and plural forms. · Pronouns belonging to other classes (interrogative, relative, indefinite) do not in general have number contrast · Exceptions: this/these, that/those · in current standard English, only the reflexive forms yourself and yourselves preserve a distinction between singular and plural 5. The English verbal system: basic verb types and their characteristics (main/lexical verbs and helping verbs (primary and modal auxiliaries)); verb forms in finite and non-finite verb phrases (examples!); modals and primary auxiliaries (be, do have): their differences (contribution to the VP, finite and non-finite forms) and similarities (the NICE properties); meanings of the modal verbs: epistemic modality, deontic modality, dynamic modality (examples!); types of main verbs: intransitive verbs(has no object), transitive (monotransitive -A monotransitive verb is a verb that takes two arguments: a subject and a single direct object. For
Therefore the number of unknowns are less, than the number of equations (because the conservation of number of particles requires the density of the perfect fluid ρ = ρ0 (a0 /a(t))3 , see also [1] or you can ask for unpublished Gauss’s theorem in the curved spacetime). Therefore, an unknown X(t, x, y, z) from Dark Matter is needed. This unknown can be the purely the Higgs Field itself [1]. The singularities are the failure of General Relativity, thus the finite Higgs Field (which acts as Dark Energy, Dark Matter) do hold the curvature from divergency [1]. The mathematics of the General Relativity with Higgs Field becomes truly manageable by humans. Gtt /(8π) = −ρ − X(t, x, y, z), Grr = p − X. Let X = −Gtt /(8π) − . Where < ∞. Then Grr − Gtt /(8π) − = p(ρ) = p( ). Then by choosing arbitrary metric non-singular function a(t), one finds the , which is necessarily finite. In case of the collapse of a star (P.S
possessive, demonstrative, quantifier, and numeral. that man Quantifier: some milk, every citizen Numeral: two soldiers, the second birth finite tegusõna A finite clause contains a verb which signals a choice of He lives on his own. (present tense) pöördeline vorm, tense (a tensed verb). It typically has a subject, and can finite be a main or subordinate clause. (cf. Non-finite) gender sugu A grammatical distinction in which words are marked he, him, she, it, his, her
Pessimism vs. Optimism Different approaches to the ‘population-resources’ debate Malthus Task: View figure 13.57 (page 378 of Waugh). Draw the graph and discuss. Malthus believed that there was a finite optimum population in relation to food supply and that an increase beyond that point would lead to a decline in living standards and to war, famine and disease. An increase in the population above the optimum limit would therefore lead to war, famine and disease. A PESSIMISTIC approach Thomas Malthus (1798) proposed his work during the early stages of the industrial revolution when inadequate food and clothing were common features in England.
- ________ () . Use the verb or in the past tense. 1. ... . ... , . 2. ... . ... , . 3. ... . ... , . 4. ... . ... , . 5. ... . ... , . 6. ... , . 7. ... , . 8. , ... , . 9. ? ... . The Me aning o f the Ve rbs o f Mo tio n o f the and g ro ups Ac tual Habitual A mo ve me nt 1. A mo ve me nt taking plac e at pro c e e ding in a de finite time diffe re nt dire c tio ns and pro c e e ding 2. A mo ve me nt the re in a de finite and bac k dire c tio n 3. A c us to mary re pe ate d ac tio n 4. One 's ability o r s kill What words tell us to use the habitual verbs? 1. ....... 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. , .. 4. , , ... 5. , ..... 6. , ..... 7.
answer verification questions about system behaviour – state spaces give counter examples with debugging info – user must not worry about deeper underlying mathematics – disadvantage of state- space explosion) 14.Protocol for state space The running example(– has an infinite number of reachable markings– the state space cannot be calculated– places A, B, C, D can contain an arbitrary number of tokens) To obtain a finite number of reachable markings(– limit tokens to simultaneously reside in places A, B, C, D – add extra place of color set UNIT – the initial marking Limit is the multiset 3‘() ) Simulation can only be used to explore a finite number of executions of the system under consideration. State-space construction continues until no unprocessed nodes remain. Node processing one by one, in some abritrary order.
