v. 
advance 
 
 n. 
advancement 
Syn. progressive 
Advanced technology is changing the world.  
His advancement to captain came unexpectedly. 
 
advantage 
n. something that may help one to be successful or to 
gain  something 
adv. advantageously 
Syn.  benefit  
adj. advantageous 
Is there any advantage in arriving early?  
He was advantageously born into a rich family. 
 
advent 
n. the coming or appearance of something 
 
Syn. arrival 
With the advent of  computers , many tasks have been made easier . 
The newspapers announced the advent of the concert season. 
 
agile 
adj. able to move in a quick and easy way 
adv. agilely 
Syn. nimble 
 n. 
agileness 
 n. 
agility 
Deer are very agile animals.  
She moved agilely across the stage. 
 
albeit 
conj. in spite of the facts, regardless of the fact  
 
Syn. although 
His trip was successful, albeit tiring.  
Albeit difficult at times, speaking another language is  rewarding . 
 
allow 
v.  to agree to let something happen , not to interfere 
with an action 
 n. 
allowance 
Syn. permit 
adj. allowable 
 
adv. allowable 
Arthur 's natural agility will allow him to excel in sports.  
The extra money allowed  us to stay abroad another day. 
 
appealing 
adj. attractive or interesting, able to move 
 
v. appeal  feelings  
 
n. appeal 
Syn. alluring 
adv. appealingly 
Working abroad is appealing to many people.  
Through his speeches, the candidate  appealed to the voters. 
 
celebrated 
adj. acclaimed, well-known, and popular  
 
Syn. renown 
The celebrated pianist will give a concert this weekend .  
San Francisco is celebrated for its multicultural makeup. 
 
contemporary 
adj. modern, up-to-date; also a person living at the 
same time as another person 
 n. 
contemporary 
Syn.  current 
Contemporary  architecture makes very good use of space.  
Cervantes was a contemporary of Shakespeare. 
 
distribute 
v. to divide among people or to give out 
 n. 
distribution 
Syn. dispense 
Many publishers distribute their newspapers directly to homes in their area.  
The distribution of seeds is very quick with this new machine . 
 
encourage 
v. to give courage or hope to someone 
 n. 
encouragement 
Syn.  inspire  
adj. encouraging 
adv. encouragingly 
Even though the runner finished  second, he was encouraged by his performance.  
His teacher gave him the encouragement that he needed to learn the material. 
 
energetic 
adj. full of life, action, or power 
 n. 
energy 
Syn. vigorous 
adv. energetically 
Sam hasn't been as energetic as he usually is.  
There's a lot of energy in these batteries. 
 
frail 
adj. weak in health or in body 
 n. 
trade 
 
Syn. fragile 
The frail wings of the newborn bird could not lift  it off the ground . 
One of the frailties of human beings is laziness. 
 
refine 
v. to make pure , to improve 
 n. 
refinement 
Syn. perfect (v.) 
adj. refined 
Factories must to refine oil before it can be used as fuel.  
A squirt of lime juice is the perfect refinement to cola . 
 
worthwhile 
adj. value in doing something  
 
Syn. rewarding 
It was worthwhile waiting 10 hours in line for the tickets .  
It's worthwhile to prepare for the TOEFL. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. inspire 6. 
 
renown 
  (A) celebrate 
 
  (A) unknown 
 (B) 
attract 
   (B) 
celebrated 
 (C) 
encourage 
   (C) 
adverse 
  (D) appeal 
 
  (D) disapprove 
 
2. advantage 7. 
 
worthwhile 
  (A) benefit 
 
  (A) rewarding 
 (B) 
persistence 
   (B) 
acceptable 
 (C) 
nimbleness 
   (C) 
agile 
  (D) allure 
 
  (D) permitted 
 
3. fragile 8. 
 
vigorous 
  (A) modern 
 
  (A) attractive 
 (B) 
famous 
   (B) 
beautiful 
 (C) 
allowable 
   (C) 
energetic 
  (D) frail 
 
  (D) advantageous 
 
4. contemporary 9. 
 
refine 
  (A) timing 
 
  (A) persist 
 (B) 
current 
   (B) 
value 
 (C) 
well-known 
   (C) 
perfect 
  (D) perfect 
 
  (D) divide 
 
5. appealing 10. 
 
distribute 
  (A) refined 
 
  (A) disappoint 
 (B) 
encouraging 
   (B) 
disrupt 
 (C) 
alluring 
   (C) 
discourage 
  (D) popular 
 
   (D) dispense 
TEST QUESTIONS  
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Swallows are among the most agile passerine birds.  
(A) energetic  
(B) frail  
(C) beautiful  
(D) nimble 
 
2. Shrimping in Mississippi's tidal areas is not allowed during the summer 
months.  
(A) worthwhile  
(B) permitted  
(C) encouraged  
(D) appealing 
 
3. With the advent of cable  television and the use of satellites for  broadcasting , 
television reception  improved. 
(A) arrival  
(B) refinement  
(C) distribution  
(D) advantage 
 
4. Most tadpoles are vegetarians, albeit those of some  species  are 
carnivorous. 
(A) although  
(B) simply  
(C) supposedly  
(D) since 
 
5. Advanced  scientific disciplines like  solar cell technology and genetic engi-
neering are exploding with possibilities. 
(A) valued 
(B) celebrated 
(C) new 
(D) appealing 
LESSON 3 
 
 alter   analyze   ancient   annoying   anticipate  
 conform    defect    enrich   intensify   intolerable  
 observe   ongoing   propose    restore    vital 
 
alter 
v. to change or make different 
 v. 
altered 
Syn. modify 
 n. 
alteration 
adj. alterable 
adv. alterably 
I Will the starlit alter its course and miss the coast? 
Gloria hasn't altered her plans to return to school. 
 
analyze 
v. to study something carefully, to separate 
 n. 
analyzed 
into parts for study 
 n. 
analysis  
Syn. examine 
Scientists must analyze problems thoroughly. 
Analysis of the substance confirms the presence of nitrogen. 
 
ancient 
adj. something from a long time ago, very old. 
 
Syn. old 
Archaeologists analyze ancient civilizations.  
Dave found an ancient  Roman   coin . 
 
annoying 
adj. a slight bother, disturbing to a person 
 n. 
annoyance  
Syn. bothersome 
 v. 
annoy 
adv. annoyingly 
Mosquitoes can be an annoying part of a vacation at the beach.  
She annoyed her parents by coming home late. 
 
anticipate 
v.  to think about or prepare for something ahead of  
adj. anticipatory 
time 
 n. 
anticipation 
Syn.  predict  
No one can anticipate the results of the games .  
They planned their vacation with anticipation. 
 
conform 
v. to follow established  rules or patterns  of 
 n. 
conformity  behavior  
 n. 
conformist 
Syn. adapt 
Yon must conform to the rules or leave the club . 
She has always been a conformist. 
 
detect 
v. to find out, to observe something 
 n. 
detection 
Syn.  notice  
 n. 
detective 
He detected a  smile on his girlfriend's  face .  
They are the best detectives on the police force. 
 
enrich 
v.  to make rich, to make something of 
 n. 
enrichment  greater  
value 
adj. enriching 
Syn.  enhance  
The fine arts enrich our lives .  
The discovery of oil was an enrichment for the country. 
 
intensify 
v. to make stronger in feeling or quality 
 n. 
intensity 
Syn. heighten 
adj. intense  
adj. intensive  
adv. intensely 
adv. intensively 
The importance of the test will sometimes intensify the nervousness of the students. 
The chess match was played with great intensity. 
 
intolerable 
adj. difficult or painful to experience, not 
 n. 
intolerance  
able to accept different ways of thought 
adv. intolerably 
or behavior 
adv. intolerantly 
adj. intolerant 
Syn. unbearable 
Any opposition to the rules is intolerable.  
His boss was intolerant of his tardiness. 
 
observe 
v. to see and watch carefully, to examine 
 n. 
observation 
Syn. notice 
 n. 
observer 
adj. observant 
adj. observable 
Human beings like to observe the behavior of monkeys. 
I made the observation that you are not happy . 
 
ongoing 
adj. continuing  
 
Syn. current 
The tutoring project is an ongoing program of the school.  
Maintaining roads is an ongoing job. 
 
propose 
v. to suggest or plan to do something 
 
n. proposal  
Syn. suggest 
 
n. proposition  
 
adj. proposed 
The governor is going to propose new taxes .  
Her proposal was well accepted. 
 
restore 
v. to give back or bring back something; to 
 
n. restoration 
return to the original condition  
adj. restored 
Syn. revitalize 
He restored my  confidence in hint.  
It is a beautiful restoration of the old table. 
 
vital 
adj. of great importance, full of life 
 n. 
vitality 
Syn. indispensable 
adv. vitally 
Money is vital to the success of the program.  
His intense vitality was easily observable. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. indispensable  6. 
 observe 
 (A) 
abrupt    (A) 
alter 
 (B) 
abroad    (B) 
notice 
 (C) 
vital 
  (C) 
anticipate 
 
(D) frail  
 
(D) modify 
 
2. restore 
7.  intense 
 (A) 
appeal 
  (A) 
strong 
 (B) 
revitalize   (B) 
intolerant 
 (C) 
attract    (C) 
vitally 
 
(D) disrupt 
 
(D) allowable 
 
3. conform 
8.  enrich 
 
(A) annoy  
 
(A) alter 
 
(B) divide 
 
(B) dispense 
 (C) 
encourage 
  (C) 
disrupt 
 
(D) adapt 
 
(D) enhance 
 
4. notice 
9.  unbearable 
 (A) 
observe    (A) 
inspiring 
 (B) 
refine 
  (B) 
unfavorable 
 (C) 
distribute   (C) 
intolerable 
 
(D) analyze 
 
(D) ancient 
 
5. current 
10. proposal 
 (A) 
energetic   (A) 
question 
 (B) 
ideal 
  (B) 
attention 
 (C) 
ongoing    (C) 
benefit 
 
(D) intense 
 
(D) suggestion 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase 
 
1. The composition of heavenly bodies can be discovered by analyzing the light 
they emit.  
(A) detecting  
(B) examining  
(C) intensifying  
(D) observing 
 
2. In 1985, the  Coca -Cola Company altered the  secret formula of the  drink 's 
ingredients. 
(A) modified  
(B) proposed 
(C) enriched 
(D) restored 
 
3. Aside from simply being annoying, loud  noises can permanently damage the 
ear. 
(A) unwelcome 
(B) bothersome 
(C) detected 
(D) intolerable 
 
4.  Building construction is an ancient human  activity . 
(A) an old 
(B) a vital 
(C) an ongoing 
(D) a contemporary 
 
5. Manitoba's leaders anticipated the changing economic environment during the 
early part of the twentieth century. 
(A) welcomed 
(B) predicted 
(C) made use of 
(D) conformed to 
LESSON 4 
 
 ambiguous   apparent   arbitrary   assert   astounding  
 astute   authorize   deceptively   determined   elicit  
 forbid   petition   relinquish   resilient   tempt 
 
ambiguous 
adj. of unclear meaning, something that can be 
understood in more than one way 
adv. ambiguously  
Syn. vague 
n. ambiguity 
 
The men received an ambiguous  message from their boss. 
His letter was full of ambiguities. 
 
apparent 
adj. to be clear in meaning or open to view, easily 
understood 
adv. apparently 
Syn.  visible 
It was apparent that he needed to rest .  
No one apparently knew to solve the problem. 
 
arbitrary 
adj. an action or decision made with little  
adv. arbitrarily 
 
thought, order, or reason  
 n. 
arbitrariness 
Syn.  haphazard 
Her choice of clothing seemed arbitrary.  
The teacher arbitrarily decided to give the class  a test. 
 
assert 
n. to express or defend oneself strongly, to 
adv. assertively 
state positively 
 n. 
assertiveness 
Syn. declare 
 n. 
assertion 
adj. assertive 
The government asserted its control over the banking system.  
The company president is an assertive  individual . 
 
astounding 
adj. very surprising 
 v. 
astound 
Syn. astonishing 
adv. astoundingly 
The scientists made an astounding discovery.  
The fans  were astounded by their team's success. 
 
astute 
adj. very intelligent, smart , clever  
adj. astutely 
Syn. perceptive 
 n. 
astuteness 
He was an astute worker, finishing in half the time it took the others to finish.  
They astutely determined that there would be no chance to finish on time. 
 
authorize 
v. to give permission or power to do 
adj. authorized 
something 
 n. 
authority 
 
 
Syn.  empower  
Only authorized employees are allowed in the laboratory .  
The dean has the authority to resolve academic problem of students. 
 
deceptively adv. to make someone think that something is 
adj. deceptive 
true or good when it is false or bad 
 v. 
deceive  
Syn. misleadingly 
 n. 
deception 
The magician deceptively made the rabbit disappear. 
Richard deceived Joe about the cost of the coat . 
 
determined 
adj. to be strong in one's opinion, to be firm in  
 n. 
determination conviction 
 v. 
determine 
Syn. resolute 
They were determined to go to graduate school. 
 The judge determined that the man was lying . 
 
elicit 
v. to get the facts, to draw out, to evoke 
 n. 
elicitation 
Syn. extract 
A lawyer will elicit all the facts necessary to prove her case.  
Elicitation of the  truth can be difficult at times. 
 
forbid 
v. to command not to do something 
adj. forbidden 
to have a dangerous  look, bad feeling 
adj. forbidding 
adv. forbiddingly 
Syn. ban 
His father will forbid him to use the car.  
The cave looks forbidding let's not go in. 
 
petition 
v. to make a request 
 n. 
petition 
Syn. appeal 
Canada petitioned the United Nations to consider its case.  
The student's petition was denied. 
 
relinquish 
v. to give up control 
 n. 
relinquishment 
Syn. abdicate 
The troubled executive relinquished his control of the company.  
The relinquishment of his claim to the building will allow the building to be sold . 
 
resilient 
adj. strong enough to recover from difficulty or  
adv. resiliently  
disease  
 n. 
resilience 
Syn. tenacious 
She has a resilient personality and will soon feel better.  
The doctor was surprised by his patient 's resilience. 
 
tempt 
v.  to make it attractive to do something 
adv. temptingly  
wrong 
 n. 
temptation 
adj. tempting 
Syn. entice 
The idea of getting rich quickly tempted him to invest his life savings.  
Desserts are more tempting when one is on a diet. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. appeal 
a. misleadingly 
 (A) 
detect 
 (A) 
abruptly 
 (B) 
assert 
 (B) 
deceptively 
 (C) 
petition 
 (C) 
progressively 
 (D) 
allow 
 (D) 
truly 
 
2 astounding 
7 resolute 
 (A) 
celebrated   (A) 
determined 
 (B) 
astonishing  (B) 
perfect 
 (C) 
visible 
 (C) 
renown 
 (D) 
energetic   (D) 
perceptive 
 
3. ban 
8. resilient 
 (A) 
forbid 
 (A) 
bothersome 
 (B) 
empower   (B) 
vital 
 (C) 
intensify   (C) 
unbearable 
 (D) 
restore 
 (D) 
tenacious 
 
4. elicit 
9. tempt 
 (A) 
declare 
 (A) 
entice 
 (B) 
authorize   (B) 
divide 
 (C) 
conform 
 (0 
discourage 
 (D) 
extract 
 (D) 
notice 
 
5. abdicate 
10. 
vague 
 (A) 
relinquish   (A) 
intolerable 
 (B) 
alter 
 (B) 
adverse 
 (C) 
encourage   (C) 
beautiful 
 (D) 
heighten   (D) 
ambiguous 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Not until 1946 did the world chess governing body, FIDE, assert its control 
over international championship play. 
(A) declare 
(B) relinquish 
(C) petition 
(D) decrease  
 
2. All classifications of human societies and cultures are arbitrary. 
(A) useful 
(B) haphazard 
(C) insufficient 
(D) ambiguous 
 
3. Paul Newman's apparently effortless  acting  skill has enabled him to play a 
variety of characters . 
(A) seemingly 
(B) extremely 
(C) visibly 
(D) deceptively 
 
4. The  Monroe  Doctrine authorized the United States to  intervene  in the affairs of 
Latin American countries in case of foreign invasion. 
(A) empowered 
(B) forbade 
(C) elicited 
(D) tempted 
 
5. J. Edgar Hoover was an astute professional who served as director  of the FBI 
for 48 years.  
(A) perceptive  
(B) resilient  
(C) astounding  
(D) determined 
 
LESSON 5 
 
  amaze    baffle    bear    block    blur    brilliant 
 caution    challenge    delicate   enhance   intrigue 
 persuade    replace     shed    unique 
 
amaze 
v. to fill with great surprise 
adv. amazingly 
Syn. astonish 
 n. 
amazement 
 
adj. amazing  
I was amazed that I received an A on the calculus test.  
The actor  gave an amazing performance. 
 
baffle 
v.  to confuse to a point at which no 
adj. baffling  
progress can be made 
 n. 
bafflement 
Syn.  puzzle  
The causes of many harmful diseases have baffled  doctors for  centuries . 
That was a baffling question. 
 
bear 
v. to produce, to carry; to show; to endure  
adj. bearably 
adj. bearable  
Syn.  yield  
This orchard bears many fine harvests of apples. 
Although stock prices declined, losses have been bearable for most investors. 
 
block 
v. to prevent movement progress, or 
 n. 
blockage success 
adj. blocked  
Syn. obstruct 
The government blocked the sale of the airline .  
The streets were flooded due to a blockage in the pipes. 
 
blur 
v. to make something difficult to see 
adj. blurred 
Syn.  cloud  
 n. 
blur 
The rain blurred everyone's view of the valley . 
The whole accident is just a blur in my mine. 
 
brilliant 
adj. intensely bright or colorful, intelligent 
adv. brilliantly 
Syn. radiant 
n. brilliance 
Einstein was a brilliant thinker. 
She brilliantly produced a solution to the problem. 
 
caution 
v.  to alert someone of  danger , the act of 
adj. cautious 
taking care of, or paying attention to, 
adj. cautionary 
something 
adv. cautiously  
 
 n. 
caution 
Syn. warn 
The office cautioned the motorist to slow down.  
They entered into the  negotiations cautiously. 
 
challenge 
n. an invitation to complete, something that 
adj. challenging  
demands competitive action or much thought 
 v. 
challenge 
Syn.  dare  
Finishing the 26-mile race was a challenge for most of the participants. 
 It was a challenging math problem. 
 
delicate 
adj. needing careful treatment, sensitive , 
adv. delicately 
 
easily broken  
 
Syn. fragile 
Because of its controversial nature, it was a challenge to  discuss such a delicate issue 
in public.  
You must handle  the antique delicately. 
 
enhance 
v. to increase in a positive way, such as in 
 n. 
enhancement 
value, power, or beauty 
adj. enhanced 
Syn.  strengthen 
Passing the exam  should enhance your chances of being, admitted to college.  
The computer enhanced our productivity. 
 
intrigue 
a. to interest greatly 
adj. intriguing 
Syn. fascinate 
adv. intriguingly 
 n. 
intrigue 
He was intrigued by the acclaim flat he received. 
The intriguing question baffled historians. 
 
persuade 
v.  to change a belief or behavior by 
adv. persuasively 
argument or reason 
adj. persuasive 
Syn.   convince  
 
n. persuasion  
They couldn't persuade their critics to see their point of view.  
John presented a persuasive argument for his salary increase. 
 
replace 
v.  to change for another thing ; to take 
adj. replaceable 
the place of 
 n. 
replacement 
Syn. substitute 
They have replaced all of the old office equipment .  
The new employee was the replacement for Mr. Topper, who retired last  month . 
 
shed 
v. to throw off naturally, to give out 
 
Syn. discard 
In order to grow , crabs must shed their shells.  
The experiments shed no new information on the cause of the disease. 
 
unique 
adj. to be the only one of a kind; special 
adv. uniquely 
Syn. rare 
 n. 
uniqueness 
He was presented with a unique opportunity to attend the conference. 
His style of writing is uniquely his own. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
1. confront  
6.  convince 
 (A) 
astonish    (A) 
assert 
 (B) 
challenge   (B) 
persuade 
 (C) 
petition    (C) 
restore 
 
