Essee kirjutamine inglise keeles (1)

Essay
200 (+/- 10%) words
The text consists of 4-5 paragraphs discussing a specified topic. Usually the task contains points you have to discuss . Make sure they are all covered!
Keep in mind!
Formal language – no slang, so contracted forms, colloquialisms, try to avoid repetition of words.
Indented lines! Clear paragraphs with one central idea .
Avoid strong feelings 8everybody hates... it is absurd to believe...) and strong personal expressions
Use generalization ( children assume…), but do not use overgeneralizations (all children assume…)
At least 2 linking words per paragraph (separate them from the rest of the sentence by commas!) that show the connection between paragraphs.
Make references to other sources (Police officials believe that…)
Give examples , not personal thoughts (expressive intake of alcohol can damage liver) if you use statistics, be sure of the source!
Avoid clichéd introductions, make it more original (hook)
Consistent personal pronoun use (if you use “we” or “you”, do it throughout the essay)
Punctuation (NB! When joining 2 simple sentences, use “;”, NO COMMA BEFORE “THAT”
Paragraph 1: introduction
Hook (question, interesting observation, unique scenario, quote and surprising statistics) to capture the reader’s interest.
Connecting information
Clear thesis statement (the points/point of view that you will discuss/ explain in length in the later paragraphs)
In other words, the reader, having read the introduction, should know exactly what to expect in the body of the essay. DO NOT bring in any new thoughts later!
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
Final remark (significance, personal effect , etc) Strong, effective message the reader will remember .
NO NEW IDEAS !
Types:
For-and-against essay
For example: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of living in a foreign country. Package holidays: good or bad?
Outline :
Introduction- state topic
Paragraph 2 – ALL the advantages/arguments for
Paragraph 3 – ALL the disadvantages/arguments against
Final paragraph – Give a balance consideration or your own opinion without using personal words or expressions
Present the advantages and disadvantages in a fair way, discussing them objectively in equal detail. Do not use strong, emotional expressions (I know, I believe… Use words like: It seems that… It can be seen that…)
Useful language:

• To list points: one major advantage /disadvantage of, a further advantage, one point of view in favor of/against, in the first place , first of all, to start with, secondly, thirdly, finally , last but not least…
  
• To add more points to the same topic: what is more, furthermore , also, in addition to, beside, apart from this/that, not to mention the fact that…
  
• To make contrasting points: on the other hand, however, in spite of, while, nevertheless, despite, even though, although, it can be argued that, one can argue that…
  
• To conclude: to sum up, all in all, all things considered, in conclusion, on the whole, taking everything into account, above all, as was previously stated…
  

Opinion essays
For example: Will life be better in the future? Has genetic science gone too far?
Outline:
Introduction – state topic
Paragraph 2 – argument 1 + reason + support (statistics, examples, quotes )
Paragraph 3 – argument 2 + reason+ support (statistics, examples, quotes)
Paragraph 4 – argument 3 + reason+ support (statistics, examples, quotes)
(Paragraph 5 – give the other side of the argument + reasons )
Final paragraph – restate opinion, paraphrasing it, and add a final comment
Your personal opinion should be expressed in the introduction and again in the conclusion, using phrases such as “in my opinion”, “I believe”, “I think”… You should support your opinion by including examples and reasons for what you have said. When expressing the other side of the argument, you may include it in a separate paragraph. End it by restating your argument.
Each new idea in a new paragraph!
Always give the other side of the argument, using phrases like:
People argue that… opponents of this view say… there are those who oppose…
And bring examples: such as, for example, especially
You can state your own opinion only in the introduction or in the conclusion, NOT in the body paragraphs!
Useful language:

• To list points: in the first place, first of all, to start with, secondly, thirdly, finally, last but not least…
  
• To add more points to the same topic: what is more, furthermore, also, in addition to, beside, apart from this/that, not to mention the fact that, another major reason, moreover…
  
• To introduce conflicting viewpoints: It is argued that, people argue that, opponents of this view say, there are people who oppose…
  
• To express opinion: I believe, in my opinion, I think, in my view, I strongly believe…
  

Problem essay
For example: What can we do to reduce global litter ? What alternative sources of energy can we use?
Outline:
Introduction – state topic, the reason why it has arisen. Mention that there are several , possible solutions .
Paragraph 2 – 1 solution and expected results
Paragraph 3 – 2 solution and expected results
Paragraph 4 – 3 solution and expected results
Final paragraph – summarize your opinion or give the best suggestion and explain why this is the case .
A problem is given and you have to offer possible solutions. One solution and its possible outcome per paragraph.
Discursive essay
For example: The role of marriage in today ’s society. The role of Free Press.
Outline:
Introduction – make a general statement about the topic, explaining the past/current situation
Paragraph 2 – one point of view (e.g. political ): topic sentence + personal opinion + opposite opinion
Paragraph 3 – one point of view (e.g. economic ) + personal opinion + opposite opinion
Final paragraph – give your own opinion on the subject based on the points already mentioned
Should discuss a subject as broadly as possible. State various viewpoints and discuss them, including opposite opinions .
Include some of the following viewpoints: moral, personal, scientific , political, geographical, social, historical, religious, economical and artistic
(From an education standpoint, it is vital that historical sites be preserved, so that we can teach our children about their cultural heritage . On the other hand, some educators argue that the many used for preserving sites should go to improving the educational system. In this way, children benefit more.)