polluted, leaving less than 1% of the world's freshwater, or about 0.003% of all water on Earth, readily accessible for direct human use. • According to the Global Outlook for Water Resources to the Year 2025, it is estimated that by 2025, more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability and human demand for water will account for 70% of all available freshwater. • Freshwater is the most fundamental finite resource with no substitutes for most uses, yet we are consuming fresh water at least 10 times faster than it is being replenished in regions of northern Africa, the Middle East, India, Pakistan, China, and the U.S.. Species Extinction • Human beings are currently causing the greatest mass extinction of species since the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago at rates 1000 to 10,000 times faster than normal. • The 2012 update of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
The poet prays to the muses to provide him with divine inspiration to tell the story of a great hero. 3. Narrative opens in media res. This means "in the middle of things," usually with the hero at his lowest point. Earlier portions of the story appear later as flashbacks. 4. Catalogs and geneaologies are given. These long lists of objects, places, and people place the finite action of the epic within a broader, universal context. Oftentimes, the poet is also paying homage to the ancestors of audience members. 5. Main characters give extended formal speeches. 6. Use of the epic simile. A standard simile is a comparison using "like" or "as." An epic or Homeric simile is a more involved, ornate comparison, extended in great detail. 7. Heavy use of repetition and stock phrases
Therefore we need Vedas to acquire the perfect knowledge, transcendental knowledge. Vedas give universal and axiomatic wisdom. Universal means applicable at all times, axiomatic- implicitly true. Vedic knowledge is superior to pratyaksha (direct sense perception) and anumana (mental speculation) knowledge. Both of them are defective yet they have their utility with some limitation. They are defective because they are human intelligent based they are finite and fallible. Divine intelligence is infinite and infallible. Beyond this world is transcendental world. The only way to know about transcendental knowledge is through scripture. Vedas ( Krishna) are the only way to know about trans realm. Spiritual world is not possible to perceive with material senses. Therefore we need spiritual perception. It happens through purification and awakening soul's spiritual faculties. But before that it happens through scriptures.
· konstrukti muutmise vajadus · sündmuste kontekst kui ennustus ebarahuldav - täpsustamine kui ennustus rahuldav - laiendamine · emotsionaalne seisund kui näit. ärevus - täpsustamine kui näit. väsimus - laiendamine · personaalne stiil alalhoidlik - täpsustamine riskeeriv - laiendamine Konstruktide olemus 3. Konstrukti Poolused (Dichotomy Corollary) "A person's construct system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs" konstrukt näitab, mille poolest on sündmus sarnane ja mille poolest erinev teistest sündmustest Sündmuse konstrueerimiseks on vaja tajuda: · praegust situatsiooni · sündmust, mis on temaga sarnane (minevikus) · sündmust, mis on temast ja praegusest erinev vastandlikud ja diskreetsed poolused · eksplitsiitne (emergent pole) - sündmuse sarnasus, mille alusel kontrueeritakse sündmus, primaarne