(D) forbid 
 
(D) yield 
 
2. obstruct 
7.  Rare 
 (A) 
warn 
  (A) 
determined 
 (B) 
tempt 
  (B) 
ideal 
 (C) 
enhance    (C) 
vague 
 
(D) block 
 
(D) unique 
 
3. intrigue 
8.  shed 
 (A) 
fascinate   (A) 
discard 
 (B) 
elicit 
  (B) 
refine 
 (C) 
intensify    (C) 
alter 
 
(D) enrich 
 
(D) cloud 
 
4. substitute 
9.  enhance 
 (A) 
advantage   (A) 
entice 
 (B) 
replacement 
  (B) 
strengthen 
 (C) 
blockage   (C) 
relinquish 
 
(D) frail 
 
(D) encourage 
 
5. delicate 
10.  puzzled  
 (A) 
ambiguous 
  (A) 
advanced 
 (B) 
vital 
  (B) 
assertive 
 (C) 
fragile 
  (C) 
baffled 
 
(D) resilient 
 
(D) astute 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Custer was cautioned by his advisors not to underestimate the  strength  of his 
opponent.  
(A) challenged  
(B) persuaded  
(C) known  
(D) warned 
 
2. Bright  feathers have been used for ornamentation since early times.  
(A) Long  
(B) Unique  
(C) Delicate  
(D) Brilliant 
 
3. Telescopic images from outer space are often blurred by atmospheric 
conditions.  
(A) clouded  
(B) limited  
(C) enhanced  
(D) blocked 
 
4. The narrow, green- grey leaves of the  sweet alyssum are untoothed and usually 
bear many silvery hairs. 
(A) carry  
(B) yield  
(C) replace  
(D) hide  
 
5. For many years, scientists were baffled by the small size of the  atom .  
(A) amazed  
(B) limited  
(C) puzzled  
(D) fascinated 
 
LESSON 6 
„ chiefly „  coarse  „ commonplace „ comparatively „ complex  
„ conventional „ curious „ exceedingly „  exclusively  „ immense  
„ indeed „ rigid „ routinely „ sufficiently „ visibly 
 
chiefly 
adv. most importantly or most  commonly  
adj. chief  
Syn. mostly 
Houses are made chiefly of wood products . 
Corn is the chief crop of the Midwest. 
 
coarse 
adj. not fine or smooth, not delicate 
adv. coarsely 
Syn.  rough  
 n. 
coarseness 
Sandpaper is an extremely coarse material. 
Wool clothing has certain coarseness in texture. 
 
commonplace 
adj. ordinary 
 
Syn. frequent 
Soon it will be commonplace to see the person to whom you are talking on the phone . 
Female lawyers are commonplace in the United States. 
 
comparatively 
adv. being measured or judged by comparison  
adj. comparative  
Syn. relatively  
 v. 
compare  
 n. 
comparison 
It was comparatively easy for him to learn baseball because he had been a cricket 
player . 
If you compare  algebra and trigonometry, you'll discover that algebra is less complex. 
 
complex 
adj. difficult to understand or explain; 
 n. 
complexity  
 
having many parts  
 
 
Syn. complicated 
The businessmen astutely approached the complex production problem.  
The universe has a complexity beyond comprehension. 
 
conventional 
adj. following accepted rules or standards 
adv. conventionally 
Syn. traditional  
 n. 
convention  
Professor Canfield agreed with the conventional theory about the origin of the 
Basque language. 
To become  integrated  into a society, you must learn the conventions of that society. 
 
curious 
adj. odd or  strange ; eager to learn 
adv. curiously 
Syn. peculiar 
 n. 
curiosity 
A curious object was discovered in the remains. 
Sally was curiously interested in the history of Alaska. 
 
exceedingly 
adv. very; to an  unusual degree 
 v. 
exceed 
Syn. extremely 
 n. 
excess 
adj. excessive 
adv. excessively 
In tropical zones , it is exceedingly hot and humid. 
It is not safe to exceed the speed limit. 
 
exclusively 
adv. no one else ; nothing else; not shared 
adj. exclusive 
with others 
 n. 
exclusion 
Syn. restrictively  
 v. 
exclude 
This room  is used exclusively by the faculty. 
They excluded everyone under age 21 from the contest.  
 
immense 
adj. extremely large 
adv. immensely 
Syn.  massive  
 n. 
immensity 
From the mountaintop you can see the immense valley. 
She was immensely interested in the idea of teaching a foreign language. 
 
indeed 
adv. certainly ; really (used to make a statement 
stronger)  
 
Syn. truly 
Did he indeed go to the infirmary. 
It is very hot indeed. 
 
rigid 
adj. not easy to bend; firm, inflexible 
adv. rigidly 
Syn.  stiff  
The teacher was very rigid in his ideas about class attendance. 
He adhered rigidly to his opinions about marriage . 
 
routinely 
adv. regularly, usually done  
adj. routine  
Syn. ordinarily  
 n. 
routine 
She routinely  gets a physical examination. 
It is routine for students to become homesick at times. 
 
sufficiently 
adv. enough, in a satisfying manner  
 n. 
sufficiency 
Syn. adequately  
adj. sufficient 
 v. 
suffice 
Jenny is sufficiently mature to make her own decisions . 
Her income is sufficient for her needs. 
 
visibly 
adv. can be seen  
adj. visible 
* power of imagination or wisdom, 
 n. 
vision * 
 especially with regard to the future 
 v. 
view 
 
adj. visionary* 
Syn. noticeably 
Ken was visibly  upset about his performance evaluation.  
Stars are more visible on a clear fall evening . 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
  1. stiff 
6. immense 
(A) delicate 
(A) abrupt 
(B) agile 
(B) massive 
(C) rigid 
(C) ongoing 
(D) astute 
(D) complicated 
 
 
2. traditional 
7. exceedingly 
(A) arbitrary 
(A) resiliently 
(B) astounding 
(B) extremely 
(C) conventional 
(C) assertively 
(D) frequent 
(D) resolutely 
 
 
3. indeed 
8. visibly 
(A) truly 
(A) noticeably 
(B) albeit 
(B) frequently 
(C) abroad 
(C) persuasively 
(D) only 
(D) encouragingly 
 
 
4. curious 
9. ordinarily 
(A) apparent 
(A) restrictively 
(B) brilliant 
(B) coarsely 
(C) peculiar 
(C) cautiously 
(D) enhanced 
(D) routinely 
 
 
5. adequately 
10. restrictively 
(A) sufficiently 
(A) exclusively 
(B) deceptively 
(B) adversely 
(C) intensely 
(C) roughly 
(D) amazingly 
(D) relatively 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Water is easily the most complex of all the familiar substances that are single 
chemical compounds. 
(A) conventional 
(B) curious 
(C) valuable 
(D) complicated 
 
2. Contrary to popular opinion, the origin of the circus is comparatively  recent , 
having little in common with ancient Roman 
circuses. 
(A) apparently 
(B) relatively 
(C) exceedingly 
(D) sufficiently 
 
3. The  cotton gin was commonplace on many nineteenth-century farms. 
(A) often required 
(B) sorely needed 
(C) frequently seen 
(D) visibly absent 
 
4. Under the microscope, cultivated silk fibers look coarse. 
(A) rough 
(B) rigid 
(C) delicate 
(D) immense 
 
5. The sweet potato is chiefly grown in the  southern  United States. 
(A) exclusively 
(B) mostly 
(C) rarely 
(D) successfully 
LESSON 7 
„ appropriate „ clarify „ conceal „ confirm „ constantly  
„  convenient  „  core  „ critical „ distort „  diverse   
„ prosperous „ purposefully „  reveal  „ scarcely „ theoretically 
 
appropriate 
adj. correct or good for the purpose 
 n. 
appropriateness Syn. proper 
 adv. appropriately 
It is not appropriate to cheat on tests. 
She was dressed appropriately in a suit for the job interview. 
 
clarify 
v. to make more easily understood, to 
 n. 
clarification make clear  
 
Syn. explain 
Chapter 2 in the textbook clarifies the process of osmosis. 
A clarification of the government's position  on this matter is necessary. 
 
conceal 
v. to prevent from being seen or discovered 
 n. 
concealment 
Syn. hide 
The students concealed their feelings about the course. 
His concealment of the evidence made his case more difficult to prove.  
 
confirm 
v. to make certain, given support 
adj. confirmed 
Syn. prove  
 n. 
confirmation 
The director confirmed that the meeting would be on the tenth . 
We have just received confirmation of your reservation on the flight  to Los Angeles . 
 
constantly 
adv. in an unchanging manner; happening all 
adj. constant 
 the time 
 
Syn. continually 
Philosophy constantly questions the nature of human existence. 
The speed of light is constant at 186,000 miles a second.  
 
convenient 
adj. easy to  reach , near;  suitable to one's needs 
adv. conveniently 
Syn. practical  
 n. 
convenience 
The student union is convenient to the physical sciences building. 
For the convenience of the student body, the library is located in a central location. 
 
core 
adj. the central or most important part 
 n. 
core 
Syn. chief 
The core of the curriculum  consists of courses that are required of all students. 
They are  loyal to the core. 
 
critical 
adj. very serious or requiring careful  
 v. critique  
judgment; finding fault 
 n. 
criticism 
 Syn. dangerous 
 n. 
critic 
adv. critically 
It is critical to follow the directions for the experiment exactly as the instructor 
indicates. 
The runner accepted criticism from his coach very well. 
 
distort 
v. to change from the original shape or 
adj. distorted 
 condition, usually in an unnatural way 
 n. 
distortion 
Syn.  deform  
Time and space are distorted when traveling at the speed of light.  
Distortion of the image from a microscope can be caused by low light.  
 
diverse 
adj. various; distinct from others 
adv. diversely 
Syn. Different 
 n. 
diversity  
 v. 
diversify 
Freud had many diverse interests in psychology. 
The diversity of life forms on Earth makes zoology an interesting area of study. 
 
prosperous 
adj. successful, wealthy 
adv. prosperously 
Syn. thriving  
 v. 
prosper 
 n. 
prosperity 
In the early 1900s, San Francisco was a prosperous city.  
Bacteria prosper under the proper conditions. 
 
purposefully 
adv. done for a special reason 
adj. purposeful 
Syn. deliberately  
adv. purposely 
 n. 
purpose 
The course syllabus was designed purposefully to be easy to follow. 
He was authorized to spend the money for business purposes . 
 
reveal 
v. to uncover, to expose  
adv. revealingly 
Syn. disclose 
adj. revealing 
 n. 
revelation 
The president revealed some of his ideas before he gave his speech. 
The report made some revelations about the nature of the conflict. 
 
scarcely 
adv. almost not 
adj. scarce 
Syn. hardly 
 n. 
scarcity 
The woman scarcely  spoke a word of English. 
Due to a scarcity of water, a rationing plan was established. 
 
theoretically 
adv. according to a reasoned, but not  
adj. theoretical 
proven , point of view 
 n. 
theory 
Syn. hypothetically 
 v. 
theorize 
His argument was theoretically appealing but not realistic. 
Leonardo da Vinci theorized that the Earth was not the center of the universe. 
Matching 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. deform 
6. thriving 
(A) hide (A) 
prosperous 
(B) distort (B) 
resilient 
(C) amaze (C) 
convenient 
(D) block (D) 
tolerable 
 
2. scarcely 
7. purposefully 
(A) delicately (A) 
comparatively 
(B) visibly (B) 
deliberately 
(C) continually (C) 
constantly 
(D) hardly (D) 
sufficiently 
 
3. proper 
8. different 
(A) appropriate (A) 
noticeable 
(B) practical (B) 
diverse 
(C) rigid (C) 
conventional 
(D) complex (D) 
curious 
 
4. clarify 
9. hypothetically 
(A) shed (A) 
exceedingly 
(B) enhance (B) 
haphazardly 
(C) explain (C) 
theoretically 
(D) elicit (D) 
routinely 
 
5. dangerous 
10. reveal 
(A) chief (A) 
disclose 
(B) deceptive (B) 
baffle 
(C) critical (C) 
conceal 
(D) routine (D) 
confirm 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the under-lined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Industrial cities  appeared  after the full development of industrial capitalism in 
the core nation-states of the eighteenth century. 
(A) chief 
(B) prosperous 
(C) smallest 
(D) diverse 
 
2. For calculating a calendar , it is convenient to use the tropical solar year. 
(A) practical 
(B) critical 
(C) necessary 
(D) appropriate 
 
3. All things consist of atoms and molecules that are constantly in  motion . 
(A) definitely 
(B) always 
(C) hardly 
(D) uniquely 
 
4. Fossil evidence confirms that the ancient cuttlefish has existed in its present 
form for more than 20 million years. 
(A) proves 
(B) suggests 
(C) clarifies 
(D) reveals 
 
5. The first swimsuit concealed the shape of the human body. 
(A) hid 
(B) flattered 
(C) distorted 
(D) revealed 
LESSON 8 
„ accelerate „  crack  „ create „ creep „ crush „ cultivate 
„ dictate „ distinguish „ flaw „ harvest 
„ mirror „ obtain „  particle  „ settle „ transport 
 
accelerate 
v. to go faster 
 n. 
acceleration  Syn. hasten  
n. accelerator 
The action of molecules accelerates when they are heated. 
The poor condition of the  motor  made acceleration difficult. 
 
crack 
n. a thin opening caused by breaking, a flaw 
 v. 
crack 
Syn. fracture 
Cracks in the ice allowed for fishing . 
The wall cracked due to poor construction. 
 
create 
v. to make something new 
adj. creative  
Syn. produce 
adv. creatively 
 n. 
creation  
 n. 
creator 
 n. 
creativity 
 n. 
creativeness 
Thomas Edison created numerous inventions. 
Jonas Salk was an extremely creative  scientist . 
 
creep 
v. to move slowly and quietly close to the 
adj. creeping 
 ground; to begin to happen 
 
Syn. crawl 
Some mistakes are beginning to creep into his work. 
Ivy is a creeping variety of plant . 
 
crush 
v. to press together so as to completely 
adj. crushing 
distort the shape or nature of the object 
 n. 
crush 
Syn.  grind  
The machine crushes corn to produce corn  meal . 
Passage of the legislation was a crushing blow to the president's program.  
 
cultivate 
v. to plant and raise a crop; to encourage 
adj. cultivated 
 growth of a relationship or friendship  
 n. 
cultivation 
Syn. grow 
The professionals had common interests that allowed them to cultivate a working 
relationship with each other. 
The cultivation of diverse crops in pre-Columbian America is well documented. 
 
dictate 
v. to state demands with the power to enforce 
adj. dictatorial 
Syn.  impose  
 n. 
dictator 
The workers were not in a position to dictate demands to management .  
His boss resembled a dictator. 
 
distinguish 
v. to hear, see, or recognize differences 
adj. distinguishable 
Syn. discriminate  
adj. distinguished 
adj. distinguishing 
Some people cannot distinguish colors well. 
Anteaters are distinguished by their long noses. 
 
flaw 
n. a small sign  of damage that makes an 
adj. flawed  
item imperfect 
 
Syn. defect 
There is a flaw in his theory. 
They noticed that the contract was flawed. 
 
harvest 
n. the act of collecting a crop; the crops 
adj. harvested 
gathered 
 v. 
harvest 
Syn. gather 
The United States had a comparatively good grain harvest this year.  
They were able to harvest the crop before the rain. 
 
mirror 
v. to show, as in a mirror 
 n. 
mirror 
Syn. reflect 
The results of the study mirror public opinion. 
The strength of the  economy is mirrored in the standard of living of the people. 
 
obtain 
v. to gain or secure something 
adj. obtainable 
Syn. gain 
The university obtained a new particle accelerator. 
The painting by Whistler was not obtainable. 
 
particle 
n. a very small piece of something 
 
Syn.  fragment  
Particles  of dust  can destroy electronic instruments . 
Small particles of matter hold the keys to understanding the origin of life.  
 
settle 
v. to establish a home; to resolve a 
adj. settled 
disagreement 
 n. 
settlement 
Syn. colonize 
People arriving from the south settled in California . 
The lawyers settled their differences and came to an agreement.  
 
transport 
v. to move from one place to another 
adj. transportable 
Syn. carry  
adj. transported 
 n. 
transportation 
Flying is not always the fastest way to transport  passengers  to their destination. 
The transportation expenses of products increase their final cost. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. flaw 
6. 
transport 
(A) particle (A) 
reveal 
(B) agile (B) 
carry 
(C) defect (C) 
clarify 
(D) creation (D) 
restore 
 
2. dictate 
7. 
obtain 
(A) transport (A) 
gain 
(B) create (B) 
allow 
(C) grow (C) 
baffle 
(D) impose (D) 
assert 
 
3. hasten 
8. 
discriminate 
(A) crawl (A) 
enhance 
(B) crush (B) 
persuade 
(C) conceal (C) 
distinguish 
(D) accelerate (D) 
distort 
 
4. crop 
9. 
reflect 
(A) harvest (A) 
mirror 
(B) advice (B) 
confirm 
(C) mirror (C) 
produce 
(D) settlement (D) 
grind 
 
5. fragment 
10. 
colonize 
(A) authorization (A) 
crawl 
(B) particle (B) 
cultivate 
(C) cultivation (C) 
replace 
(D) advantage (D) 
settle 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the under-lined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Corn and soybeans are cultivated on Maryland's  eastern   shore . 
(A) grown 
(B) found 
(C) cooked 
(D)  acquired  
 
2. Querns have been used for centuries to crush  grains . 
(A) harvest 
(B) transport 
(C) grind 
(D) distinguish 
 
3. Rows of suction-like tube  feet  enable  the starfish to creep along the  ocean  
floor . 
(A) crawl 
(B) feed 
(C) race 
(D) settle 
 
4. In the  1930s , the poor business environment created a lack of confidence in 
the economy. 
(A) dictated 
(B) produced 
(C) mirrored 
(D) accelerated 
 
5. The vivid colors of the opal are produced by impurities or small cracks in the 
stone . 
(A) particles 
(B) fractures 
(C) flaws 
(D)  dents  
LESSON 9 
„ accurate „ classify „  currency  „ deep „ dense 
„ depend on „ dim „ display „ exports „ gigantic 
„ impressive „ lasting „  treasury  „ uniform „ vibrant 
 
accurate 
adj. careful and exact 
adv. accurately 
Syn. precise  
 n. 
accuracy 
She was able to make accurate observations with the new telescope.  
Experiments must be conducted with accuracy. 
 
classify 
v. to place into groups according to type 
adj. classified 
Syn. arrange  
 n. 
classification  
Biologists classify life forms into many phyla. 
The library's catalog is a classification of books in the library.  
 
currency 
n. monetary unit 
 
Syn. money 
The purchase  must be  paid  for in the national currency.  
The French currency is gaining strength. 
 
deep 
adj. far below the surface; complete 
adv. deeply 
understanding  
 n. 
depth 
 v. 
deepen 
Syn. thorough 
Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. 
The depth of his understanding of math is remarkable. 
 
dense 
adj. closely packed or  crowded , difficult to 
adv. densely 
see through 
 n. 
density 
Syn. thick 
The boating accident was caused by the dense fog. 
Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated cities in the world.  
 
depend on 
v. to count on; to be supported by 
adv. dependably 
Syn.  trust  
adj. dependable  
 
n. dependence  
 
n. dependency  
 n. 
dependent 
The farmers depend on rain to produce a good harvest.  
His dependency on alcohol destroyed his marriage.  
 
dim 
adj. not bright or clear 
adv. dimly 
Syn. faint  
 v. 
dim 
 n. 
dimness 
The light was too dim for studying.  
The stars dimly lit the evening sky.  
 
display 
v. to show, reveal 
 n. 
display 
Syn. exhibit 
The model displayed the details of the human hand. 
The candidate's display of  anger was unfortunate. 
 
exports 
n. products sold abroad 
adj. exported 
Syn. foreign sales  
 v. 
export 
Until recently the United States' exports exceeded its imports.  
Exported  goods are usually high in qualify. 
 
