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2016-11-14
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Summary • Early history of translation studies – Cicero and St. Jerome (what did they do/how/why are they relevant to translation studies?) St. Jerome – Greek scholar, did some translation work. Lived during the 4th century. Jerome is best known as the translator of the Bible into Latin. A previous version (now called the Old Latin) existed, but Jerome's version far surpassed it in scholarship and in literary quality. Jerome was well versed in classical Latin (as well as Greek and Hebrew), but deliberately translated the Bible into the style of Latin that was actually spoken and written by the majority of persons in his own time. This kind
The grammar composite that evaluates things like subject-verb agreement, and text complexity is similar in nature to ascertaining the reading level of the text. The information gleaned is then used by a series of independent mathematical judges, or mathematical models, to "predict" the expert human scores and then optimized to produce a final predicted score. Typically, the judge that explains the largest proportion of rater variance will be employed in model development. The technical details of the Intelligent Essay Assessor are highlighted in Landauer, Laham, & Foltz (2003). IEA is modeled using a two-pronged approach. The content of the essay is assessed by using a combination of external databases and LSA. For example, if the writing prompt had to do with the differentiation among Freud's concepts of superego, ego, and id, the reference database might include the electronic version of an introductory text in psychology. From that database, LSA would determine
Assessing writing for Cambridge English Qualifications: A guide for teachers Contents Who this guide is for Contents Who this guide is for................................................................................................................................. 3 Just like official examiners, teachers also spend many hours evaluating learners’ writing. This guide
An item like heart is core and should be located in the centre of the diagram, whereas an item like cordial is probably more literary (more likely to be written than spoken), whereas an item like cardiac is more scientific (and perhaps more technical as well). If you refer to your heart as your ticker, you have chosen a more colloquial or slangy term. 3. Native and foreign element. Native vocabulary. 3 strata: Indo-European words mother, father, night, foot, heart, bear (bore, born), see names of close relatives, names of natural objects, parts of the body, numerals
You provide sufficient detail so someone can both understand why the problem is significant and how it has been solved in the past. Your problem is further detailed by providing key design requirements that the solution must meet. The problem definition section should have the following subsections using the suggested labels for each subsection: Problem Scope A short paragraph explicitly stating the problem to be solved. Technical Review This section describes why the problem is important. It is a long section providing background information of the problem. It contains a state-of-the-art technical review that brings the reader up to speed to the current state of the field which you are working in. Chances are that the reader is not an expert in the field, as you are. Even if the reader is an expert, he or she will appreciate a comprehensive review of the field.
of the travel experiences and entail the blend of several cultural identities: the authors' complex ones, that of their audiences, as well as that of the characters in their narratives. The second section suggests interlingual translation scenarios sketched out for the purpose of undertaking the real translations of these books. One of the strategies that are pleaded for is that of `further foreignization'. By using it, translators may create effects of strangeness and defamiliarization for
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). STYLISTICS Stylistics is the study of style. The very term "stylistics" came in more com
"yes," and, for that matter, "hey" and "alas." Yet of course such words are meaningful and occur in sentences that any competent speaker of English understands. Introduction: meaning and reference 5 (Not everyone is convinced that the Referential Theory is so decisively refuted, even in regard to that last group of the most clearly nonreferential words there are. In fact, Richard Montague (1960) set out to construct a very sophisticated, highly technical theory in which even words like those are assigned referents of a highly abstract sort, and do have a meaning, at least in part, by referring to what they supposedly refer to. We shall say more of Montague's system in chapter 10.) Objection 2 According to the Referential Theory, a sentence is a list of names. But a mere list of names does not say anything. (7) Fred Martha Irving Phyllis cannot be used to assert anything, even if Martha or Irving is an abstract
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