· konstrukti muutmise vajadus · sündmuste kontekst kui ennustus ebarahuldav - täpsustamine kui ennustus rahuldav - laiendamine · emotsionaalne seisund kui näit. ärevus - täpsustamine kui näit. väsimus - laiendamine · personaalne stiil alalhoidlik - täpsustamine riskeeriv - laiendamine Konstruktide olemus 3. Konstrukti Poolused (Dichotomy Corollary) "A person's construct system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs" konstrukt näitab, mille poolest on sündmus sarnane ja mille poolest erinev teistest sündmustest Sündmuse konstrueerimiseks on vaja tajuda: · praegust situatsiooni · sündmust, mis on temaga sarnane (minevikus) · sündmust, mis on temast ja praegusest erinev vastandlikud ja diskreetsed poolused · eksplitsiitne (emergent pole) - sündmuse sarnasus, mille alusel kontrueeritakse sündmus, primaarne
CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing; MBS Multi-Body Simulation; FEM Finite Element Modeling; RP Rapid Prototyping; PDM Product Data Management; CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing; VR Virtual Reality; LEM Lõplike Elementide Meetod; PLM Product Lifecycle Management; CAT Computer Aided Testing; CAPP Computer Aided Process Planning; CAD Computer Aided Design; MRP Material Requirements Planning; CAQ Computer Aided Quality Assurance; CAx Computer Aided anything; ERP
Küsimused MER0050 1. Mida tähendavad lühendid CIM; MBS; FEM; RP; PDM; CIM- Computer Integrated Manufacturing MBS- Multi-Engineering / Multi-Body simulation FEM- Finite Element Modeling RP- Rapid Prototyping PDM- Product Data Management 2. Mida tähendavad lühendid CAM; VR; LEM; PLM; CAT; CAM-Computer Aided Manufacturing VR-Virtual Reality LEM- lõplike elemetide meetod PLM-Product Lifecycle Management CAT-Computer Aided Testing 3. Mida tähendavad lühendid CAPP; NC; CAD; MRP I; CAQ; CAPP-Computer Aided Process Planning NC-tööriistade loomine ja tootmine CAD-Computer Aided Design MRP I- Material Requirements Planning CAQ-Computer Aided Quality Assurance 4
SDRAM Sünkroonne dünaamiline muutmälu ehk SDRAM (inglise Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) on dünaamiline muutmälu (DRAM), mida sünkroniseeritakse süsteemisiiniga. Klassikalisel DRAM-il on asünkroonne liides, mis vastab nii kiiresti kui võimalik igasugustele muutustele juhtsisendites. Erinevalt DRAM-is on SDRAM-il aga sünkroonne liides, mis tähendab seda, et ta ootab taktsignaali ära enne, kui vastab juhtsisenditele. Takti kasutatakse selleks, et juhtida sisemist lõplikku olekumasinat (Finite State Machine ehk FSP), mis omakorda võtab vastu sissetulevaid käske (käsukonveierid). See annab kiibile võimaluse teha palju keerulisemaid operatsioonijuppe, mis soodustab kiiremat tööd. RDRAM RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) – Valmistatud Rambus Inc. Poolt 1990-ndatel DIMM SDRAM'i asenduseks. Seda tüüpi RAM'i võib leida ka kolmes mängukonsoolis: Nintendo 64, Playstation 2 ja Playstation 3 (XDR DRAM). RAM Muutmälu ehk RAM (lühend ingliskeelsetest ...
1. CIM Common Information Model, MBS Multi Body Rakendusvaldkondade keeled; 5.-Tehisintellekti ja interfeisi Simulation, FEM - Finite Element Method, RP Rapid keeled; 6.-Neuronvõrgus 15.Operatsioonisüsteem on Prototyping, PDM - Product Data Management. programm, mis käitub kui vahendaja arvutikasutaja ja riistvara 2.Cam- (computer aided manufacturing; VR- Virtual reality ; vahel. Eesmärgid: -korraldada kasutaja programmide tööd; -teha LEM- Learnable Evolution Model, ;PLM- a computer arvutisüsteemi kasutamine mugavamaks;- organiseerida
Konkreetselt on lambda-arvutuse keel ja teooria funktsionaalsete programmeerimiskeelte aluseks. Loogika progra keel Prolog Prolog-i põhi-idee on nõuda otsitava lahenduse kirjeldamist esimest järku predikaatarvutuse keeles, kusjuures Prolog-i süsteem sisaldab teatud tüüpi automaatset teoreemitõestajat, mis on võimeline lahendust automaatselt otsima ja tuletama. Some properties of an Algorithm Kindlasti: Deterministic: Given the same input, it produces the same output. Finite: It can be described in a finite number of steps Definite: Each step has a clearly defined meaning. Soovitavalt: Correct: It produces correct answers Time Bounded: It eventually stops Fast: it not only stops, but stops quickly Tegeldakse keerukusega peamiselt kahes mõttes: Kiirus ehk aeg (time): kui kiiresti algoritm peatub, kui kiireid algoritme on mingite ülesannete jaoks olemas? Mälukasutus ehk ruum (space): kui palju mälu algoritm kasutab, kui