gigantic 
adj. very large 
adv. gigantically 
Syn. enormous 
Reaching the Moon  was a gigantic  step in space exploration for mankind.  
New methods of farming offer gigantic advantages over the old methods.  
 
impressive 
adj. causing admiration because of an 
adv. impressively 
object's importance, size, or quality 
 v. 
impress  
Syn. imposing  
 n. 
impression  
Lincoln 's power of persuasion was impressive.  
Everyone left with a good impression of the play. 
 
lasting 
adj. forever , without end 
 v. 
last 
Syn. enduring 
Kennedy left a lasting impression on the people who heard his inaugural address. 
The introduction of robots will have a lasting effect on industry. 
 
treasury 
n. the agency that controls and spends 
adj. treasured 
money; a collection of valued things 
 v. 
treasure 
Syn.  bank  
The treasury was under pressure to  lower interest rates.  
Encyclopedias are a treasury of information. 
 
uniform 
adj. every part being the same. 
adv. uniformly 
Syn. consistent 
 n. 
uniformity 
Bread has a uniform texture. 
The grades on the test were uniformly poor. 
 
vibrant 
adj.  lively , powerful, full of action, bright 
adv. vibrantly 
Syn. brilliant  
 n. 
vibrancy 
His vibrant personality made him well liked by everyone.  
The vibrancy of the city is attractive to many individuals. 
MATCHING 
Choose the synonym. 
1. enormous 
6. uniform 
(A) prosperous (A) 
rigid 
(B) appropriate (B) 
diverse 
(C) gigantic (C) 
complex 
(D) classified (D) 
consistent 
 
2. foreign sales 
7. bank 
(A) flaws (A) 
fragment 
(B) money (B) 
treasury 
(C) treasury (C) 
settle 
(D) exports (D) 
advent 
 
3. vibrant 
8. lasting 
(A) brilliant (A) 
enduring 
(B) critical (B) 
enriching 
(C)  paint  (C) 
energetic 
(D) deep (D) 
enhancing 
 
4. depend on 
9. precise 
(A) distort (A) 
accurate 
(B) trust (B) 
gigantic 
(C) settle (C) 
thick 
(D) conceal (D) 
prosperous 
 
5. imposing 
10. classify 
(A) impressive (A) 
trust 
(B) creative (B) 
learn 
(C) intriguing (C) 
create 
(D) ambiguous (D) 
arrange 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the under-lined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. In the  field of artificial intelligence, scientists study methods for developing 
computer programs that display aspects of intelligent behavior. 
(A) exhibit 
(B) classify 
(C) depend on 
(D) conform to 
 
2. The dim appearance of the  Milky Way results from the combined light of stars 
too far away to be seen with the naked  eye. 
(A) faint 
(B) unique 
(C) immense 
(D) curious 
 
3. Thistle plants have dense heads of small, pink or purple flowers. 
(A) gigantic 
(B) fragile 
(C) thick 
(D) vibrant 
 
4. No deep understanding of the solar system can be achieved without an 
appreciation of the basic properties of the Sun. 
(A) accurate 
(B) lasting 
(C) thorough 
(D) uniform 
 
5. The value of a nation's currency normally fluctuates, depending upon the 
strength of its economy and its trade  balance . 
(A) exports 
(B) money 
(C) products 
(D) treasury 
LESSON 10 
„ distinct „ dominant „ dormant „ drab „ dramatic 
„ elaborate „ exceptional „ hazardous „ minuscule „  prime  
„ rudimentary „ sensitive „ superficial „ terrifying „ vigorous 
 
distinct 
adj. clearly  noticed; different 
adv. distinctly 
Syn.  definite  
adj. distinctive 
 n. 
distinct 
There was a distinct aroma of  coffee in the restaurant .  
The two theories are distinctly different from each other.  
 
dominant 
adj. primary or principal; having or 
adv. dominantly 
exercising control over something  
 v. 
dominate 
Syn. major 
 n. 
domination 
 
The dominant life forms of the paleozoic era lived in the water.  
The skyscraper dominated the  skyline . 
 
dormant 
adj. not growing or producing; asleep 
 n. 
dormitory 
Syn. inactive 
The volcano had been dormant for hundreds of years before the eruption last month. 
The seniors live in the new dormitory. 
 
drab 
adj. lacking color; uninteresting, boring 
adv. drably 
Syn. colorless 
 n. 
drabness 
Their clothing was quite drab. 
The drabness of the desert made  driving less interesting. 
 
dramatic 
adj. something that captures the imagination; 
exciting  
adv. dramatically 
Syn. emotional  
 n. 
drama 
 v. 
dramatize 
 
The dramatic finish to the game left us speechless.  
The hurricane dramatically changed the coastline. 
 
elaborate 
adj. something with a large number of  
adv. elaborately 
 parts; full of details 
 v. 
elaborate 
 
 n. 
elaboration 
Syn. complex 
An elaborate headdress indicated rank within the Aztec community.  
His elaboration of the issue was quite thorough. 
 
exceptional 
adj. unusual in a positive way 
adv. exceptionally 
Syn. phenomenal 
The orchestra's performance was exceptional.  
The North Star is exceptionally bright. 
 
hazardous 
adj. very risky, unsafe 
adv. hazardously 
Syn. dangerous  
 n. 
hazard 
Handling flammable liquids is hazardous. 
There are many hazards involved with starting a business.  
 
minuscule 
adj. of little consequence; very small 
adj. minute  
Syn. tiny 
 n. 
minitia 
The sale of the building had a minuscule effect on the profits of the corporation . 
Some leaves are covered with minute hairs.  
 
prime 
v. to make ready; 
adj. primed 
* first in importance or in time  
adj. prime* 
 n. 
prime 
Syn. prepare 
The directors primed the actors before the performance.  
Mozart passed away in the prime of his life. 
 
rudimentary 
adj. simple ; not complex 
 n. 
rudiment 
Syn. basic 
He has a rudimentary knowledge of computers. 
The rudiments of grammar are taught in all English classes . 
 
sensitive 
adj. easily affected 
adv. sensitively 
Syn. delicate  
 n. 
sensitivity  
Film  varies according to its sensitivity to light. 
This equipment is very sensitive to changes in temperature. 
 
superficial 
adj. simple; not deep; near the surface 
adv. superficially 
Syn.  shallow  
The inspector  determined that the crack in the bridge was only superficial.  
You should not try to answer the question superficially. 
 
terrifying 
adj. filled with  fear  
adv. terrifyingly 
Syn. frightening  
 v. 
terrify 
To be in a violent  storm is a terrifying experience.  
They are terrified by dogs. 
 
vigorous 
adj. powerful, full of action 
adv. vigorously 
Syn. strong  
 n. 
vigor 
His vigorous  defense of the issues impressed everyone.  
He approached his work with vigor. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. exceptional 6. 
elaborate 
(A) dominant (A) 
gigantic 
(B) dense (B) 
impressive 
(C) phenomenal (C) 
complex 
(D) acceptable (D) 
dramatic 
 
2. terrify 7. 
minuscule 
(A) distort (A) 
tiny 
(B) frighten (B) 
dim 
(C) challenge (C) 
drab 
(D) settle (D) 
major 
 
3. prepare 8. 
superficial 
(A) create (A) 
emotional 
(B) display (B) 
lasting 
(C) depend (C) 
shallow 
(D) prime (D) 
curious 
 
4. delicate 9. 
rudimentary 
(A) vibrant (A) 
dormant 
(B) distinct (B) 
ideal 
(C) diverse (C) 
basic 
(D) sensitive (D) 
arbitrary 
 
5. dangerous 10. 
vigorous 
(A) hazardous (A) 
dominant 
(B) rigid (B) 
convenient 
(C) commonplace (C) 
uniform 
(D) intolerable (D) 
strong 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Because much collective behavior is dramatic and unpredictable, theories of 
such behavior are more evaluative than analytic. 
(A) hazardous 
(B) unexpected 
(C) terrifying 
(D) emotional 
 
2. In contrast to their springtime nuptial plumage, ninny songbirds revert to a 
drab plumage during the winter. 
(A) sensitive 
(B) elaborate 
(C) different 
(D) colorless 
 
3. A seed is dormant at the time it is shed by its  parent . 
(A) primed 
(B) inactive 
(C) minuscule 
(D) harvested 
 
4. The  newspaper trip and the comic book represent the dominant  graphic  
mythology  of the twentieth century. 
(A) major 
(B) magical 
(C) familiar 
(D) routine 
 
5. The vast  majority  of animals exhibit a distinct symmetrical form. 
(A) definite 
(B) superficial 
(C) familiar 
(D) rudimentary 
LESSON 11 
 
„ amenity „ destroy „ disperse „ dwelling „ element 
„  elementary  „ eliminate „ emphasize „ encircle „ erratic  
„ exaggerate „  mention  „  pier  „ prevalent „  release  
 
amenity 
n. something that makes life easier or more 
enjoyable 
 
Syn. convenience 
She had all the amenities of home when she went camping .  
One expects many amenities at a five-star hotel. 
 
destroy 
v. to put an end to the existence of something 
adj. destructive 
Syn. ruin 
adv. destructively 
 n. 
destructiveness 
 n. 
destruction 
 n. 
destroyer 
The factory was destroyed by the fire. 
The destruction of the old landmark was opposed by a concerned group of citizens. 
 
disperse 
v. to cause to move in many different 
adj. dispersed 
directions  
 
Syn. circulate 
The high winds and rain dispersed the crowd. 
After the hurricane, dispersed belongings cluttered the street. 
 
dwelling 
n. where people live 
 n. 
dweller 
Syn. house 
 v. 
dwell 
Cave-like dwellings have been discovered throughout the world.  
City dwellers often have trouble adjusting to life in the country. 
 
element 
n. a part of the whole 
 n. 
element* 
*environment 
adj. elemental  
Syn.  component  
City dwellers are out of their element in the country. 
Hard work and perseverance are the basic elements  of success. 
 
elementary 
adj. simple in structure, easy to do  
 
Syn. primary 
The solution to the problem was actually quite elementary. 
You must take Elementary Physics before you can enroll in the advanced course. 
 
eliminate 
v. to remove, free oneself of something 
 n. 
elimination 
 
adj. eliminated 
Syn.  delete  
Mistakes must be eliminated before you hand in a term paper.  
The elimination of the runner from the race was decided by the judge. 
 
emphasize 
v. to show that something is especially 
adj. emphatic 
important or exceptional 
 n. 
emphasis 
 
adv. emphatically 
Syn. highlight 
The professor emphasized certain aspects of the historical period.  
When asked if they would like to leave class early, the students answered with an 
emphatic "yes". 
 
encircle 
v. to make a circle around 
adj. encircled 
Syn. surround 
The players encircled their coach after winning the big game.  
The encircled  celebrity actually became afraid of her fans. 
 
erratic 
adj. no regular pattern in thinking or 
adv. erratically 
movement; changeable without reason  
 
Syn. inconsistent 
The artist's  paintings have an erratic qualify, some being excellent, and others 
mediocre. 
The unstable chemical reacted erratically. 
 
exaggerate 
v. to make something more than what it is 
adj. exaggerated 
Syn. overstate  
 n. 
exaggeration 
The federal government exaggerated the success of its programs.  
To say that his business is successful would be an exaggeration. 
 
mention 
v. to say; relate in written form 
adj. mentioned 
Syn.  remark  
 n. 
mention 
Theater -goers often mention that they enjoy watching movies on a large screen. 
The book mentioned  today was included in the bibliography that was handed out in 
class last week. 
 
pier 
n. a place where boats arrive to take on or unload 
cargo and passengers  
 
Syn.  dock  
The submarine arrived at the pier on time.  
The goods were unloaded onto the pier. 
 
prevalent 
adj. existing widely or commonly 
 n. 
prevalence 
Syn. commonplace 
Comfortable trade winds are prevalent in the  Caribbean  islands.  
There is a prevalence of disease where poor sanitation conditions exist. 
 
release 
v. to allow to come out; to give freedom 
 n. 
release 
Syn. free 
A new movie was just released. 
The release of the records was expected today. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. amenity 
6. disperse 
(A) advice (A) 
circulate 
(B) convenience (B) 
classify 
(C) element (C) 
distort 
(D) emphasis (D) 
encircle 
 
2. ruin 
7. release 
(A) destroy (A) 
free 
(B) conform (B) 
replace 
(C) forbid (C) 
settle 
(D) baffle (D) 
block 
 
3. mention 
8. inconsistent 
(A) surround (A) 
destructive 
(B) remark (B) 
emphatic 
(C) assert (C) 
circulated 
(D) clarify (D) 
erratic 
 
4. emphasize 
9. commonplace 
(A) frighten (A) 
elementary 
(B) highlight (B) 
rudimentary 
(C) delete (C) 
prevalent 
(D) persuade (D) 
uniform 
 
5. exaggerate 
10. pier 
(A) impress (A) 
depth 
(B) dominate (B) 
crack 
(C) elaborate (C) 
dock 
(D) overstate (D) 
prime 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Kapok is made from the silky fibers that encircle the seeds of the tropical silk-
cotton tree. 
(A) release 
(B) destroy 
(C) surround 
(D) circulate 
 
2. Evidence suggests that the  rumor process eliminates the most improbable 
accounts  of an event. 
(A) elicits 
(B) deletes 
(C) emphasizes 
(D) exaggerates 
 
3. The most elementary type of convection can be explained by the fact that  heat  
rises. 
(A) Mentioned 
(B) erratic 
(C) prevalent 
(D) primary 
 
4. The thermostat is an element in some types of fire detection devices. 
(A) a problem 
(B) an amenity 
(C) a component 
(D) an advantage 
 
5. Poorly constructed dwellings cannot withstand severe storms. 
(A) Houses 
(B) piers 
(C) boats 
(D) roads 
 
LESSON 12 
„ benefit „  blind  „ broaden „ burgeon „ conspicuously 
„  demand  „ endorse „ enormous „ entirely „  erode  
„ evaporate „ recover „ reportedly „ shift „ suffer 
 
benefit 
v. to be useful or helpful 
adv. beneficially 
Syn.  assist  
adj. beneficial 
 n. 
benefit 
 n. 
beneficiary 
Use of solar power will benefit all mankind. 
It is extremely beneficial to prepare for a test. 
 
blind 
adj. unable to see or understand, to conceal; 
adv. blindly 
showing poor judgment or understanding 
 n. 
blindness 
Syn. unaware 
They were blind to the fact that they had little chance to succeed. 
He went into the job blindly, with no previous experience. 
 
broaden 
v. to make larger or greater 
adv. broadly 
Syn. enlarge  
adj. broad 
 n. 
breadth 
Education will broaden your opportunities to land a good job.  
The breadth of his knowledge is impressive. 
 
burgeon 
v. grow at a fast  pace 
adj. burgeoning 
Syn. thrive 
The burgeoning population of major cities is creating a demand for more services. 
His talent as a pianist burgeoned at the age of 14. 
 
conspicuously 
adv. attracting attention 
adj. conspicuous 
Syn. noticeably 
His name was conspicuously absent from the list of winners. 
The attorneys were conspicuous for their aggressive manner in the courtroom. 
 
demand 
v. to ask for something in a strong way 
adv. demandingly 
Syn.  insist  
adj. demanding  
 n. 
demand 
She demanded to know the truth. 
The employees' demands for better working conditions caused the work stoppage. 
 
endorse 
v. to express approval 
 n. 
endorsement 
Syn. support  
The union endorsed the new contract. 
The president's endorsement of the project guaranteed its funding. 
 
enormous 
adj. very large 
adv. enormously 
Syn. Tremendous 
 n. enormity 
His enormous wealth allows him to contribute to many charities . 
A diet with many fruits  and vegetables is enormously beneficial to the body. 
 
entirely 
adv. completely 
adj. entire  
Syn. Thoroughly 
 n. 
entirety 
They are entirely right about the economy. 
The president released the speech in its entirety before the news conference. 
 
erode 
v. to wear away, disappear slowly 
 n. 
erosion 
Syn. deteriorate 
The senator's support is eroding because of his unpopular  positions on the major 
issues. 
It took millions of years of erosion for nature to form the Grand Canyon. 
 
evaporate 
v. to vanish 
 n. 
evaporation 
Syn. disappear 
The chances of the two sides reaching an agreement have evaporated. 
The evaporation of the funds was unexplainable. 
 
recover 
v. to get back; to have something returned 
adj. recovered 
Syn. retrieve 
adj. recoverable  
 n. 
recovery 
The NASA team was unable to recover the space capsule.  
The recovered objects had not been damaged. 
 
reportedly 
adv. to know by report; unconfirmed; supposedly 
adj. reported 
Syn. Rumored 
 v. 
report 
 n. 
report 
The students reportedly sent a representative, but she has not arrived yet. 
The reported tornado has not been confirmed. 
 
shift 
n. change in position or direction 
adj. shifting  
Syn. Switch 
 v. 
shift 
adj. shifty 
The shift in the wind was helpful to the sailors. 
Earthquakes are caused by shifting in layers of earth along faults.  
 
Suffer 
v. to experience difficulty; to worsen in 
adj. suffering 
quality; to experience pain 
 n. 
suffering 
Syn. endure 
 n. 
sufferer 
 
The old man suffers from loss of memory. 
 Many families experience the suffering of difficult economic times. 
 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. benefit 
6. endure 
(A) prosper (A) 
suffer 
(B) demand (B) 
erode 
(C) assist (C) 
release 
(D) distinguish (D) 
disappear 
 
2. noticeably 
7. broaden 
(A) constantly (A) 
impress 
(B) enormously (B) 
elicit 
(C) conspicuously (C) 
reveal 
(D) broadly (D) 
enlarge 
 
3. rumored 
8. switch 
(A) routinely (A) 
enrich 
(B) purposefully (B) 
shift 
(C) comparatively (C) 
propose 
(D) reportedly (D) 
support 
 
4. blind 
9. retrieve 
(A) oblivious (A) 
recover 
(B) visible (B) 
deteriorate 
(C) sensitive (C) 
disperse 
(D) shifting (D) 
relinquish 
 
5. thrive 
10. 
insist 
(A) exaggerate (A) 
demand 
(B) burgeon (B) 
mention 
(C) dominate (C) 
disperse 
(D) endorse (D) 
intrigue 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the under-lined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. The candidate's support evaporated after the announcement of his program 
reached the newspapers and televisions news programs. 
(A) burgeoned 
(B) suffered 
(C) broadened 
(D) disappeared 
 
2. The president's popularity has eroded since the publication of a recent 
newspaper article. 
(A) recovered 
(B) shifted 
(C) intensified 
(D) deteriorated 
 
3. The natural forest vegetation has entirely disappeared from the landscape. 
(A) slowly 
(B) reportedly 
(C) completely 
(D) conspicuously 
 
4.  Lightning  is electricity that is discharged as an enormous   spark , hitting the 
closest spot on the ground. 
(A) a mighty 
(B) a tremendous 
(C) a blinding 
(D) a terrifying 
 
5. The trade unions worked hard for an agreement that would be endorsed by 
their members . 
(A) demanded by 
(B) supported by 
(C) attractive to 
(D) of benefit to 
LESSON 13 
„ dignitary „ crucial „ elude „ evident „  exhaust  
„ extensive „ extremely „ face „  facet  „  hero  
„ inaccessible „ obviously „ predictably „ solve „ suitable 
 
dignitary 
n. a very important or famous person, usually 
associated with a high position in government 
 
Syn. notable 
Every dignitary in Washington was invited to the  wedding . 
All of the high ranking dignitaries attended the economic summit. 
 
crucial 
adj. of great importance; extremely necessary 
adv. crucially 
Syn. critical 
Favorable weather is crucial to a good harvest. 
Having all the information necessary to make a good decision is crucially important. 
 
elude 
v. to escape  in a tricky way 
adj. elusive 
Syn. evade 
 n. 
elusiveness 
The criminal has eluded the police for months.  
Success has been elusive for the team. 
 