verbs cannot. For example: She likes it. Does she like it? Not: Likes she it?* Code Avoidance of repetition. For example: I can come and so can John. Not: I can come and so can come John.* Emphatic assertion The nuclear stress is on auxiliaries to mark a finite clause as positive rather than negative. For example: You must come tomorrow. I can come. (You are wrong to think I cannot). Helping verbs do not take ‘-s’ in the the 3rd person. *He cans come.* Helping verbs can’t be used in future or past tenses. *You have will to go.*
philosophers. They try to identify and solve problems in science that they, and apprehended directly by the mind. "Formalists" take an alternative ancient view, perhaps scientists, regard as philosophical. Thus, for example, philosophically nominalism; for them, mathematics must be grounded in more or less visual, finite, and oriented philosophers of science have shed a lot of ink on the so-called " paradox of discriminable entities. "Intutionists" hold that mathematics is a creation of the mind, and the ravens" and, what is worse, the "grue-bleen" problem; while scientifically that there are mathematical assertions that cannot be proven true or false and must be oriented philosophers have emptied their pens on the proper interpretation of regarded as neither. quantum theory
Arvutivõrgud - konspekt 1. Mitmekihiline arhitektuur Rakenduskiht -> Transpordikiht -> Võrgukiht -> Transpordikiht -> Rakenduskiht. Võimaldab lahutada arvutivõrgu ja riistvara konkreetsest rakendusest. Kõik komponendid on iseseisvad, neid saab sõltumatult asendada. Uks kornponent (kiht) ei pea teadma, kuidas teine täpselt töötab. Olulised on ühe kihi poolt teisele pakutavad teenused. Alumine kiht pakub teenust ülemisele kihile (nt. transpordikiht rakenduskihile). Kõige madalam kiht on võrgukiht. Andmevahetus kahe osapoole vahel: Allikas - andmete genereerimine Saatja - teisendab andmed transportimiseks sobivale kujule Edastussüsteem - transpordib signaali ühest kohast teise Vastuvõtja - võtab signaali ja teisendab arusaadavale kujule (ADM - analoog- digitaal muundur) Adressaat - kasutab saadud andmeid Saatja ja vastuvõtja peavad suhtlema samas keeles. Protokoll - reeglistik, mida järgides on kaks osapoolt võimelised suhtlema. K...
properties relevant in cryptography. 3 2. Boolean functions and their representations In the following chapters the vector space of all binary vectors of length n will be denoted as 𝔽𝑛2 . For two vectors 𝑎 = (𝑎1 , … , 𝑎 𝑛 ) and 𝑏 = (𝑏1 , … , 𝑏𝑛 ) in 𝔽𝑛2 we define the scalar product < 𝑎, 𝑏 > = 𝑎 1 𝑏1 ⊕ …⊕ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏𝑛 , where all the operations are over a finite field with two elements 𝔽2 . The logical negation (or complement) of a Boolean function 𝑓 is 𝑓 = 𝑓 ⊕ 1 . Definition 2.1. A Boolean function 𝑓 of 𝑛 variables is a map from 𝔽𝑛2 to 𝔽2 . 𝐹𝑛 will be used to mark the set of all Boolean functions of 𝑛 variables. The value vector of a Boolean function is very important term when describing the function. The weight and the support of a Boolean function refer to the weight and support of its value vector. Definition 2
(B) landmarks (C) marvels (D) ingredients 4. Sustained industrial growth and strong consumer spending must be present in order for an economy to grow. (A) tangible (B) consistent (C) moderate (D) measurable 5. The Sweetwater River was supposedly named by General William Ashley in 1823 because its water tasted sweet to his trappers. (A) presumably (B) oddly (C) aptly (D) predictably LESSON 28 aggravating amusement conceivably convert curative debilitating deplete finite perceive security toxic tranquility trap undeniably underestimated aggravating adj. making worse; annoying n. aggravation Syn. irritating v. aggravate The aggravating delay was caused by road repairs. The shortage of work aggravated the crisis in the small town. amusement n. something that holds interest and is adv. amusingly enjoyable adj. amusing v. amuse Syn