Evident 
adj. easy to see, usually because of some proof  
adv. evidently 
Syn. apparent 
 n. 
evidence 
It is evident that you are not feeling.  
All the evidences point to the presence of hydrogen. 
 
exhaust 
v. to use completely; to expend all energy;  
adv. exhaustively 
very thorough 
adj. exhaustive 
Syn. deplete  
adj. exhausting  
adj. exhausted  
 n. 
exhaustion 
They exhausted their energy in 10 minutes. 
The exhaustive report was acclaimed by everyone.  
 
extensive 
adj. large in area or number 
adv. extensively 
*to offer; to make longer. 
 v. 
extend * 
** an extending; an additional part 
 n. 
extension 
Syn. comprehensive 
The extensive snowfall caused problems throughout the city.  
The professor extended a warm  welcome to the new student. 
 
extremely 
adv. very; to the very end, the highest extent 
adj. extreme 
Syn. highly 
adj. extremist 
 
n. extreme  
 n. 
extremist 
When the concert was canceled, some customers became extremely upset. 
He will go to any extreme to get what he wants. 
 
face 
v. to be in the presence of an oppose 
 
Syn. confront 
The mountain climbers faced grave danger on the cliff . 
He finds it difficult to face his problems. 
 
Facet 
n. element or component  
adj. faceted 
Syn. aspect 
The proposal had many beneficial facets. 
It was a multi faceted problem that challenged the entire student body. 
 
hero 
n. a person remembered for an act of 
adv. heroically 
goodness or bravery 
adj. heroic 
Syn. idol 
 n. 
heroine 
(female) 
 n. 
heroics 
He is a hero in the eyes of his admirers. 
They gave a heroic effort to no avail. 
 
inaccessible 
adj. something that cannot be reached or 
 n. 
inaccessibility communicated 
with 
 
adv. inaccessibly 
Syn. remote 
The summit of the mountain was inaccessible. 
The dignitary's inaccessibility frustrated the  reporter . 
 
obviously 
adv. in a clear, easy to understand way 
adj. obvious 
Syn. evidently 
It had obviously rained. 
It was obvious that he had not practiced his  oral report. 
 
Predictably 
adv. in a way that foretells future events 
adj. predictable 
Syn. expectedly 
 v. 
predict 
 n. 
prediction  
She predictably forgot to do her assignment. 
The government's predictions were accurate. 
 
Solve 
v. to find the answer 
 n. 
solution 
Syn. resolve 
They solved the problem in a way that benefited the entire neighborhood. 
The solution to the problem was elusive. 
 
Suitable 
adj. appropriate, correct; convenient 
adv. suitably 
Syn. appropriate 
 v. 
suit 
Her dress was not suitable for the occasion. 
The agreement suits all the members of the negotiating team. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
 
1. Solve 6 
Elude 
(A) restore (A) 
erode 
(B) resolve  
(B) evade 
(C) confront (C) 
endorse 
(D) exhaust (D) 
enrich 
 
2. Critical 7. 
Extensive 
(A) prevalent (A) 
sensitive 
(B) elusive (B) 
impressive 
(C) prime  
(C) 
comprehensive 
(D) crucial (D) 
disruptive 
3. Predictably 8. 
Celebrity 
(A) extremely (A) 
treasury 
(B) expectedly (B) 
dignitary 
(C) conspicuously (C) 
element 
(D) extensively (D) 
dweller 
 
4. Hero 9. 
Evidently 
 
(A) idol  
(A) 
routinely 
(B) amenity (B) 
entirely 
(C) benefit 
(C) exceptionally  
(D) mention (D) 
obviously 
 
5. Inaccessible 10. 
suitable 
(A) depleted (A) 
appropriate 
(B) apparent (B) 
annoying 
(C) remote (C) 
ambiguous 
(D) enormous (D) 
astute 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Exacting standards and rigorous early training are evident where dance has 
become an art performed before an audience. 
(A) Emphasized 
(B) Suitable 
(C) Crucial 
(D) Apparent 
 
2. It is known from past experience that ore deposits can be exhausted. 
(A) Depleted 
(B) Extensive 
(C) Elusive 
(D) Inaccessible 
 
3. A preference for a certain color is and extremely personal matter. 
(A) A highly 
(B) An annoyingly 
(C) A fairly 
(D) An obviously 
 
4. Once the English colonies became independent state, they faced the problem 
of giving themselves a fresh political organization. 
(A) eluded 
(B) solved 
(C) confronted 
(D) Anticipated 
 
5. Pop art  aimed to portray all facets of modern culture. 
(A) Heroes 
(B) Celebrities 
(C) Problems 
(D) Aspects 
LESSON 14 
„ ample „  arid  „ avoid „ defy „ enact „ even „ feign 
„ fertile „ freshly „ function „ fundamental 
„ indiscriminate „ selective „  spacious  „ withstand 
 
ample 
adj. more than enough 
adv. amply 
Syn. sufficient 
There is ample evidence that the young man was speeding when the accident 
occurred. 
She was amply paid for the work she completed. 
 
arid 
adj. having little rain or water  
 
Syn. dry 
The area known as the Sahara Desert is one of the most arid place in the world. 
The valley on the leeward side of the mountain was extremely arid. 
 
avoid 
v. to miss or keep away from 
adj. avoidable 
Syn. avert 
 n. 
avoidance 
She could not avoid letting her feelings show. 
The incident would have been avoidable if he had told the truth. 
 
defy 
v. to show little fear or regard for rules or 
adv. defyingly 
established norms; to challenge 
adj. defying 
Syn. resist 
I defy you to find that book in the library's collection. 
The circus performer demonstrated her death - defying routine. 
 
enact 
v. to pass a law 
adj. enacted 
Syn. Legislate 
 n. 
enactment 
Congress enacted the legislation during its last session.  
The enactment of the laws was in the  hands  of the Senate.  
 
even 
adj. regular, smooth; in equal parts 
adv. evenly 
Syn. Equitable 
 n. 
evenness 
The sound isn't even turn up the left speaker.  
The profits were divided evenly among the investors.  
 
feign 
v. to pretend , make believe 
adj. feigned 
Syn. simulate 
She feigned illness when it was time to visit the dentist .  
Her unhappiness was feigned. 
fertile 
adj. able to produce abundantly 
 v. 
fertilize 
Syn. Rich 
 n. 
fertility 
 n. 
fertilizer 
The delta  areas of rivers  are known for their fertile  soil . 
Fertilizers are used on crops to increase yields. 
 
freshly 
adv. caught or produced not long ago 
adj. fresh 
Syn. recently  
 v. 
freshen 
 n. 
freshness 
Freshly harvested produce is hard to find in the winter months. 
The product's freshness depends on an efficient transportation system to bring it to 
market . 
 
function 
n. the normal purpose of something 
adv. functionally 
Syn. Role 
adj. functional 
 v. 
function 
It is the function of the director to organize and lead the department .  
Most appliances cannot function without electricity. 
 
fundamental 
adj. a primary or basic element 
adv. fundamentally 
Syn. essential 
The student government promised fundamental changes in the registration process. 
He is fundamentally strong in his area of expertise. 
 
indiscriminate 
adj. not chosen carefully; unplanned 
adv. indiscriminately 
Syn. arbitrary 
The indiscriminate arrangement of the products made the store confusing. 
The book's chapters   seem to be organized indiscriminately.  
 
selective 
adj. carefully chosen 
adv. selectively 
Syn. discriminating  
adj. select 
 v. 
select 
 n. 
selection 
 n. 
selectivity 
They were very selective when they chose the members of the academic team. 
He selected Spanish as his language class. 
 
spacious 
adj. having a lot of room 
adj. spaciously 
Syn. expansive 
 n. 
space 
 n. 
spaciousness 
The spacious plains of the Midwest make up the nation's breadbasket. 
A vacuum is an empty space. 
 
 
 withstand 
v. to fight without surrender; to persist  
 
Syn. survive 
She cannot withstand the pressures of her job. 
The old building withstood the terrible storm. 
 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. Sufficient 6. 
Avoid 
(A) Crucial (A) 
Avert 
(B) Essential (B) 
Amaze 
(C) Ample (C) 
Assert 
(D) Extensive (D) 
Allow 
 
2. Survive 7. 
Selective 
(A) Erode (A) 
Inaccessible 
(B) Weaken (B) 
Rich 
(C) Elude (C) 
Recent 
(D) Withstand (D) 
Discriminating 
 
3. Defy 8. 
Even 
(A) Resist (A) 
Fundamental 
(B) Demand (B) 
Erratic 
(C) Simulate (C) 
Evident 
(D) Discriminate (D) 
Equitable 
 
4. Indiscriminate 9. 
Spacious 
(A) Predictable (A) 
Sensitive 
(B) Arbitrary (B) 
Superficial 
(C) Functional (C) 
Minuscule 
(D) Constant (D) 
Expansive 
 
5. Arid 10. 
legislate 
(A) dry (A) 
Enact 
(B) Fertile (B) 
Feign 
(C) Fresh (C) 
Solve 
(D) Drab (D) 
Exhaust 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. The Constitution of the United defines the fundamental rights of its citizens. 
(A) Essential 
(B) Selective 
(C) Enacted 
(D) Ample 
 
2. Many organisms change their function from one season to another. 
(A) Diet 
(B) size 
(C) Role 
(D) Shape 
 
3. Freshly cut wood must he completely dry before it can be used for 
construction. 
(A) Evenly 
(B) Haphazardly 
(C) Coarsely 
(D) Recently 
 
4. Due to large deposits of debris left by glaciers, the midwestern plain of the 
United States is an extremely fertile area for farming. 
(A) Level 
(B) Rich 
(C) Spacious 
(D) Arid 
 
5. When threatened, the opossum  often feigns death. 
(A) Simulates 
(B) Withstands 
(C) Avoids 
(D) Confronts 
LESSON 15 
„ durable „ favor „ gain „  generate  „ halt „ handle 
„ harbor „ harmful „ insignificant „ mysterious 
„ perilous „ postpone „ promote „ reject „ substantial 
 
durable 
adj. something that lasts a long time 
 n. 
durability 
* time during which something lasts 
 n. 
duration 
Syn. sturdy 
It was a durable refrigerator, but it finally broke. 
The durability of tires is a key factor in determining their quality.  
 
favor 
v. to prefer  
adv. favorably 
* advantageous  
adj. favorable 
adj. favorite 
Syn. support 
 n. 
favor 
The supervisor favored the first of the two plans. 
The weather was favorable for the contest. 
 
gain 
n. to obtain something needed or useful; to 
adj. gainful 
increase the amount of something 
 n. 
gain 
Syn. attain 
He gained a lot of experience working as a volunteer. 
His gain in knowledge was impressive. 
 
generate v. 
to 
produce 
adj. generated 
Syn. create  
 n. 
generation 
 n. 
generator  
The appearance of the dance troupe generated a lot of  excitement .  
The generator provides power to the building during a blackout. 
 
halt 
v. to stop or discontinue 
adv. haltingly 
Syn. stop  
adj. halting 
 n. 
halt 
Bus service to the city was halted due to poor road conditions.  
The supervisor put a halt to the tardiness of the employees. 
 
handle 
v. to deal with or control 
 n. 
handle 
Syn. manage 
They handled themselves very well given the circumstances.  
They president's handling of the crisis  was widely applauded. 
harbor 
v. to give  protection ; not to express a desire or 
opinion, usually bad  
 
Syn. shelter 
He harbors ill feelings for her. 
They harbored the political refugee in their home. 
 
harmful 
adj. something that causes pain or damage 
adv. harmfully 
Syn. unhealthy  
 v. 
hair 
 n. 
harm  
Excessive radiation is harmful to the body.  
Bleach harms certain fabrics. 
 
insignificant 
adj. not important; of little value 
adv. insignificantly 
Syn. Meaningless 
 n. 
insignificance 
The amount of rainfall this summer has been insignificantly.  
The insignificance of his  comment became apparent with the passing of time. 
 
mysterious 
adj. not easily understood or figured out 
adv. mysteriously 
Syn. baffling  
 n. 
mystery  
 n. 
mysteriousness 
He had a mysterious effect on everyone who heard him speak .  
The man's disappearance was a mystery.  
 
perilous 
adj. threatening or risky; harmful 
adv. perilously 
Syn. Dangerous 
 n. 
peril 
It is perilous to exceed the speed limit. 
There are ample perils in the sport of mountain climbing . 
 
postpone 
v. reschedule at a later time; put off 
 n. 
postponement 
Syn.  delay  
The teacher postponed the lab experiment. 
The postponement of the fight for three hours was unavoidable.  
 
promote 
v. to encourage or advertise; to elevate in 
 n. 
promoter 
rank or grade  
 n. 
promotion  
Syn.  boost  
Many nations promote  tourism  to lure foreign currency. 
The customers responded favorably to the half- price promotion.  
 
reject 
v. to refuse  
 n. 
rejection 
Syn. refuse 
The insurance  company rejected the claim. 
The rejection of his work was difficult for him to understand.  
 
substantial 
adj. important; strongly made; of value 
adv. substantial 
Syn. significant  
adj. substantive 
The discovery of a vaccine for smallpox was a substantial medical achievement . 
This substantive article will change your opinion of rock music. 
MATCHING  
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. favor 6. 
substantial 
(A) manage (A) 
haphazard 
(B) support (B) 
diverse 
(C) feign (C) 
significant 
(D) conform (D) 
perilous 
 
2. halt 7. 
promote 
(A) evaporate (A) 
shelter 
(B) avoid (B) 
boost 
(C) defy (C) 
harm 
(D) stop (D) 
face 
 
3. postpone 8. 
mysterious 
(A) attain (A) 
unhealthy 
(B) delay (B) 
dangerous 
(C) harbor (C) 
dramatic 
(D) elude (D) 
baffling 
 
4. durable 9. 
insignificant 
(A) ample (A) 
meaningless 
(B) crucial (B) 
rudimentary 
(C) dominant (C) 
vigorous 
(D) sturdy (D) 
spacious 
 
5. create 10. 
refuse 
(A) generate (A) 
recover 
(B) gain (B) 
exhaust 
(C) release (C) 
reject 
(D) solve (D) 
withstand 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Lindbergh ’s flight across the  Atlantic was extremely perilous. 
(A) Exhausting 
(B) Expensive 
(C) Dangerous 
(D) Effective 
2. Some  toxic contaminants in urban water supplies have been found to occur in 
harmful amounts. 
(A) Substantial 
(B) Unhealthy 
(C) Insignificant 
(D) Mysterious 
 
3. Presumably desolate desert and tundra  areas actually harbor many forms of 
life. 
(A) Favor 
(B) Halt 
(C) Generate 
(D) Shelter 
 
4. Modern commercial practice relies to a growing extent on arbitration to handle 
disputes. 
(A) Avoid 
(B) Manage 
(C) Postpone 
(D) Intensify 
 
5. Martin Luther  King gained recognition for his use of nonviolent methods. 
(A) Earned 
(B) Rejected 
(C) Enhanced 
(D) Promoted 
LESSON 16 
„  conscientious  „ convey „ encompass „ expansion „ heighten  
„ highlight „ inadvertently „ inevitable „ infancy „ miraculously  
„ retrieve „ systematically „ unlikely „ unwarranted „ zenith 
 
conscientious 
adj. showing serious purpose; one who 
adv. conscientiously 
works carefully and with enthusiasm 
 
Syn. meticulous 
She is a conscientious representative of the student body.  
They approached the task conscientiously. 
 
convey 
v. to make something known to others; to 
communicate 
 
Syn. communicate 
The manager of the store conveyed his displeasure directly to the workers.  
He was able to convey his message to the audience with ease .  
 
encompass 
v. to surround completely; to envelop 
 
Syn. include 
Her plan of the study encompasses every aspect of computer science .  
The course encompasses all the literature of the nineteenth century. 
 
expansion 
n. the act of  making larger 
adj. expandable 
Syn. growth  
 v. 
expand 
 n. 
expansion 
Expansion occurs when matter is heated. 
The laboratory is expanding its capacity to produce computer chips. 
 
heighten 
v. to cause to become greater 
adj. heightened 
Syn. intensify  
 n. 
height 
A very successful interview can heighten a candidate's chances to get a job. 
The public teas in a heightened state of nervousness as the hurricane approached. 
 
highlight 
v. to emphasize the part of a greater whole 
 n. 
highlight 
Syn. emphasize 
The manual highlights basic operation of the videotape player. 
The final goal was the highlight of the game. 
 
inadvertently 
adv. by accident; without paying attention; 
adj. inadvertent 
unexpectedly  
 
Syn. carelessly 
The reporters had inadvertently failed to include the name of one of the dignitaries. 
His inadvertent calculation caused him to derive the wrong answer. 
 
inevitable 
adj. something that cannot be prevented 
adv. inevitably 
from happening 
 n. 
inevitability 
Syn. unavoidable 
When two weather systems meet, unsettled weather conditions are inevitable. 
The inevitability of the outcome made the challenge less exciting. 
 
infancy 
n. in the beginning stages of development 
adj. infantile 
Syn. beginning  
 n. 
infant 
The new theory is in its infancy and will be thoroughly tested by its critics. 
Certain head injuries  can cause infantile behavior. 
 
miraculously 
adv. caused by something that cannot be 
adj. miraculous 
explained by the laws of nature. 
 n. 
miracle  
Syn. astonishingly 
Miraculously, he was unharmed after being hit by lightning. 
Given the extent of her injuries, it is almost a miracle that she is still alive. 
 
retrieve v. 
to 
find and bring back 
adj. retrieve 
Syn. recover  
 n. 
retrieval  
Will Detroit retrieve its status as the car manufacturing center of the world? 
This computerized information retrieval system is the most up-to-date system 
available. 
 
systematically 
adv. done according to a plan 
adj. systematic 
Syn. methodically 
 n. 
system 
The plan was developed systematically by a team of experts.  
Systematic changes in foreign policy have been proposed. 
 
unlikely 
adj. not probable  
 
Syn. doubtful 
Rain is unlikely during the summer. 
It is unlikely that he will want to attend the conference. 
 
unwarranted 
adj. without good reason or cause; inappropriate  
 
Syn. unjustified 
His negative reaction was unwarranted. 
The motorist felt that the ticket  for the infraction was unwarranted. 
 
zenith 
n. the highest point  
 
Syn. apex 
He reached the zenith of his profession at a very young age.  
The publication of the book represented the zenith of his career . 
MATCHING 
Choose the synonym. 
1. convey 
6.  encompass 
(A) intensify (A) 
emphasize 
(B) promote (B) 
gain 
(C) communicate (C) 
heighten 
(D) solve (D) 
include 
 
2. unlikely 
7.  apex 
(A) suitable (A) 
facet 
(B) persistent (B) 
zenith 
(C) doubtful (C) 
pier 
(D) inevitable (D) 
flaw 
 
3. growth 
S. systematically 
(A) expansion (A) 
unexpectedly 
(B) function (B) 
persuasively 
(C) highlight (C) 
astoundingly 
(D) recover (D) 
methodically 
 
4. meticulously 
9.  unwarranted 
(A) haphazardly (A) 
insignificant 
(B) conscientiously (B) 
unjustified 
(C) inadvertently (C) 
unacceptable 
(D) conspicuously (D) 
unappealing 
 
5. retrieve 
10. miraculously 
(A) generate (A) 
exceedingly 
(B) recover (B) 
astonishingly 
(C) accelerate (C) 
theoretically 
(D) broaden (D) 
appropriately 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Great technological advances were made during the infancy of the United 
Stages' industrial growth. 
(A) Zenith 
(B) Expansion 
(C) Beginning 
(D) Recovery 
 
2. Many cross-cultural communication difficulties can be attributed to inevitable 
blunders in behavior or speech. 
(A) Unwarranted 
(B) Unlikely 
(C) Unavoidable 
(D) Unpleasant 
 
3. Teflon was inadvertently discovered by two scientists who were working with 
synthetic resins. 
(A) Unexpectedly 
(B) Miraculously 
(C) Systematically 
(D) Conscientiously 
 
4. The sport of basketball highlights the  athletic qualities of  endurance , agility, 
and skill. 
(A) Demands 
(B) Encompasses 
(C) Emphasizes 
(D) Develops 
 