important. In the case of reverse biased voltage, only the small leakage current flows through the diode. This current is independent of the reverse voltage until the breakdown voltage is reached. After that, the diode voltage remains essentially constant while the current increases dramatically.Only the resistance of the external circuit limits the maximum value of current. 8)For power diodes, switching process is the most common operation mode. A power diode requires a finite time interval to switch over from the off-state to the on-state or vice versa. Switching properties are analyzed at a given rate of current change. The most essential data of power switching are the forward voltage overshoot(UF(max)) when a diode turns on and the reverse current peak value(IR(max)) when a diode turns off. If Ploss=0, the efficiency is approx. Equial to 25% 50% 75% 100% What are the sources of current
Sardsüsteem: Piiratud väljendusvõime, mis põhineb hästi (suspended) kuni teise täitmine jõuab mingi Genereeritud C programmid ei ole alati valitud punktini efektiivsed arvutusmudelil: 38 Ei sobi hajusrakendustele · Peavad olema efektiivsed · Spetsifitseerida saab ainult valitud süsteeme Kontrolli-põhine sünkroniseerimine Ei ole programmilisi konstruktsioone Loodud mingi spetsiifilise ülesande jaoks. · Formaalne analüüs on võimalik Andmete põhine sünkroniseerimine Ei või...
Selle loomisel arvestatakse ainult ühesuunaliste ühendustega ja selle aadress on hierarhiline. See sõltub võrgust, kuhu arvuti on ühendatud. ARP Adress resolution protocol. Igal IP sõlmel LANis on ARPi Ühendusele orienteeritud andmeedastusteenus: eesmärgiks on: andmete transportimine lõppsüsteemide vahel. ,,handshaking" valmistada graafiliseks kujutamiseks kasutatakse lõplikke automaate (fsm finite state machines). Rdt 1.0 töökindel andmeedastus üle töökindla tabel. Tabelis on IP/MAC aadresside vastandus LANi sõlmedega. {IP aadress, MACi aadress, TTL (time to live- aeg, peale mida ette andmete transportimiseks. TCP (transmission control protocol) see on usaldusväärne, andmed kantakse edasi järjekorras, kui midagi kanali. Ei ole paketivigu ega bittide kadumaminemist. Saatja saadab paketi kanalisse ja vastuvõtja saab selle kätte. Rdt 2
STRATEEGIA VALIKU NELI TEGURIT: Konstrukti muutmise vajadus. Sündmuse kontekst. Täpsustamine – kui ennustus ebarahuldav. Laiendamine – kui ennustus rahuldav. Emotsionaalne seisund. Täpsustamine – ärevus. Laiendamine – väsimus. Personaalne stiil. Täpsustamine – alalhoidlik. Laiendamine – riskeeriv. III KONSTRUKTI POOLUSED (DICHOTOMY COROLLARY): „A person´s construct system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs.“ Konstrukt näitab, mille poolest on sündmus sarnane ja mille poolest erinev teistest sündmustest. Sündmuse konstrueerimiseks on vaja tajuda: - praegust situatsiooni. - sündmust, mis on temaga sarnane (minevikus) - sündmust, mis on temast ja praegusest erinev. VASTANDLIKUD JA DISKREETSED POOLUSED: Eksplitsiitne (emergent pole) – sündmuse sarnasus, mille alusel konstrueeritakse sündmus, primaarne.
Tallinn 2013 Ott Speek Subject: English Geodesy Study group: GI-21b PETROLEUM PRESENTATION Petroleum (L. petroleum, from Greek: Πέτρα (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil) is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, it is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and undergo intense heat and pressure. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of porosity and perme...