5. Daniel Webster applied the oratorical skill he had mastered as a lawyer to 
heighten his appeal for an end to slavery. 
(A) Intensify 
(B) Convey 
(C) Retrieve 
(D) Popularize 
LESSON 17 
„ agitate „ confidential „ delighted „ discreetly „ documented  
„ gradually „ influence „ inordinate „ instantly „ intentionally  
„ intrinsic „ inundate „ involve „ nominal „ presumably 
 
agitate 
v. to shake or move; to cause worry  
 n. 
agitation 
Syn. disturb  
 n. 
agitator 
The fact that she had not arrived by midnight agitated her parents.  
He was known as a political agitator.  
 
confidential 
adj. to be said or written in secret 
 v. 
confide 
Syn. secret  
adj. confidential 
adv. confidentially 
 n. 
confidant 
We were told that the information is strictly confidential. 
She confided to me that she had always wanted to be a movie star.  
 
delighted 
adj. to be satisfied; very happy 
adv. delightfully 
Syn. elated  
adj. delightful 
 n. 
delight  
He was delighted with the result of the experiment.  
It was a delightful afternoon. 
 
discreetly 
adv. in a careful, polite manner 
adj. discreet 
Syn. cautiously  
 n. 
discretion 
The teacher discreetly told the parents about her problems.  
You can count on me to be discreet.  
 
documented 
adj. proven with written evidence 
adj. documentary  
Syn. proven  
 v. 
document  
 n. 
documentation 
He had documented proof that the bank had made an error .  
The car's documentation was in order. 
 
gradually 
adv. slowly but surely 
adj. gradual 
Syn. steadily 
The bay has gradually deteriorated over the years. 
There has been a gradual change in the climate over the past decade.  
 
influence 
v. to have an effect on a person's point of view  
adj. influential  
or behavior; to change the course of events 
 n. 
influence 
Syn.  affect  
He was unable to influence his friend's decision. 
The drought was due to the influence of a warm water current called "el nino". 
 
inordinate 
adj. a large amount or quality; more than 
adv. inordinately 
reasonable  
 
Syn. excessive 
The airlines had to cancel an inordinate number of flights due to the fog. 
There was an inordinately large number of whales off the coast. 
 
instantly 
adv. happening immediately; in a short 
adj. instantaneous 
period of time 
adj. instant  
Syn. immediately  
 n. 
instant 
The computer finished the job instantly. 
It happened in an instant. 
 
intentionally 
adv. with definite purpose and planning  
adj. intentional 
Syn. deliberately  
 n. 
intention 
 n. 
intent 
The machine was left on intentionally. 
Her action was an indication of her good intentions. 
 
intrinsic 
adj. belonging to the essential nature of 
adv. intrinsically 
something  
 
Syn.  inherent  
A penny has little intrinsic value. 
The forests of the Northwest are intrinsically rich in natural resources. 
 
inundate 
v. to flood 
 n. 
inundation 
Syn. overwhelm 
The radio stations were inundated with reports of a severe traffic accident. 
The foundation experienced an inundation of requests for money.  
 
involve 
v. to become concerned with or connected to 
adj. involved 
Syn. include  
 n. 
involvement 
She involved herself in many activities to meet new  friends .  
His involvement in right- wing  politics is well documented. 
 
nominal 
adj. very small; in form but not in substance 
adv. nominally 
Syn. moderate 
The office building was sold at a nominal price. 
She was nominally successful as an  actress . 
 
presumably 
adv. reported but not confirmed 
adj. presumable 
Syn. supposedly  
 v. 
presume 
 n. 
presumption  
The old wreck was presumably located to the southwest of Florida.  
I presume that you have been camping before. 
MATCHING 
Choose the synonym. 
1. influence 
6. discreetly 
(A) affect (A) 
obviously 
(B) include (B) 
cautiously 
(C) gain (C) 
unlikely 
(D) overwhelm (D) 
deceptively 
 
2. secretly 
7. agitate 
(A) conscientiously (A) 
heighten 
(B) confidentially (B) 
reject 
(C) comparatively (C) 
inundate 
(D) constantly (D) 
disturb 
 
3. documented 
8. steadily 
(A) proven (A) 
evenly 
(B) intrinsic (B) 
uniquely 
(C) substantial (C) 
intentionally 
(D) durable (D) 
immediately 
 
4. nominal 
9. presumably 
(A) moderate (A) 
supposedly 
(B) inherent (B) 
actually 
(C) inevitable (C) 
obviously 
(D) harmful (D) 
instantly 
 
5. excessive 
10. delighted 
(A) impressive (A) 
involved 
(B) lasting (B) 
elated 
(C) deliberate (C) 
overwhelm 
(D) inordinate (D) 
highlight 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Modes  of suggestion are usually verbal or visual and sometimes may involve 
the other senses. 
(A) Enhance 
(B) Influence 
(C) Include 
(D) Disrupt 
 
2. After the War of the Worlds broadcast, law enforcement agencies were 
inundated by the numerous inquiries they received. 
(A) Agitated 
(B) Overwhelm 
(C) Astonished 
(D) Delighted 
 
3. Nowadays  coins lack intrinsic value and bills can no longer be converted to 
gold . 
(A) Inherent 
(B) Nominal 
(C) Documented 
(D) Inordinate 
 
4. Because their presence can upset normal markets , some products with 
commercial potential are intentionally  kept  off the market-place. 
(A) Confidentially 
(B) Constantly 
(C) Arbitrarily 
(D) Deliberately 
 
5. Anaximander argued that human beings are so helpless at birth  that they 
would almost instantly die if put into the world on their own. 
(A) Gradually 
(B) Presumably 
(C) Immediately 
(D) Discreetly 
LESSON 18 
„ absurd „ abuse „  allocation  „ balanced „ conservation  
„ fallacious „ feasible „ lack „ limber „ means 
„ narrow „ preconception „  robust  „ steady „ swift 
 
absurd 
adj. clearly false, without reason 
adv. absurdly 
Syn.  ridiculous   
 n. 
absurdity 
Confidentially, I think his suggestion is absurd.  
They are absurdly irrational about the issue. 
 
abuse 
n. the act of using or treating things in an 
adv. abusively 
incorrect way  
adj. abusive 
 v. 
abuse 
Syn. misuse 
The constant abuse of the environment will have grave consequences in the future. 
He received an abusive letter from an irate citizen .  
 
allocation 
n. a share ; a part set aside for a special 
adj. allocated 
purpose; an assignment of portions  
 v. 
allocate 
Syn. distribution 
His allocation of materials was gradually used up.  
Allocating office space in the building was a difficult task. 
 
balanced 
adj. a state where everything is of the same 
 v. 
balance 
size or weight; an element on one side 
 n. 
balance that 
counters 
an 
equal element on the other  
 
 
Syn. equalized 
He made a balanced presentation of both points  of view. 
The museum  contains a pleasant balance of paintings from the eighteenth and 
nineteenth centuries. 
 
conservation 
n. the act of using carefully; setting aside 
 v. 
conserve 
for future use 
 n. 
conservative* 
* favoring traditional values  
 n. 
conservationist 
 n. 
conservatism* Syn. preservation 
Conservation of forest land is the primary objective of the National Forest Service. 
The Republican party is generally known to be more conservative than the 
Democratic  party. 
 
fallacious 
adj. having errors 
adv. fallaciously 
Syn. incorrect  
 n. 
fallacy 
Her fallacious argument could not be defended. 
It is a fallacy to think that money will bring you happiness.  
 
feasible 
adj. able to be done 
adv. feasibly 
Syn. possible 
 n. 
feasibility 
It is a feasible design for the high- rise  building. 
Before they begin the project, a study must be done of its feasibility. 
 
lack 
n. a need for; an insufficient amount 
 v. 
lack 
Syn. shortage 
There was an inordinate lack of rain last fall.  
The mathematician lacked communication skills. 
 
limber 
adj. to be stretched, easily shaped  
 
Syn. flexible 
The dancer has a limber body. 
She was able to make the limber movements that are required of gymnasts. 
 
means 
n. ways  
 
Syn. methods 
He was told to finish the joy by any means available to him. 
The most convenient means of communicating with someone is by phone. 
 
narrow 
adj. small from one side to the other; limited 
adv. narrowly 
Syn. thin 
 n. 
narrowness 
The canal  was extremely narrow. 
The driver narrowly escaped injury when his car went off the road.  
 
preconception 
n. an opinion formed in advance without 
adj. preconceived 
experience or knowledge of something  
 v. 
preconceive 
Syn.  bias  
It is difficult to overcome preconceptions if we are not open to new ideas.  
His preconceived notions about Los Angeles disappeared after he visited the city. 
 
robust 
adj. showing good health; in good shape 
adv. robustly 
Syn. energetic  
 n. 
robustness 
The robust economy is expected to continue growing quickly.  
The new product is selling robustly. 
 
steady 
adj. firm; in a  fixed position; without change; 
adv. steadily 
reliable, dependable  
 v. 
steady 
 n. 
steadiness 
Syn. constant 
Steady growth is projected for companies involved in genetic  engineering . 
The secretary has steadily earned  respect  for her work. 
 
swift 
adj. quick 
adv. swiftly 
Syn. fast  
 n. 
swiftness 
The contestants were swift thinkers. 
They swiftly agreed with the conclusion of the report. 
 
MATCHING 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. Preconception 
6.  Distribution 
 (A) 
Expansion 
  (A) 
Shortage 
  (B) Bias 
 
(B) Allocation 
  (C) Function 
 
(C) Methods 
  (D) Disapproval 
 
(D) Disapproval 
   
 
 
2. Steady 
7.  Fallacious 
 (A) 
Constant 
  (A) 
Inordinate 
  (B) Ample 
 
(B) Incorrect 
  (C) Arid 
 
(C) Unwarranted 
  (D) Nominal 
 
(D) Inevitable 
   
 
 
3. Robust 
8.  Conservation 
 (A) 
Energetic 
  (A) 
Preservation 
  (B) Flexible 
 
(B) Exportation 
  (C) Narrow 
 
(C) Agitation 
  (D) Ridiculous 
 
(D) Documentation 
   
 
 
4. Fast 
9.  Feasible 
 (A) 
Swift 
  (A) 
Absurd 
  (B) Spacious 
 
(B) Possible 
  (C) Intrinsic 
 
(C) Limber 
 (D) 
Vital 
  (D) 
Selective 
   
 
 
5. Balanced 
10. Abuse 
 (A) 
Rigid 
  (A) 
Involve 
  (B) Documented 
 
(B) Agitate 
  (C) Fundamental 
 
(C) Misuse 
  (D) Equalized 
 
(D) Disperse 
 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. In a television receiver, a narrow  beam  of electrons bombards the back of a 
screen in a scanning motion. 
(A) Steady 
(B) Balanced 
(C) Thin 
(D) Negative 
 
2. There are many means of converting  mechanical  energy into thermal energy. 
(A) Descriptions 
(B) Methods 
(C) Theories 
(D) Benefits 
 
3. Many delegates to the First Continental Congress felt that it would have been 
absurd not to give a forceful response to England's closing of the port of Boston. 
(A) Ridiculous 
(B) Difficult 
(C) Feasible 
(D) Incorrect 
 
4. Gymnasts perform athletic feats that requite a well-toned, limber body. 
(A) Flexible 
(B) Slender 
(C) Tiny 
(D) Strong 
 
5. The lack of water has been a major factor in industrial growth. 
(A) Use 
(B) Abuse 
(C) Shortage 
(D) Distribution 
LESSON 19 
„ antiquated „ coherent „ develop „ fabricate 
„ investigation „ normally „ notice „  notion  „  novel  
„ opposition „  record  „ relate „ suspect „ unbiased „ varied 
 
antiquated 
adj. too old to be presently useful; outmoded 
 n. 
antique 
Syn. old- fashioned  
This antiquated machinery breaks down too frequently.  
Their home is filled with antique furniture. 
 
coherent adj. well reasoned; ideas that are clearly 
adv. coherently 
presented 
 v. 
cohere 
* sticking together as a group  
 n. 
coherence  
adj. cohesive* Syn.  logical  
 n. 
cohesion 
It was a well-balanced, coherent presentation. 
There was a cohesive feeling among the new works. 
 
develop 
v. to grow; to increase; to become more 
adj. developing 
 complete  
 n. 
development 
 n. 
developer 
Syn. evolve 
The management team developed the idea over a period of years. 
The country's prospects for rapid development depend on approval of the free trade 
agreement. 
 
fabricate 
v. to make up, usually with an intent to fool or trick;  
adj. fabricated 
to lie 
 n. 
fabrication 
Syn.  invent  
The executive fabricated the story about the merger.  
His alibi is the weakest fabrication I have ever heard. 
 
investigation 
n. a careful examination in order to determine 
adj. investigative 
facts  
 v. 
investigate 
 n. 
investigator 
Syn.  probe  
The comprehensive investigation of the bank revealed no illegal activity.  
Some members of the Senate wanted to appoint a special investigator.  
 
normally 
adv. commonly, usually 
adj. normal 
Syn. typically 
 v. 
normalize 
 n. 
normalization 
 n. 
norm 
It is normally quite cold this time of the year. 
The new treaty leads to a normalization of relations between the two countries. 
 
notice 
v. to sense; to be aware 
adv. noticeably 
Syn. observe  
adj. noticeable 
 n. 
notice 
The doctor noticed a small fracture in the patient's finger.  
The weather was noticeably cooler. 
 
notion 
n. an idea, belief, or opinion 
 
Syn.  concept  
She has the notion that she wants to become an architect. 
Some outlandish notions about the origin of the solar system have been disproved. 
 
novel 
adj. something unusual, uncommon; new  
 
Syn. original 
The physicist had some novel ideas about traveling at the speed of light. 
The novel suggestions were implemented. 
 
opposition 
n. the state of acting against; not being in 
adj. oppositional 
agreement 
adj. oppositionary 
Syn. resistance  
 v. 
oppose 
The students voiced their opposition to the rise in tuition. 
The government opposed price controls. 
 
record 
v. to make a written or oral notation; to copy 
adj. recorded 
Syn.  register  
 n. 
record 
 n. 
recording 
 n. 
recorder 
The coldest temperatures in the United States have been recorded at International 
Falls , Minnesota. 
Many businesses are using recordings to answer consumer questions. 
 
relate 
v. to tell ; to show a  connection between two 
adj. related 
things 
 n. 
relation 
Syn. communicate  
 n. 
relationship 
Although they did not agree with the plan, they did not relate their opposition to it. 
What is the relationship between supply and demand? 
 
suspect 
v. to think that something is true, but 
adj. suspected 
having no proof 
 n. 
suspicion 
 n. 
suspect 
Syn. speculate 
He suspected that the substance was not present in the compound. 
I have a suspicion that he will want to participate in the investigation.  
 
unbiased 
adj. with no preconceptions 
 
Syn. objective 
Her unbiased analysis of the problem allowed her to find the solution more rapidly. 
Here is unbiased proof that nitrogen exists in this compound. 
 
varied 
adj. being of many different types 
adv. variably 
Syn. diverse 
adj. variable 
adj. various 
 v. 
vary 
 
n. variant  
 
n. variety  
 
n. variation  
 n. 
variability 
The class expressed varied opinions about the movie.  
There are various ways to solve the problem. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
1. fabricate 
6. register 
(A) observe (A) 
harbor 
(B) invent (B) 
notice 
(C) agitate (C) 
encompass 
(D) convey (D) 
record 
 
2. coherent 
7. probe 
(A) novel (A) 
expansion 
(B) original (B) 
means 
(C) logical (C) 
investigation 
(D) robust (D) 
abuse 
 
3. resistance 
8. communicate 
(A) opposition (A) 
inundate 
(B) preservation (B) 
allocate 
(C) preconception (C) 
relate 
(D) allocation (D) 
oppose 
 
4. evolve 
9. suspect 
(A) develop (A) 
select 
(B) elude (B) 
confide 
(C) involve (C) 
speculate 
(D) influence (D) 
bias 
 
5. varied 
10. unbiased 
(A) diverse (A) 
antiquated 
(B) feasible (B) 
postponed 
(C) hazardous (C) 
exhausted 
(D) nominal (D) 
objective 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. The fire salamander is so called because of an antiquated belief that it could 
withstand fire. 
(A) a well-developed 
(B) an old-fashioned 
(C) a carefully fabricated 
(D) a widely held  
 
2. Because of his novel approaches to scientific problem, Edison was able to 
patent dozens of inventions. 
(A) original 
(B) varied 
(C) coherent 
(D) unbiased 
 
3. The classical  economic theory explaining consumer behavior is built on the 
notion of marginal utility. 
(A) investigation 
(B) concept 
(C) effectiveness 
(D) opposition 
 
4. In deep water, tidal waves are so long and so slight that ships seldom notice 
their presence. 
(A) suspect 
(B) relate 
(C) record 
(D) observe 
 
5. The human adult  heart is normally the size of a clenched fist and weighs about 
300 grams. 
(A) roughly 
(B) actually 
(C) scarcely 
(D) typically 
LESSON 20 
„ accentuate „ disguise „ finance „ initiate „ innovative  
„ narrate „ nevertheless „  occasionally  „  omit  „ outlandish  
„ overcome „ partially „ pass „ portray „ submit 
 
accentuate 
v. to highlight; to give more importance to 
adj. accentuated 
Syn. emphasize  
 n. 
accentuation 
The colorful dress accentuated the joy of the occasion. 
The supervisor accentuated her preference for hard-working employees during the 
performance appraisal. 
 
disguise 
v. to hide the usual appearance of something 
adj. disguised 
Syn. conceal  
 n. 
disguise 
It is hard to disguise the fact that business is slow.  
Everyone saw through his disguise.  
 
finance 
v. to provide money 
adv. financially  
Syn. fund 
adj. financial  
 
v. financed  
 
n. finance  
 n. 
finances 
The art  exhibition was financed by a private foundation.  
The college was financially independent. 
 
initiate 
v. to begin; to establish; to take decisive 
adj. initiated 
action without help 
 n. 
initiation 
 
 n. 
initiative 
Syn.  launch  
The newcomer initiated the long citizenship process.  
Their work shows a lot of initiative. 
 