Eksamiteemad aines ARVUTIVÕRGUD ISP0040/ISP0041 kevad 2011 1. Üldine kommunikatsiooni mudel allikas saatja - keskkond- vastuvõtja sihtkoht ..ehk.. arvuti modem kaabel modem arvuti 2. Kommunikatsioonisüsteemi ülesanded -signaalide genereerimine -kasutajaliidesed (HTTP ,Telnet ,FTP ) -sünkroniseerimine -vigade avastamine ja parandamine (kontrollsummad) -voo juhtimine ( liikuv aken ,tagasiside ACK, NAK) -adresseerimine (IP , MAC) -marsruutimine (virtuaalkanalid , distantsvektor ,link state) -pakettide formeerimine -turvalisus (võtmed ,algoritmid , krüptograafia) -võrgu haldus (SNMP) 3. Mitmekihiline arhitektuur postisüsteemi näite baasil + Rakenduskiht -> Transpordikiht -> Võrgukiht -> Transpordikiht -> Rakenduskiht. Võimaldab lahutada arvutivõrgu ja riistvara konkreetsest rakendusest. Kõik komponendid on iseseisvad, neid saab sõltumatult asendada. Üks komponent (kiht) ei pea teadma, kuidas teine täpselt töötab. Olulised...
1. Mitmekihiline arhitektuur 2. OSI mudel 3. TCP/IP mudel 4. Ahelkommutatsioon, pakettkommutatsioon, sõnumi kommutatsioon 5. Multipleksimine 6. Datagramm võrgud, virtuaalahelatega võrgud 7. Edastusmeedia 8. Ajalised viited võrkudes 9. Mida erinevad rakendused nõuavad võrkudelt 10. HTTP 11. FTP 12. Elektronpost, SMTP 13. DNS 14. Usaldatav andmeedastus 15. Go-back-n, selective-repeat 16. TCP 17. TCP voo juhtimine 18. TCP koormuse juhtimine 19. UDP 20. Marsuutimine 21. Hierarhiline marsruutimine 22. Marsruutimisalgoritmid 23. Marsruutimisprotokollid 24. Marsruuterid 25. Ipv4 ja Ipv6 26. Datagrammide edastus läbi võrkude 27. Vigade avastamine ja parandamine 28. Lokaalvõrgud, topoloogiad 29. ALOHA, CSMA/CD, CSMACA 30. Ethernet 31. Token ring, token bus 32. ARP 33. Sillad, jaoturid, kommutaatorid 34. HDLC, PPP, LLC 35. ATM 36. Võrkude turvalisus 37. Sümmeetrilise võtme krüptograafia, DES 38. Avaliku võtme krüptograafia, RSA 39. Autentimine 40...
Teisendame siinuseks, kanname üle nt amplituud 1000, kestus 5 diskr.perioodi, faas 0. Iga arvu paneme kirja 10 bitiga.´, st kokku 30 bitti, mitte ei lähe 60 ega 300 Mbit. Mingi osa lõhutakse väiksemateks osadeks: tehakse koosinusteisendus igal ruudul. Toores pilt – 512 bit. Tav ühes otsas (punased) suured nr, teises väikesed. Üle kanname ainult piisavalt suured nr, nt 4 ruudukest ainult, 32 bit. DCT – A discrete cosine transform (DCT) expresses a finite sequence of data points in terms of a sum of cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies. DCTs are important to numerous applications in science and engineering, from lossy compression of audio (e.g. MP3) and images (e.g. JPEG) (where small high-frequency components can be discarded), to spectral methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. The use of cosine rather than sine functions is
mobile phone. GSM uses TDMA technology in the radio interface to share a single frequency between several users, assigning sequential timeslots to the individual users sharing a frequency. Each user transmits periodically for less than one-eighth of the time within one of the eight timeslots. Since the users are at various distances from the base station and radio waves travel at the finite speed of light, the precise arrival-time within the slot can be used by the base station to determine the distance to the mobile phone. The time at which the phone is allowed to transmit a burst of traffic within a timeslot must be adjusted accordingly to prevent collisions with adjacent users. Timing Advance (TA) is the variable controlling this adjustment. 13. Liiklus ja Erlang (E) ühik