Innovative 
adj. something newly introduced; creative 
 n. 
innovator 
Syn. creative  
 n. 
innovation 
This innovative project is worthy of support. 
There have been many innovations in the field of genetic engineering.  
 
narrate 
v. to tell a story; relate 
adj. narrative  
Syn. relate  
 n. 
narrative 
 n. 
narration 
 n. 
narrator 
Walter Cronkite narrated the documentary film. 
Her fabricated narrative generated a lot of excitement.  
 
nevertheless 
conj. in spite of that 
 
Syn. nonetheless 
She was quite sick; nevertheless, she attended all of her classes.  
His project was flawed; nevertheless it won second prize. 
 
occasionally 
adv. now and then; once in a while 
adj. occasional 
Syn. sometimes  
 n. 
occasion 
Extreme heat occasionally causes health problems. 
They were very fine students who, on occasion, experienced problems with pop 
quizzes. 
 
omit 
v. to leave out, not include 
adj. omitted 
Syn. neglect  
 n. 
omission 
He inadvertently omitted some important data from the report.  
His paper had several notable omissions. 
 
outlandish 
adj. strange and unpleasant; beyond accepted norms 
adv. outlandishly 
 Syn. bizarre 
His outlandish dens demonstrated his creativity.  
Rebellious youth in many countries dress outlandishly. 
 
overcome 
v. to  defeat , fight with success; to take control of an 
individual  
 
Syn.  conquer  
The young woman was overcome with emotion when she learned she had won a 
scholarship. 
The family overcame many obstacles to purchase the house. 
 
partially 
adv. a part of the whole; incomplete 
adv. partly  
Syn. somewhat  
adj. partial 
 n. 
part 
The clerk was only partially  responsible for the error.  
The business venture was only a partial success.  
 
pass 
v. to accept formally by  vote  
adj. passable 
Syn. approve  
 n. 
passage 
The proposed amendment passed unanimously.  
The passage of the resolution is in doubt . 
 
portray 
v. to represent; to act 
 n. 
portrayal 
Syn. depict 
The girl portrayed an orphan. 
The book's portrayal of Mozart as a calm, mature individual is absurd. 
 
submit 
v. to turn in, offer for evaluation 
 n. 
submission  
Syn. propose 
The architects had to submit plans reflecting the new specifications.  
The submission of the application must be made by February 13. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. Launch 
6. Relate 
(A) Overcome (A) 
Restore 
(B) Initiate (B) 
Record 
(C) Persuade (C) 
Narrate 
(D) Investigate (D) 
Balance 
 
2. Occasionally 
7. Nevertheless 
(A) Suitably (A) 
Nonetheless 
(B) Outlandishly (B) 
Albeit 
(C) Partially (C) 
Although 
(D) Sometimes (D) 
Presumably 
 
3. Submit 
8. Disguise 
(A) Approve (A) 
Delight 
(B) Propose (B) 
Neglect 
(C) Omit (C) 
Feign 
(D) Develop (D) 
Conceal 
 
4. Creative 
9. Emphasize 
(A) Fallacious (A) 
Accentuate 
(B) Coherent (B) 
Conquer 
(C) Innovative (C) 
Suspect 
(D) Conspicuous (D) 
Select 
 
5. Finance 
10. Portray 
(A) Fund (A) 
Refine 
(B) Develop (B) 
Depict 
(C) Fabricate (C) 
Pass 
(D) Oppose (D) 
Abuse 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. President Ford was a frequent opponent of inflationary spending 
measures passed by Congress. 
(A) Approved 
(B) Submitted 
(C) Financed 
(D) Initiated 
 
2. The evolution of life on Earth may be partially typical of the evolution of life on 
many other planets. 
(A) Somewhat 
(B) Exceptionally 
(C) Nevertheless 
(D) Occasionally 
 
3. Sword swallowers must first overcome their fear of projecting the sharp sword 
down their throat . 
(A) Disguise 
(B) Conquer 
(C) Treat 
(D) Accentuate 
 
4. The popular singer Madonna is known for her songs with outlandish lyrics. 
(A) Innovative 
(B) Bizarre 
(C) Relaxing 
(D) Melodical 
 
5. Many nature  films omit information about the breeding, parenting, and fishing 
behavior of the Pel fishing owl. 
(A) Portray 
(B) Contribute 
(C) Neglect 
(D) Narrate 
LESSON 21 
„ decline „ gather „ motion „  partisan  „ pattern 
„ phenomena „ philanthropic „ placid „ plentiful 
„ reaction „  rhythm  „ scenic „ shallow „ sheltered „ vanishing 
 
decline 
v. to move from good to bad, or from much 
 n. 
decline 
to little, to refuse  
 
 
Syn. decrease 
The old man's health has declined since he retired. 
Serious communicable diseases are on the decline in most parts of the world. 
 
gather 
v. to collect 
 n. 
gathering 
Syn. collect 
He carefully gathered his thoughts just before the interview.  
A gathering of citizens developed  outside the courthouse. 
 
motion 
n. the state of changing one's position 
 v. 
motion* 
 
* to direct by moving  
 Syn. 
movement 
The motion of the flame was hypnotic.  
They motioned her to leave the area. 
 
partisan 
adj. strongly supporting a group or point of view 
 
Syn.  biased  
Partisan political infighting caused Congress's influence to decline. 
His views reflected his partisan bins. 
 
pattern 
n. a regular, repeated arrangement or action 
adj. patterned 
Syn. habit  
 v. 
pattern 
The bright pattern of the monarch butterfly distracts its predators.  
The new stadium  was patterned after the old traditional ballparks.  
 
Phenomena 
n. natural events or facts; strange or notable 
adv. phenomenally 
happenings 
adj. phenomenal 
Syn. events  
 n. 
phenomenon 
Rain showers are almost unknown phenomena in the Atacama Desert of  Chile . 
The musician' s phenomenal performance was applauded by the critics. 
 
philanthropic 
adj. a feeling of love for people, usually 
 n. 
philanthropist 
resulting in financial aid to worthy causes 
 n. 
philanthropy 
 Syn.  humanitarian  
The philanthropic work of the foundation benefits all sectors of society.  
His philanthropy is recognized around the world. 
 
placid 
adj.  quiet , not easily upset 
adv. placidly 
Syn. calm 
The placid nature of her personality made her easy to work with.  
The waves moved placidly toward shore. 
 
plentiful 
adj. more than sufficient 
adv. plentifully 
Syn. abundant  
 n. 
plenty 
Examples of Miro's art plentiful. 
A balanced diet normally provides plenty of the necessary vitamins.  
 
reaction 
n. a reply; a change that occurs when 
adv. reactively 
substances are mixed 
adj. reactive 
Syn. response  
 v. 
react  
adj. reactionary 
When chlorine and ammonia are mixed, the chemical reaction causes chlorine gas. 
They reacted to the report by making some swift changes in management. 
 
rhythm 
n. a regular pattern, usually in music 
adv. rhythmically 
Syn. pulse  
adj. rhythmic 
The rhythm of the rain hitting the roof put him to sleep . 
She noticed the rhythmic beating of her heart as the moment of truth arrived. 
 
scenic 
adj. concerning pleasant natural surroundings 
adv. scenically 
Syn. picturesque  
 n. 
scenery  
 n. 
scene  
The scenic route to the summit is much more interesting than the fastest route. 
The scenery in rural Japan  is impressive. 
 
shallow 
adj. not far from top to bottom 
adv. shallowly 
Syn. superficial  
 n. 
shallowness 
Estuaries are typically shallow bodies of water. 
The result of their research demonstrated the shallowness of the hypothesis. 
 
sheltered 
adj. protected from harmful elements; 
 v. 
shelter isolated 
from 
reality 
 n. 
shelter 
Syn. protected 
She has led a sheltered life since her parents have done everything for her. 
Everyone looked for shelter from the blazing sun. 
 
vanishing 
adj. going out of sight 
 v. 
vanish 
Syn. disappearing 
The red squirrel is a vanishing species that needs a protected habitat to survive. 
No one knows with certainty what caused the dinosaurs to vanish from the face of the 
earth. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. picturesque 
6. gather 
(A) scenic (A) 
broaden 
(B) calm (B) 
collect 
(C) outlandish (C) 
distribute 
(D) fertile (D) 
enhance 
 
2. partisan 
7. reaction 
(A) patterned (A) 
allocation 
(B) bizarre (B) 
investigation 
(C) abundant (C) 
response 
(D) biased (D) 
means 
 
3. decrease 
8. motion 
(A) disguise (A) 
innovation 
(B) decline (B) 
narration 
(C) omit (C) 
reaction 
(D) halt (D) 
movement 
 
4. disappear 
9. protected 
(A) vary (A) 
plentiful 
(B) vanish (B) 
phenomenal 
(C) reject (C) 
sheltered 
(D) fabricate (D) 
passable 
 
5. shallow 
10. rhythm 
(A) swift (A) 
pulse 
(B) substantial (B) 
pattern 
(C) placid (C) 
function 
(D) superficial (D) 
notion 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Mollusks, crustaceans, and fish  are plentiful in the Chesapeake Bay. 
(A) vanishing 
(B) abundant 
(C) gathered 
(D) declining 
 
2. The coast of California is marked by a rugged mountain range and placid bays. 
(A) calm 
(B) scenic 
(C) sheltered 
(D) shallow 
 
3. The  Carnegie  Foundation is one of the major philanthropic  organizations in the 
United States. 
(A) partisan 
(B) governmental 
(C) humanitarian 
(D) international 
 
4. From the beginning of the twentieth century, dance phenomena became 
extremely prolific and colorful. 
(A) rhythm 
(B) fashion 
(C) events 
(D) expression 
 
B. Mollusks have a wide range of locomotory patterns. 
(A) Habits 
(B) Motions 
(C) Controls 
(D) Reactions 
LESSON 22 
„  account  „ archaic „ hasten „ hue „ illustration 
„ inactive „ intricate „ magnitude „ oblige „ overlook 
„  poll  „ position „ practical „ predominant „ prompt 
 
account 
n. a report of an event; money kept in a 
adj. accountable 
bank; a statement of something used or 
 v. 
account received, 
usually 
a 
financial report  
 n. 
accounting  
 n. 
accountant 
Syn. story 
His account of the incident varied from that of the other witnesses.  
We need an accounting of all the money that was spent . 
 
archaic 
adj. very old, old-fashioned; no longer used 
 
Syn. ancient 
These archaic methods of farming must be brought up to date.  
His speech was full of archaic expressions. 
 
hasten 
v. to cause to go faster; move forward more 
adv. hastily 
quickly  
adj. hasty  
Syn. accelerate 
 n. 
hastiness 
After notifying his family of the accident, he hastened to add that he had not been 
hurt. 
You should not make important decisions hastily. 
 
hue 
n. color 
 
Syn. color 
The hue of the sunset was beautiful. 
The hue of the room gave it a warm feeling. 
 
illustration 
n. a visual image, typically used to explain 
adj. illustrated 
Syn. picture  
adj. illustrative 
 v. 
illustrate 
 n. 
illustrator 
The illustration makes the process of condensation more understandable. 
This experiment illustrates how certain chemicals can react violently when combined. 
 
inactive 
adj. not moving; not involved 
 n. 
inaction 
Syn. idle  
 n. 
inactivity 
The virus remains inactive for a long period of time. 
Her inaction has caused her to miss many opportunities to advance her career. 
 
intricate 
adj. having many parts; finely detailed 
adv. intricately 
Syn. complex  
 n. 
intricacy 
The intricate design of the vase made it a valuable piece for her collection. 
I cannot begin to understand all of the intricacies of modern automobile motors. 
 
magnitude 
n. of great size or importance 
adv. magnificently 
* to increase 
adj. magnificant 
Syn. dimension  
 v. 
magnify 
 n. 
magnification 
The magnitude of shock waves determines the damage that occurs during an 
earthquake. 
The invention of the telephone was a magnificent achievement for mankind. 
 
oblige 
v. to have to do something 
adv. obligingly 
Syn. require 
adj. obliging  
adj. obligatory  
 n. 
obligation 
She obliged he friend to choose a new lab partner .  
Payment of the student activity fee was obligatory. 
 
overlook 
v. to ignore  or neglect 
adj. overlooked 
Syn. disregard 
Scientists must not overlook any aspect of experimental procedure.  
The overlooked error raised his score on the test. 
 
Poll 
n. questionnaire; a vote of public opinion  
 
n. polling  
 n. 
pollster 
Syn.  survey  
The poll indicated that conservation of the environment was the number one issue 
with college students.  
The pollster asked the questions in a nonpartisan manner. 
 
position 
n. place where something can be found; job  
 
Syn. location 
He held a very high position in the firm. 
The position of aircraft wings causes the lift that allows the plane to leave the ground. 
 
practical 
adj. convenient or effective 
 n. 
practicality 
Syn. functional 
Her ambitious plan was not very practical. 
Three fundamental issues in measurement are reliability , validity, and practicality. 
 
predominant 
adj. the most noticeable or powerful element 
adv. predominantly 
Syn. principal 
 
v. predominate  
 n. 
predominance 
The predominant export of the Middle East  is  petroleum .  
Many cities in the southwest are predominantly hispanic. 
 
prompt 
v. to cause something to happen; to do 
adv. promptly 
 quickly; to be on time 
 n. 
promptness 
Syn. induce 
His emotional plea prompted the director to give him a second chance. 
Promptness is an important factor in many societies. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. intricate 
6. picture 
(A) functional (A) 
position 
(B) complex (B) 
zenith 
(C) predominant (C) 
preconception 
(D) inordinate (D) 
illustration 
 
2. disregard 
7. size 
(A) overcome (A) 
allocation 
(B) disperse (B) 
magnitude 
(C) decline (C) 
expand 
(D) overlook (D) 
advent 
 
3. idle 
8. color 
(A) initiated (A) 
hue 
(B) inundated (B) 
illustration 
(C) inactive (C) 
facet 
(D) intrinsic (D) 
scenery 
 
4. archaic 
9. require 
(A) plentiful (A) 
survey 
(B) ancient (B) 
induce 
(C) placid (C) 
oblige 
(D) absurd (D) 
relinquish 
 
5. hasten 
10. account 
(A) accelerate (A) 
currency 
(B) shelter (B) 
poll 
(C) heighten (C) 
treasury 
(D) generate (D) 
story 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. The production of steel and the  mining  of coal are the predominant industries 
of Pennsylvania. 
(A) principal 
(B) inactive 
(C) archaic 
(D) overlooked 
 
2. Curiosity prompted Leonardo da Vinci to become the world's greatest designer. 
(A) hastened 
(B) defied 
(C) induced 
(D) obliged 
 
3. The first practical calendar was developed by the Egyptians. 
(A) functional 
(B) accurate 
(C) standard 
(D) intricate 
 
4. In order to detect the position of a particle, light must be reflected from it. 
(A) hue 
(B) location 
(C) magnitude 
(D) existence 
 
5. In a recent newspaper poll, the compact disc was mentioned as the most 
popular medium of recorded music. 
(A) survey 
(B) account 
(C) illustration 
(D) convention 
LESSON 23 
„ analogous „  approximately  „ compel „ formidable „ intrusive   
„ periodically „  prone  „ prophetic „ proportions „ readily „ reliably 
„ reluctantly „ renown „ sacrifice „  triumph  
 
analogous 
adj. alike in some way 
 n. 
analogy 
Syn. similar to 
The action of light waves is analogous to the action of sound waves.  
The analogy between the behavior of the bacteria in the lab and in the human body is 
not clear. 
 
approximately 
adv. almost correct; not exact 
adj. approximate 
Syn. around  
 v. 
approximate 
 n. 
approximation 
There are approximately 100 billion galaxies in the universe. 
The results of this study approximate those of a previous study. 
 
compel 
v. to make something happen by necessity 
adv. compellingly 
or force 
adj. compelling 
Syn. obliged 
The representatives were compelled to vote in favor of the legislation despite their 
personal opposition to it.  
The lawyer's plea was made in a compelling manner. 
 
formidable 
adj. difficult; causing worry or fear 
adv. formidably 
Syn. overwhelming 
Their formidable opponents gave no sign of weakness. 
The man's voice echoed formidably throughout the hallway.  
 
intrusive 
adj. the state of being inside or upon something 
adj. intrusively 
when not desired to be there by others  
 v. 
intrude 
 n. 
intrusion Syn. annoying 
 n. 
intruder 
The intrusive bacteria caused his condition to worsen. 
The intrusion of the hazardous gas made it difficult to live in the house.  
 
periodically 
adv. happening repeatedly, occurring at 
adj. periodic 
regular intervals 
adj. periodical 
* Something published at regular intervals 
 n. 
periodical* 
Syn. sometimes 
Some materials periodically demonstrate unusual behavior when frozen .  
She has periodic desires to get a job. 
 
prone 
adj. likely to do something 
 
Syn. inclined to 
Most liquids are prone to contract when frozen. 
She is prone to study hard the night before her tests. 
 
prophetic 
adj. correctly telling about future events 
adv. prophetically 
Syn. predictive  
 v. 
prophesy 
 n. 
prophecy 
 n. 
prophet 
His prophetic power were investigated by a team of psychologists.  
The brilliant student fulfilled his teacher's prophecy that he would be a successful 
doctor. 
 
proportions 
n. relationship of size or importance when 
adv. proportionally 
compared to another object or person. 
adj. proportional  
Syn. dimensions 
adj. proportionate 
adv. proportionately 
The goal of establishing a space station will take a team effort of major proportions. 
The pilot 's salary is proportional to that of pilots of other airlines.  
 
readily adv. 
willingly; 
easily 
adj. ready 
Syn. freely  
 v. 
ready 
 n. 
readiness 
The workers readily complained about the food in the  cafeteria .  
Her readiness to cooperate was an important factor in the investigation.  
 
reliably 
adv. in a trusted way 
adj. reliable 
Syn. dependably  
adj. reliant 
 v. 
rely 
 n. 
reliability 
 n. 
reliance 
An appliance must perform its task reliably to be popular with consumers. 
Satellite photos show the smallest details with great reliability. 
 
reluctantly 
adv. unwillingly 
adj. reluctant 
Syn. hesitatingly  
 n. 
reluctance 
Although not completely satisfied with the contract, the officials reluctantly agreed to 
sign it. 
The electrician was reluctant to estimate the cost of the repair work.  
 
renown 
n. fame 
adj. renowned 
Syn. prominence 
This school is of great renown. 
The renowned conductor made a guest appearance at the concert.  
 
sacrifice 
v. to give up something of value for the 
adj. sacrificial 
common good  
 n. 
sacrifice 
Syn. concession 
He sacrificed his day off to help clean up the neighborhood.  
She made sacrifices in order to be able to attend the university.  
 
triumph 
n. a victory; a success 
adv. triumphantly 
Syn. achievement  
adj. triumphant 
adj. triumphal 
 v. 
triumph 
His career was characterized by one triumph after another.  
He triumphed over all of his difficulties. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. intrusive 
6. around 
(A) inactive (A) 
obviously 
(B) intricate (B) 
likely 
(C) predictive (C) 
entirely 
(D) annoying (D) 
approximately 
 
2. obliged 
7. hesitatingly 
(A) distorted (A) 
reluctantly 
(B) dependable (B) 
readily 
(C) compelled (C) 
compellingly 
(D) settled (D) 
practically 
 
3. sacrifice 
8. achievements 
(A) reliance (A) 
triumphs 
(B) proportion (B) 
phenomena 
(C) concession (C) 
dimensions 
(D) recovery (D) 
approximation 
 
4. formidable 
9. sometimes 
(A) predictive (A) 
routinely 
(B) overwhelming (B) 
actually 
(C) functional (C) 
periodically 
(D) practical (D) 
gradually 
 
5. similar to 
10. renown 
(A) unlike (A) 
domination 
(B) analogous (B) 
prophecy 
(C) archaic (C) 
prominence 
(D) prone (D) 
position 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Growth rings in a log are often so clearly visible that they can reliably indicate 
age. 
(A) periodically 
(B) dependably 
(C) approximately 
(D) ordinarily 
 
2. Organic  compounds often contain special groups of atoms, called functional 
groups, that readily undergo chemical reaction. 
(A) freely 
(B) reluctantly 
(C) repeatedly 
(D) occasionally 
 
3. The construction of the Saint Lawrence seaway was an undertaking of great 
proportions. 
(A) triumphs 
(B) renown 
(C) dimensions 
(D) sacrifice 
 
4. Folklore holds that mermaids are natural beings who have prophetic powers. 
(A) formidable 
(B) intrusive 
(C) predictive 
(D) analogous 
 
5. Faced with the numerous problems brought on by the new industrial age, 
wage earners were prone to solve their problems through organization. 
(A) fortunate 
(B) compelled 
(C) cautioned 
(D) inclined 
LESSON 24 
„ affordable „ contaminated „ discernible „ flourishing „ maintain  
„ mediocre „ negligible „  parallel  „ peculiar „ potent „ remarkable  
„ scattered „  solid  „ somewhat „ tedious 
 
affordable 
adj. able to be done, usually refers to 
adv. affordably 
something you can do without damage 
 v. 
afford  or loss 
 
Syn. economical 
The new dictionary is quite affordable. 
He could afford the house because of current low interest rates. 
 
contaminated 
adj. to make something impure by adding 
 v. 
contaminate something 
dirty  
or 
a poisonous substance 
 n. 
contamination 
Syn. pollute 
This contaminated water supply must be closed to the public.  
Bacteria and insects are frequently agents of food contamination. 
 
discernible 
adj. noticeable; easily seen 
adv. discernibly 
Syn. detectable  
 v. 
discern 
 n. 
discernment 
A feeling of  anxiety was discernible among the members of the team. 
The new student was unable to discern the humor of the teacher's joke. 
 
flourishing 
adj. active and growing; healthy 
 v. 
flourish 
Syn. thriving 
Small flourishing companies would be harmed by an increase in the minimum wage. 
A young mind will flourish with the proper guidance. 
 
maintain 
v. to support; to keep in good condition 
 n. 
maintenance 
Syn. preserve 
The building had to be renovated because it was not well maintained.  
Proper maintenance of a car's engine will preserve its performance and value. 
 
mediocre 
adj. of average quality; not good or bad 
 n. 
mediocrity 
Syn. average  
This is a mediocre research report. 
The mediocrity of his work was disappointing. 
 
negligible 
adj. hardly noticeable; scarcely detectable 
adv. negligibly 
* to ignore; to give little attention 
adj. neglected 
Syn. insignificant  
adj. neglectful* 
adj. negligent* 
 n. 
neglect* 
 n. 
negligence* 
The presence of the first person singular in the poem was almost negligible. 
His negligence caused him to lose all of the work he had done on the computer. 
 
parallel 
adj. being almost of the same type or time; 
 v. 
parallel comparable 
 n. 
parallel 
Syn. similar 
We have lead parallel lives.  
Her background parallels mine. 
 
peculiar 
adj. unusual; uncommon 
adv. peculiarly 
Syn. strange  
 n. 
peculiarity 
This plastic has a peculiar texture. 
The puffin has many peculiarities not shared by other birds. 
 
potent 
adj. very strong  
 
Syn. powerful 
He gave a potent speech at the convention. 
The venom of the coral snake is extremely potent. 
 
remarkable 
adj. worthy of mention; uncommon 
adv. remarkably 
Syn. exceptional 
The invention of the radio was a remarkable achievement.  
The actor was remarkably calm before his performance. 
 
scattered 
adj. to be spread out or separated widely 
 v. 
scatter 
Syn. dispersed 
Hurricane Andrew left debris scattered throughout Miami. 
The crowd scattered when it began to rain heavily. 
 
solid 
adj. having good quality, being well made; 
adv. solidly 
firm; not a gas or liquid  
 v. 
solidify 
Syn. steady  
 n. 
solidification 
The lawyer for the defense portrayed his client as a man of solid integrity. 
The union attempted to solidify its position in the workplace.  
 
somewhat 
adj. a little 
 
Syn. slight 
They feel somewhat tired after the mile run. 
Buying food at a convenience store can be somewhat expensive.  
 
tedious 
adj. long and tiring 
adv. tediously 
Syn. monotonous  
 n. 
tedium 
The tedious lecture bored most of the audience. 
Some people become frustrated by the tedium of daily living. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. discernible 
6 similar 
(A) exceptional (A) 
prophetic 
(B) detectable (B) 
substantial 
(C) solid (C) 
parallel 
(D) negligent (D) 
varied 
 
2. average 
7. strange 
(A) ample (A) 
peculiar 
(B) approximate (B) 
vanishing 
(C) slight (C) 
somewhat 
(D) mediocre (D) 
renowned 
 
3. preserve 
8. negligible 
(A) maintain (A) 
exceptional 
(B) disperse (B) 
intricate 
(C) contaminate (C) 
insignificant 
(D) compel (D) 
scattered 
 
4. potent 
9. thriving 
(A) powerful (A) 
flourishing 
(B) reliable (B) 
vanishing 
(C) firm (C) 
polluting 
(D) durable (D) 
astounding 
 
5. affordable 
10. monotonous 
(A) remarkable (A) 
ambiguous 
(B) formidable (B) 
hazardous 
(C) economical (C) 
prosperous 
(D) proportional (D) 
tedious 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. There is a somewhat  random  character to the evolutionary process. 
(A) potent 
(B) unique 
(C) slight 
(D) peculiar 
 
2. Mankind has made solid progress in the eradication of many harmful illnesses. 
(A) sluggish 
(B) negligible 
(C) mediocre 
(D) substantial 
 
3. The inner harbor of Baltimore  was once a contaminated part of the city. 
(A) an affordable 
(B) a polluted 
(C) a secure 
(D) a flourishing 
 
4. The  Inuit  live in scattered settlements throughout the  northern reaches of 
Canada. 
(A) well-maintained 
(B) very primitive 
(C) highly organized 
(D) widely dispersed 
 
5. The history of human thought on the nature of the cosmos offers a number of 
remarkable lessons. 
(A) inspiring 
(B) identical 
(C) exceptional 
(D) enlightening 
LESSON 25 
„  briefly  „ circulate „ consistently „ exhibit „ found „ improperly  
„ impulsively „ infrequently „ isolated „ overtly „ profoundly  
„ sharply „  situated  „ subsequently „ unmistakable 
 
briefly 
adv. short, usually in time 
adj. brief  
Syn. concisely  
 n. 
brevity 
The visiting professor spoke briefly at the faculty meeting. 
Solar eclipses are brief moments when the Earth and Moon cross the Sun's fixed 
position in the solar system. 
 
circulate 
v. to cause to move along a fixed path; to 
adj. circulatory 
move freely 
 n. 
circulation 
Syn. distribute 
The news of the president's visit circulated quickly throughout the city. 
A dollar bill remains in circulation for approximately one and a half years. 
 
consistently 
adv. without changing; keeping the same 
adj. consistent 
principles, ideas, or quality 
 v. 
consist 
Syn. dependably  
 n. 
consistency 
The temperature must be maintained consistently at 75° centigrade.  
The policy of the government concerning unemployment has been consistent. 
 
exhibit 
v. to show or demonstrate 
 n. 
exhibit 
Syn. display  
 n. 
exhibition 
 n. 
exhibitor 
The compound exhibits the qualities of an acid. 
It was the best exhibition of talent that I have ever seen. 
 
found 
v. to establish, start up 
 n. 
foundation* 
* a philanthropic organization 
 n. 
founder 
Syn. establish 
The wealthy woman founded a hospital in her home town. 
The foundation maintained a number of philanthropic activities.  
 
improperly 
adv. not following established rules; not 
adj. improper 
desirable  
 n. 
impropriety 
Syn. inappropriately 
The disappointing outcome was a result of an improperly prepared petri dish . 
There was an impropriety with the way the funds were spent.  
 
impulsively 
adv. acting without thinking 
adj. impulsive 
Syn. capriciously 
 n. 
impulse 
 n. 
impulsiveness 
She reacted impulsively to the loud noise.  
Many shoppers buy items on impulse. 
 
infrequently 
adj. almost never 
adj. infrequent 
Syn. rarely  
 n. 
infrequency 
Tornadoes occur infrequently in the eastern part of the United States.  
Deserts are characterized by their infrequent rainfall.  
 
isolated 
adj. kept separated from others 
 v. 
isolate 
Syn. secluded 
 n. 
isolation 
The failure of the communications system left the towns isolated.  
The doctors were unable to isolate the cause of the epidemic. 
 
overtly 
adv. in a way clearly seen; not done secretly 
adj. overt  
Syn. openly 
He overtly disregarded the regulations. 
Her overt attempt to take control of the discussion failed. 
 
profoundly 
adv. in a deep way; showing deep knowledge 
adj. profound 
of a subject 
 n. 
profundity 
Syn. significantly 
Everyone was profoundly impressed by the news reports. 
The Nobel Prize is a profound recognition of outstanding achievement.  
 
sharply 
adv. showing sensitivity or quick thinking; 
adj. sharp 
showing a quick change in direction 
 v. 
sharpen 
Syn. quickly  
 n. 
sharpness 
Car prices rose sharply over the past year. 
There was a sharp change in the humidity after the storm. 
 
situated 
adj. being found in a certain place 
 n. 
situation* 
* a current condition 
 v. 
situate 
Syn. located 
The resort  town of Cancun is situated in the northern part of the Yucatan Peninsula. 
They found themselves in a very difficult situation. 
 
subsequently 
adv. following; coming after something 
adj. subsequent 
Syn. afterwards 
The public applauded the president's actions, and subsequently his ratings in the polls 
improved. 
This report, and all subsequent reports, must be written in the appropriate style. 
 
unmistakable 
adj. clearly able to be determined 
adj. unmistakably 
Syn. indisputable 
The markings of the insect  provided an unmistakable identification of the species. 
It is unmistakably clear that the report must be finished by noon. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. consistently 
6. exhibited 
(A) dependably (A) 
displayed 
(B) significantly (B) 
founded 
(C) readily (C) 
located 
(D) extremely (D) 
highlighted 
 
2. capriciously 
7 overtly 
(A) impulsively (A) 
entirely 
(B) profoundly (B) 
openly 
(C) reluctantly (C) 
evenly 
(D) scarcely (D) 
actually 
 
3. subsequently 
8. inappropriately 
(A) unmistakably (A) 
disapprovingly 
(B) around (B) 
approximately 
(C) swiftly (C) 
improperly 
(D) afterwards (D) 
unintentionally 
 
4. circulated 
9. secluded 
(A) sharpened (A) 
situated 
(B) distributed (B) 
isolated 
(C) maintained (C) 
established 
(D) encircled (D) 
shifted 
 
5. briefly 
10. indisputably 
(A) rarely (A) 
severely 
(B) reliably (B) 
infrequently 
(C) concisely (C) 
significantly 
(D) severely (D) 
unmistakably 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. The colossal Statue of Liberty is situated in New York Harbor on a small island  
park within sight of Ellis Island. 
(A) visited 
(B) exhibited 
(C) isolated 
(D) located 
2. Astrology contends  that the position of constellations at the moment of your 
birth profoundly influences your future. 
(A) subsequently 
(B) significantly 
(C) unmistakably 
(D) consistently 
3. After doubling the  wages of his employees, Henry Ford was sharply criticized 
for his action. 
(A) severely 
(B) overtly 
(C) impulsively 
(D) improperly 
4. Most species of birds walk  long distances infrequently. 
(A) rarely 
(B) briefly 
(C) selectively 
(D) continually 
5. The major American comic publishing houses were founded during the early 
nineteenth century. 
(A) altered 
(B) circulated 
(C) criticized 
(D) established 
LESSON 26 
„ chaotic „  characteristic  „ controversial „ exemplify 
„ gratifying „ interpret „ launch „ legitimate „  particular  
„ radiant „  ridge  „  span  „ spontaneous „  stream  „ striking 
 
chaotic 
adj. being in complete disorder and confusion 
 n. 
chaos 
Syn. disorganized  
The traffic in Seoul is often chaotic. 
There was complete chaos when the world champions arrived at the  airport . 
 
characteristic 
adj. an easily recognized quality of something 
adv. characteristically 
Syn. typical  
 v. 
characterize 
 n. 
characteristic 
 n. 
characterization 
The markings on that butterfly are characteristic of the monarch butterfly.  
I would characterize him as a diligent professional. 
 
controversial 
adj. something that causes disagreement or 
 v. 
controversially argument. 
 n. 
controversy  
Syn. debatable 
The governor made a controversial decision to raise taxes. 
The controversy was caused by the proposal to build an airport in the area. 
 
exemplify 
v. to give an example 
adj. exemplary 
Syn. symbolize 
The recent downturn in the  housing industry exemplifies the poor economic 
conditions. 
Her exemplary academic achievement is representative of most students at this 
institution. 
 
gratifying 
adj. giving pleasure or a feeling of 
adv. gratefully 
accomplishment; showing thanks   
adj. grateful  
 v. 
gratify 
Syn. satisfying 
 n. 
gratification 
 
 n. 
gratefulness 
Studying abroad can be a very gratifying experience.  
She was grateful for all the work he had done for her. 
 
interpret 
v. to understand the meaning of something 
 n. 
interpreter 
Syn. clarify   
 n. 
interpretation  
 v. 
interpreting 
The ambiguous speech was very difficult to interpret. 
Their interpretation of the story generated some interesting discussion.  
 
launch 
v. to cause something to begin 
 n. 
launch 
Syn. initiate  
 n. 
launching 
The company launched a new program to attract more clients.  
The launching of the first Soviet  satellite, Sputnik, created concern among the 
American public. 
 
legitimate 
adj. reasonable, lawful 
adv. legitimately 
Syn. authentic  
 n. 
legitimacy 
The engineer had a legitimate reason for changing the design of the building. 
The legitimacy of the theory has yet to be determined. 
 
particular 
adj. a certain way or thing; unusual; hard to please 
adv. particularly * 
* especially 
 
Syn. specific 
The speaker has a particular way of persuading his audience.  
That group of workers is particularly difficult to satisfy. 
 
radiant 
adj. sending out in all directions, especially 
adv. radiantly 
heat or light 
 n. 
radiance  
Syn. bright  
 n. 
radiation 
 n. 
radiator  
The actor's radiant smile captivated the audience. 
The radiance of the fire prevented the  firefighters from entering the house. 
 
ridge 
n. the top of a mountain range; a raised part of any 
surface 
 
Syn. crest 
A bald eagle stood on the ridge of the tall  office building. 
The mountain ridge was heavily forested. 
 
span 
v. the length of time or distance from one 
 n. 
span 
limit to the other; to cross 
 
Syn. cover 
The old man's life spanned two centuries. 
The span of the bridge is three miles. 
 
spontaneous 
adj. unplanned; uncontrolled 
adv. spontaneously 
Syn. instinctive  
 n. 
spontaneity 
The spontaneous combustion inside the cylinder creates the power of the motor. 
The crowd reacted spontaneously to the danger. 
 
stream 
n. a natural flow of something; a pouring out 
 v. 
stream 
Syn. river 
There was a constant stream of information coming from the White House. 
Water streamed from the dam as workers attempted to make the repairs. 
 
striking 
adj. drawing special attention to 
adv. strikingly 
Syn. remarkable 
His striking proposal saved the company from bankruptcy. 
That was a strikingly convincing argument that the speaker  delivered . 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. gratifying 
6. symbolize 
(A) spontaneous (A) 
radiate 
(B) thriving (B) 
exemplify 
(C) satisfying (C) 
span 
(D) analogous (D) 
synthesize 
 
2. disorganized 
7. legitimate 
(A) disrupted (A) 
peculiar 
(B) chaotic (B) 
authentic 
(C) instinctive (C) 
sharp 
(D) discernible (D) 
subsequent 
 
3. controversial 
8. ridge 
(A) conventional (A) 
crest 
(B) intolerable (B) 
current 
(C) consistent (C) 
stream 
(D) debatable (D) 
radiance 
 
4. launch 
9. interpret 
(A) initiate (A) 
specify 
(B) isolate (B) 
investigate 
(C) compel (C) 
clarify 
(D) stream (D) 
initiate 
 
5. typical 
10. radiant 
(A) practical (A) 
covered 
(B) parallel (B) 
bright 
(C) characteristic (C) 
potent 
(D) mediocre (D) 
tedious 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Streams were always a problem for stagecoach drivers. 
(A) rivers 
(B) storms 
(C) ridges 
(D) bandits 
 
2.  Quebec  is a striking example of the challenges produced when two diverse 
groups of people live together. 
(A) controversial 
(B) characteristic 
(C) legitimate 
(D) remarkable 
 
3. Crowd behavior is characterized as a spontaneous collective reaction to a 
publicly observed event. 
(A) a chaotic 
(B) a gratifying 
(C) an instinctive 
(D) an uninterrupted 
 
4. Some languages do not contain separate words for particular colors. 
(A) all 
(B) radiant 
(C) uncommon 
(D) specific 
 
5. Joseph  Haydn was undoubtedly the most prolific of all symphony writers, and 
his works spanned what has been called the Classical era. 
(A) exemplified 
(B) covered 
(C) launched 
(D) interpreted 
LESSON 27 
„ aptly „ demonstration „ ingredients „ involuntarily „  marvel  
„ measurable „ moderate „ odd „ reflection „ supposedly  
„ sustained „ symbols „  synthesis  „ tangible „ tightly 
 
aptly 
adv. having a tendency to do something; 
adj. apt 
likely 
 n. 
aptness 
Syn. appropriately 
It was an aptly timed remark. 
Emotional problems are apt to damage personal relationships.  
 
demonstration 
n. a show or exhibit 
adv. demonstrably 
* overtly showing emotion  
 v. 
demonstrate 
adj. demonstrative* Syn. display 
adj. demonstrable 
The demonstration clarified the procedure for everyone. 
The lawyer was demonstrative in making his impassioned plea before the jury. 
 
ingredients 
n. things combined to make something; the contents 
of something 
 
Syn. elements 
The ingredients of the product are kept secret. 
Good style, punctuation and grammar are important ingredients of a good essay. 
 
involuntarily 
adv. in an unthinking manner; not chosen 
adj. involuntary 
Syn. automatically 
He involuntarily agreed to work overtime. 
Reflexes are involuntary reactions to external stimuli. 
 
marvel 
n. something that surprises or impresses 
adv. marvelously 
Syn. wonder  
adj. marvelous 
The Great Wall of China is one of the world's marvels. 
The weather was marvelous for an afternoon get-together in the park.  
 
measurable 
adj. able to determine how much or how many 
adv. measurably 
Syn. assessable  
 v. 
measure  
 n. 
measurement 
Some personal characteristics, such as good teaching, are hardly measurable. 
A yardstick is used to measure lengths up to three feet. 
 
moderate 
adj. not too much, not too little 
adv. moderately 
* to reduce  
 v. 
moderate* 
 n. 
moderation 
Syn. medium 
She made the best of her moderate dancing ability.  
The Broadway  play was moderately successful. 
 
odd 
adj. unusual 
adv. oddly 
Syn. strange  
 n. 
oddity 
It is odd to find a person who speaks many languages. 
The moon rock is an oddity available at the museum for all to view. 
 
reflection 
n. a picture or element cast  back 
adj. reflected 
Syn. image  
 v. 
reflect 
His bright smile was a reflection of his satisfaction. 
In order to perceive something visually, light must be reflected from the object's 
surface. 
 
supposedly 
adv. according to reports or hearsay; widely 
adj. supposed  
believed or accepted 
 v. 
suppose 
Syn. presumably  
 n. 
supposition 
The new trains can supposedly reach speeds of 150 miles per hour.  
The stockbroker's supposition is that the economy will improve.  
 
sustained 
adj. continuing in a constant way; remaining 
 v. 
sustain strong 
adj. sustenance 
Syn. consistent 
Sustained rainfall is the only hope they have for relief from the drought. 
The trees could not sustain the attack of the locusts. 
 
symbols 
n. a sign or object that represents something 
adv. symbolically 
or somebody marks  
adj. symbolic 
Syn. marks 
 v. 
symbolize 
 
The strange symbols found in Egyptian tombs have intrigued historians for centuries. 
I think this painting symbolizes the universal   themes of humanity. 
 
synthesis 
n. the mixing of separate things to form a 
adv. synthetically* 
whole 
adj. synthetic* 
* not made by nature  
 v. 
synthesize 
Syn. combination 
The language of Papiamento is a synthesis of Dutch and native Indian languages of 
Curacao. 
Vitamins are synthetically produced. 
 
tangible 
adj. real; that which can be felt 
adv. tangibly 
Syn. concrete  
 n. 
tangibility 
 
The work of a teacher seldom produces tangible results until years after a student has 
graduated. 
The solution to this problem can be tangibly demonstrated.  
 
tightly 
adv. being fixed in place; close; leaving no 
adj. tight 
freedom  
 v. 
tighten 
 n. 
tightness 
Syn. firmly 
The shirt fits too tightly. 
The government is tightening the regulations on the use of  seat  belts. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
 
1. marvel 
6. involuntary 
(A) ridge (A) 
infrequent 
(B) chaos (B) 
substantial 
(C) wonder (C) 
automatic  
(D) combination (D) 
immeasurable 
 
2. display 
7. elements 
(A) disperse (A) 
ingredients 
(B) decline (B) 
measurements 
(C) disguise (C) 
marks 
(D) demonstration (D) 
spans 
 
3. oddly 
8. assessable 
(A) symbolically (A) 
tangible 
(B) presumably (B) 
legitimate 
(C) tightly (C) 
accountable 
(D) strangely (D) 
measurable 
 
4. appropriately 
9. reflection 
(A) supposedly (A) 
image 
(B) aptly (B) 
synthesis 
(C) tangibly (C) 
solid 
(D) durably (D) 
tightness 
 
5. moderate 
10. tangible 
(A) sustained (A) 
firm 
(B) medium (B) 
consistent 
(C) sharp (C) 
concrete 
(D) periodic (D) 
tedious 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Any insect landing on the  Venus flytrap touches trigger hairs that cause the 
trap to close tightly. 
(A) quickly 
(B) mercilessly 
(C) firmly 
(D) involuntarily 
 
2. The cultural life of New Orleans is a synthesis of contributions by both blacks 
and whites. 
(A) product 
(B) demonstration 
(C) reflection 
(D) combination 
 
3. The  Twin  Towers are familiar symbols of the New York City sky-line. 
(A) buildings 
(B)  landmarks  
(C) marvels 
(D) ingredients 
 
4. Sustained industrial growth and strong consumer spending must be present 
in order for an economy to grow. 
(A) tangible 
(B) consistent 
(C) moderate 
(D) measurable 
 
5. The Sweetwater River was supposedly named by General William Ashley in 
1823 because its water tasted sweet to his trappers. 
(A) presumably 
(B) oddly 
(C) aptly 
(D) predictably 
LESSON 28 
„ aggravating „ amusement „ conceivably „ convert „ curative  
„ debilitating „ deplete „ finite „ perceive „  security   
„ toxic „ tranquility „ trap „ undeniably „ underestimated 
 
aggravating 
adj. making worse; annoying 
 n. 
aggravation 
Syn. irritating  
 v. 
aggravate 
The aggravating delay was caused by road repairs. 
The shortage of work  aggravated  the crisis in the small town.  
 
amusement 
n. something that holds interest and is 
adv. amusingly 
enjoyable  
adj. amusing 
 v. 
amuse 
Syn. diversion 
We listened in amusement as he tried to convince his friend to lend him $50. 
His amusing comment made everyone laugh. 
 
conceivably 
adv. feasibly; believable 
adj. conceivable 
Syn. possibly  
 v. 
conceive 
They could conceivably earn first place with their science project.  
It is conceivable that humans will travel to distant planets one day. 
 
convert 
v. to change from one form or state to another 
adj. convertible 
Syn. alter  
 n. 
conversion 
When boiled, liquids convert to gases. 
The conversion from Fahrenheit to centigrade can be easily made. 
 
curative 
adj. being able to restore to good condition 
 n. 
cure  
Syn. healing. 
The curative properties of certain plants have been well documented.  
There is no simple cure for the ills  of society. 
 
debilitating 
adj. weakening 
 v. 
debilitate 
Syn. weakening  
 n. 
debility 
The lack of investment savings has a debilitating effect on the economy.  
The patient's debility restricted him to the room. 
 
deplete 
v. to use up; to reduce greatly 
adj. depleted 
Syn. consume  
 n. 
depletion 
She depleted all of her savings to buy the word processor. 
The depletion of the Earth's oil reserves poses a  threat to our current style of life. 
 
finite 
adj. of a certain amount; having an end; not infinite 
Syn. limited 
There were a finite number of explanations for the unusual reactions.  
Is there a finite number of stars in the universe? 
 
perceive 
v. to sense; to become aware of 
adv. perceptibly 
Syn. observe 
adj. perceivable  
adj. perceptive 
adv. perceptively  
 n. 
perception 
We perceive major differences between the two political parties .  
Porpoises are very perceptive  mammals . 
 
security 
n. the feeling of freedom from danger, 
adv. securely 
doubt, or worry 
adj. secure 
Syn.  safety   
 v. 
secure 
Her sense of security increased as her grades improved.  
We secured all of the doors of the lab before leaving. 
 
toxic 
adj. harmful; capable of being fatal 
 n. 
toxicity 
Syn. poisonous 
Disposal of toxic wastes is an ongoing problem. 
This product has the highest toxicity of any known to science.  
 
tranquility 
n. calm; quietness 
adv. tranquilly 
Syn. peacefulness  
adj. tranquil 
 v. 
tranquilize 
The tranquility of the lake at sunrise inspired a profound sense of well-being. 
His tranquil manner of expression made us all feel more secure. 
 
trap 
v. to catch  and hold onto, usually by trickery; 
adj. trapped 
deceived 
 n. 
trap 
Syn.  retain  
I was trapped into paying for the meal. 
The trapped animals were released after being tagged by the wildlife conservationists. 
 
undeniably 
adv. clearly true 
adj. undeniable 
Syn. absolutely 
 
Of all the planets in our solar system, Earth is undeniably the most conducive to 
supporting life. 
It is undeniable that he has skill, but he needs to show more initiative. 
 
underestimated 
adj. guessed lower than the actual quality or 
 v. 
underestimate quantity 
 
Syn. miscalculated 
The underestimated demand for tickets made the theater manager plan better for the 
next performance. 
The treasurer underestimated the cost of the new furniture. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. curative 
6.  aggravate 
(A) healing (A) 
irritate 
(B) gratifying (B) 
convert 
(C) toxic (C) 
isolate 
(D) conceivable (D) 
initiate 
 
2. limited 
7. conceivably 
(A) sustained (A) 
absolutely 
(B) ample (B) 
aptly 
(C) finite (C) 
possibly 
(D) approximate (D) 
tranquilly 
 
3. amusement 
8. alter 
(A) peacefulness (A) 
sustain 
(B) demonstration (B) 
launch 
(C) diversion (C) 
detect 
(D) marvel (D) 
convert 
 
4. security 
9. depleted 
(A) power (A) 
retained  
(B) safety (B) 
consumed 
(C) trap (C) 
polluted 
(D) cure (D) 
inundated 
 
5. debilitating 
10. perceive 
(A) convincing (A) 
deny  
(B) formidable (B) 
miscalculate 
(C) accelerating (C) 
observe 
(D) weakening (D) 
estimate 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Underestimated tax  revenues  caused the severe  budget  crunches that plagued 
local governments during the early 1970s. 
(A) depleted 
(B) finite 
(C) disappointing 
(D) miscalculated 
 
2. Casey  Stengel was undeniably one of the most successful coaches in the 
history of baseball. 
(A) absolutely 
(B) unexpectedly 
(C) conceivably 
(D) likely 
 
3. The power of the sun is trapped by the leaves of plants and used to produce 
food by a process called photosynthesis. 
(A)  perceived  
(B) reflected 
(C) retained 
(D) converted 
 
4. Some people find tranquility when they are far away from the hustle and 
bustle of city life. 
(A) peacefulness 
(B) amusement 
(C) fulfillment 
(D) security 
 
5. All Cnidarians have the potential to affect human physiology owing to the toxic 
nature of their nematocysts. 
(A) curative 
(B) debilitating 
(C) poisonous 
(D) aggravating 
LESSON 29 
„ acknowledge „ acquire „ assimilate „ assortment „ caliber  
„ condensed „  contradictory  „ disregard „ precious „ prominent  
„ requisite „ unravel „ vague „ vast „ volume 
 
acknowledge 
v. to know, remember, and accept the 
 n. 
acknowledgment 
existence of something 
adj. acknowledged 
Syn. recognize 
The foreman acknowledged the fact that there had been a mistake in the design of the 
house. 
The promotion he received was an acknowledgment of his excellent work. 
 
acquire 
v. to gain or come to possess 
adj. acquisitive  
Syn. obtain 
 n. 
acquisition 
He acquired two beautiful paintings during his visit to Taipei.  
The office's most recent acquisition was a new photocopier. 
 
assimilate 
v. to become a part of 
 n. 
assimilation  
Syn. incorporate 
The United States of America has assimilated people from all parts of the world. 
Assimilation of a new cultural environment can be difficult. 
 
assortment 
n. a variety 
adj. assorted 
Syn. selection 
You have an assortment of elective courses from which to choose.  
He bought a box of assorted books at the book fair. 
 
caliber  
n. the standard of; the degree of goodness  
 
Syn. quality 
The high caliber of her work earned her a raise in pay. 
Only parts of the highest caliber can be used to make repairs on the spacecraft. 
 
condensed 
adj. made smaller; shortened; merged 
 v. 
condense 
Syn. summarized 
This is a condensed version of the original research report.  
Try to condense the two chapters into one. 
 
contradictory 
adj. not agreeing with the facts or previous 
 v. 
contradict statements made on the subject; declared wrong 
 n. 
contradiction 
Syn. inconsistent 
It is contradictory to say that you know French after only studying it for three 
months. 
The expert contradicted  himself during his presentation. 
 
disregard 
v. to pay no attention 
 n. 
disregard 
Syn. ignore 
They disregarded the no parking signs and were ticketed by the police.  
His disregard of the lab instructions caused him to make many errors. 
 
precious 
adj. having much monetary or sentimental value; 
beautiful 
 
Syn. cherished 
This golden ring is my most precious possession. 
The precious stone was one of a kind. 
 
prominent 
adj. famous; having a high position 
adv. prominently 
Syn. renowned 
 n. 
prominence 
Their talent for locating oil deposits made them prominent geologists in the 
corporation. 
He gained prominence through his television appearances. 
 
requisite 
adj. needed for a specific purpose 
 v. 
require 
* a formal request 
 n. 
requirement 
Syn. demanded 
 n. 
requisition*  
 v. 
requisition 
Here is the list of requisite courses for the master's degree in biology.  
The project team made a requisition for a new set of reference books. 
 
unravel 
v. to organize; to make clear 
 n. 
unraveling 
Syn. separate 
The detective was not able to unravel the mystery of the missing money. 
The unraveling of the Soviet Union took place in the span of a few months. 
 
vague 
adj. not clear; ambiguous 
adv. vaguely 
Syn. unclear  
 n. 
vagueness 
She only has vague memories of her childhood. 
The vagueness of his directions caused us to get lost . 
 
vast 
adj. very much; very large 
adv. vastly 
Syn. huge 
I have noticed a vast improvement in your English vocabulary.  
Unfortunately , the water quality has deteriorated vastly since my last visit here. 
 
volume 
n. the amount of something contained in a space 
adv. voluminously* 
* holding a lot 
adj. voluminous 
Syn. quantity 
The volume of information that a computer diskette can hold is astounding. 
This voluminous report will erase your doubt about the financial condition of the 
company. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym 
 
1. caliber 
6. precious 
(A) volume (A) 
cherished 
(B) marvel (B) 
substantive 
(C) quality (C) 
vague 
(D) acclaim (D) 
tangible 
 
2. ignore 
7. condensed 
(A) disregard (A) 
summarized 
(B) separate (B) 
emphasized 
(C) deplete (C) 
legitimized 
(D) withstand (D) 
authorized 
 
3. acknowledged 
8. assimilate 
(A) exaggerated (A) 
illustrate 
(B) recognized (B) 
incorporate 
(C) exemplified (C) 
investigate 
(D) accentuated (D) 
isolate 
 
4. assortment 
9. renown 
(A) assertion (A) 
reaction 
(B) selection (B) 
vast 
(C) pattern (C) 
prominent 
(D) ingredient (D) 
requisite 
 
5. obtain 
10. contradictory 
(A) acquire (A) 
ambiguous 
(B) unravel (B) 
requisite 
(C) demand (C) 
inconsistent 
(D) perceive (D) 
disregarded 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. The volume of music contained in the archives of the American Society of 
Composers, Authors, and Publishers is extraordinary. 
(A) sound 
(B) quantity 
(C) caliber 
(D) assortment 
 
2. Technical curricula are requisite in a wide range of fields. 
(A) assimilated 
(B) promoted 
(C) demanded 
(D) acquired 
 
3. Pioneers traveling to the west found a vast treasury of natural resources. 
(A) a prominent 
(B) a precious 
(C) an elaborate 
(D) a huge 
 
4. Evidence concerning the origins of the native people living in the  coastal  areas 
of western Canada is vague. 
(A) contradictory 
(B) abundant 
(C) acknowledged 
(D) unclear 
 
5. History consists of a complex weave of social, cultural, and economic forces 
that are not easily unraveled. 
(A) separated 
(B) disregarded 
(C) illustrated 
(D) condensed 
LESSON 30 
„ charisma „ clever „ convince „ endure „ forfeit 
„ precarious „ severe „ sporadic „ superior „ wanton 
„ weak „ widespread „ wisdom „ witticism „ woo 
 
charisma 
n. a special quality that endears other people 
adj. charismatic 
to the person who has this quality  
 
Syn. appeal 
She has a charisma that no other candidate possesses. 
John F. Kennedy was known for his charismatic personality.  
 
clever 
adj. intelligent; resourceful 
adv. cleverly 
Syn. astute  
 n. 
cleverness 
Everyone appreciated their clever idea. 
His cleverness enabled him to rise quickly in the organization.  
 
convince 
v. to make someone see things your way 
adv. convincingly 
Syn. persuade  
adj. convincing 
They could not convince the girls to go to the dance with them. 
The video made a convincing argument for the recycling of paper and plastic 
materials. 
 
endure 
v. to last; to suffer pain 
adj. endurable 
Syn. persevere  
adj. enduring 
 n. 
endurance 
How he is able to endure living next to the airport is beyond my comprehension. 
The endurance displayed by the athlete gave evidence of his rigorous training. 
 
forfeit 
v. to give up; to have something taken away, 
 n. 
forfeit 
usually by rule or regulation  
 
Syn. relinquish 
Usually you must forfeit your native country's citizenship to become a citizen of 
another country. 
The forfeit occurred because not enough players showed up. 
 
precarious 
adj. not safe, firm, or steady 
adv. precariously 
Syn. hazardous 
The diver put himself in a precarious situation among the sharks.  
The cup was positioned precariously on the edge of the table.  
 
severe 
adj. extreme; harmful 
 v. 
severely 
Syn. intense 
 n. 
severity 
The weather service issued a severe storm warning for most of Michigan. 
The severity of his condition will not be known until the test results are studied. 
 
sporadic 
adj. not consistent; irregular 
adv. sporadically 
Syn. erratic 
The radio communications were subject to sporadic sunspot interference. 
Violent storms occur sporadically in the southwest. 
 
superior 
adj. excellent quality; above all the rest 
 n. 
superiority 
Syn. exceptional 
This is a superior fossil of a trilobite. 
The restaurant's superiority was established shortly after it opened. 
 
wanton 
adj. done without thought or consideration 
adv. wantonly 
Syn. senseless 
Her wanton disregard of the rules was unexplainable.  
The jealous man was wantonly impolite to the winner .  
 
weak 
adj. not strong; incapable 
adv. weakly 
Syn. ineffective  
 v. 
weaken 
 n. 
weakness 
The weak light was inadequate for reading.  
Most people have at least one area of weakness. 
 
widespread 
adj. found everywhere 
 
Syn. extensive 
There is a widespread rumor that there will be no class next Thursday.  
The political influence of the developed countries of the world is widespread. 
 
wisdom 
n. knowledge and understanding 
adv. wisely 
Syn. insight  
adj. wise 
It is often said that wisdom is the product of experience.  
It was a wise decision for you to buy a car.  
 
witticism 
n. a joke; a funny story 
adv. wittily 
Syn. humor  
adj. witty 
 n. 
wit 
 n. 
wittiness 
His witticisms captivated the audience.  
Mark Twain was famous for his sharp wit. 
woo 
v. to make efforts to attain or gain something  
 
Syn. attract 
The directors tried to woo the support of the union. 
The opponents of the proposed highway wooed nearby residents to defend their 
position. 
MATCHING 
 
Choose the synonym. 
 
1. astute 6. 
appeal 
(A) acknowledge (A) 
wit 
(B) extensive (B) 
charisma 
(C) clever (C) 
impression 
(D) weak (D) 
wisdom 
 
2. sporadic 7. 
precarious 
(A) prophetic (A) 
peculiar 
(B) intrinsic (B) 
dangerous 
(C) erratic (C) 
widespread 
(D) archaic (D) 
aggravating 
 
3. relinquish 8. 
persuade 
(A) recover (A) 
convince 
(B) disperse (B) 
conform 
(C) forfeit (C) 
confirm 
(D) deplete (D) 
conceal 
 
4. persevering 9. 
wisdom 
(A) enduring (A) 
acceleration 
(B) ineffective (B) 
insight 
(C) secure (C) 
caution 
(D)  sincere (D) 
marvel 
 
5. superior 10. 
intense 
(A) prosperous (A) 
instant 
(B) sustained (B) 
hazardous 
(C) superficial (C) 
severe 
(D) exceptional (D) 
robust 
TEST QUESTIONS 
 
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or 
phrase. 
 
1. Politicians often woo voters by proposing sweeping  reforms of governmental 
policy. 
(A) forfeit 
(B) attract 
(C) convince 
(D) deceive 
 
2. Davy  Crockett was well known for his witticisms and story telling skills. 
(A) humor 
(B) charisma 
(C) endurance 
(D) wisdom 
 
3. When widespread thunderstorms occur, the sky is commonly overcast with 
many intermingled layers of clouds of various types. 
(A) severe 
(B) powerful 
(C) extensive 
(D) hazardous 
 
4. Although jellyfish move by jet propulsion, most are weak swimmers. 
(A) ineffective 
(B) clever 
(C) superior 
(D) impressive 
 
5. The disappearance of tropical rain forests is a direct result of wanton disregard 
of this valuable  resource  by mankind. 
(A) precarious 
(B) sporadic 
(C) senseless 
(D) troubling 
 
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 
 
LESSON 1 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.A 2.A 3.C 4.A5.C 
1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.A  
6.C 7.D 8.B 9.D 10.B 
LESSON 2 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C 
1.D 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.C  
6.B 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.D 
LESSON 3 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 
1.B 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.B  
6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.D 
LESSON 4 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.A 
1,A 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 
 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.D 
LESSON 5 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C 
1.D 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C  
6.B 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.C 
LESSON 6 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.A 
1.D 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B  
6.B 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.A 
LESSON 7 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.B 2.U 3.A 4.C 5.C 
1.A 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.A  
6.A 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.A 
LESSON 8 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.D 3.D 4.A  5.B 
1.A 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.B  
6.B 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.D 
LESSON 9 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.D 3.A 4.B  5.A 
1.A 2.A3.C 4.C 5.B  
6.D 7.B 8.A 9.A 10.D 
LESSON 10 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D  5.A 
1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.A  
6.C 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.D 
LESSON 11 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.B 2.A 3.B 4.B  5.D 
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.A  
6.A 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 
LESSON 12 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.C 3.D 4.A  5.B 
1.D 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.B  
6.A 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.A 
LESSON 13 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.C 
1.D 2.A 3.A 4.C 5.D 
6.B 7.C 8.B 9.D 10.A 
LESSON 14 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.D 3.A 4.B  5.A 
1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.A 
6.A 7.D 8.D 9.D 10.A 
LESSON 15 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.A 
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.A 
6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C 
LESSON 16 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.B 
1.C 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.A 
6.D 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.B 
LESSON 17 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.A 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.D 
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.C  
6.B 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.B 
LESSON 18 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.B 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.D 
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.C  
6.B 7.B 8.A 9.B 10.C 
LESSON 19 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.B 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.A 
1.B 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.D  
6.D 7.C 8.C 9.C 10.D 
LESSON 20 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 
1.A 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.C  
6.C 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.B 
LESSON 21 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.A 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.D 
1.B 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.A  
6.B 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.B 
LESSON 22 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B  5.A 
1.A 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.A  
6.D 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.D 
LESSON 23 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1 .D 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.B 
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.D  
6.D 7.A 8.A 9.C 10.C 
LESSON 24 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A  5.C 
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.C  
6.C 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.D 
LESSON 25 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.A 2.A 3.D 4.B  5.C 
1.D 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.D  
6.A 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.D 
LESSON 26 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A  5.C 
1.A 2.D3.C 4.D 5.B  
6.B 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.B 
LESSON 27 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.D 3.D 4.B  5.B 
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.A  
6.C 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.C 
LESSON 28 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.A 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.D 
1.D 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.C  
6.A 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.C 
LESSON 29 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.A 
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A  
6.A 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.C 
LESSON 30 
MATCHING TEST 
QUESTIONS 
1 .C 2.C 3.C 4.A  5.D 
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.C  
6.B 7.B 8.A 9.B 10.C 

Document Outline

• chapter1.pdf
• chapter2.pdf
• chapter3.pdf
• chapter4.pdf
• chapter5.pdf
• chapter6.pdf
• chapter7.pdf
• Lessons.pdf
• Answer key.pdf