But the complexity of Earth and its life systems can never be safely managed. The ecology of the top inch of topsoil is still largely unknown, as is its relationship to the larger systems of the biosphere. What might be managed is us: human desires, economies, politics, and communities. But our attention is caught by those things that avoid the hard choices implied by politics, morality, ethics, and common sense. It makes far better sense to reshape ourselves to fit a finite planet than to attempt to reshape the planet to fit our infinite wants. A third myth is that knowledge is increasing and by implication human goodness. There is an information explosion going on, by which I mean a rapid increase of data, words, and paper. But this explosion should not be taken for an increase in knowledge and wisdom, which cannot so easily by measured. What can be said truthfully is that some knowledge is increasing while other kinds of knowledge are being lost
==> Süsteem peab olema võimeline töötama ka juhul, kui osa andmeid läheb kaduma, või tekivad andmete saatmisel mõned bitivead. Ebausaldusväärse kanali omadused määravad töökindla protokolli (rdt reliable data transfer) keerukuse. /// ==>Rdt mudel aste astmelt luuakse saatja ja vastuvõtja vahel turvaline andmeedastussüsteem. Selle loomisel arvestatakse ainult ühesuunaliste ühendustega ja selle graafiliseks kujutamiseks kasutatakse lõplikke automaate (fsm finite state machines). /// ==> Rdt 1.0 töökindel andmeedastus üle töökindla kanali. Ei ole paketivigu ega bittide kadumaminemist. Saatja saadab paketi kanalisse ja vastuvõtja saab selle kätte. JOONIS 1 ==> Rdt 2.0 kanal bitivigadega. UDP protokolli puhul kasutatakse kontrollsummat, et moondunud bitte kindlaks teha Vastuvõtja peab saatma saatjale kinnituse kui pakett on vigadeta kohale tulnud (ack) või kui pakett on vigane (nack). Kui ack-i antud paketi kohta ei
==> Süsteem peab olema võimeline töötama ka juhul, kui osa andmeid läheb kaduma, või tekivad andmete saatmisel mõned bitivead. Ebausaldusväärse kanali omadused määravad töökindla protokolli (rdt – reliable data transfer) keerukuse. /// ==>Rdt mudel – aste astmelt luuakse saatja ja vastuvõtja vahel turvaline andmeedastussüsteem. Selle loomisel arvestatakse ainult ühesuunaliste ühendustega ja selle graafiliseks kujutamiseks kasutatakse lõplikke automaate (fsm – finite state machines). /// ==> Rdt 1.0 – töökindel andmeedastus üle töökindla kanali. Ei ole paketivigu ega bittide kadumaminemist. Saatja saadab paketi kanalisse ja vastuvõtja saab selle kätte. JOONIS 1 ==> Rdt 2.0 – kanal bitivigadega. UDP protokolli puhul kasutatakse kontrollsummat, et moondunud bitte kindlaks teha Vastuvõtja peab saatma saatjale kinnituse kui pakett on vigadeta kohale tulnud (ack) või kui pakett on vigane (nack)
NB! Konspektis pole peaaegu ühtegi joonist. Eksamil võivad olla joonised vajalikud. 1. Üldine kommunikatsiooni mudel Üldises kommunikatsiooni mudelis on alati kaks poolt saatja ja vastuvõtja. Terves süsteemis on meil sisuliselt viis osa: 1)allikas, mis genereerib andmeid 2)saatja, mis teisendab andmed transportimiseks sobivale kujule 3)edasustusüsteem, mis transpordib signaalid ühest kohast teise 4)vastuvõtja, mis võtab signaali ja teisendab selle jälle adressaadi jaoks sobivale kujule 5)adressaat, kellele need allika poolt saadetud andmed on mõeldud kasutamiseks 2. Kommunikatsioonisüsteemi ülesanded Kommunikatsioonisüsteemi ülesanded on: 1)Edastussüsteemi kasulikkus seisneb selles, et teha transport saatja ja vastuvõtja vahel nii efektiivseks kui võimalik. 2)Liidestamine - kommunikatsiooni tagamine saatja/vastuvõtja ja edastussüsteemi vahel läbi liideste. 3)Signaali genereerimine kommunikatsiooni tagamiseks peavad signaalide om...
Ebausaldusväärse kanali omadused määravad töökindla protokolli (rdt – reliable data transfer) keerukuse. Rdt mudel – aste astmelt luuakse saatja ja vastuvõtja vahel turvaline andmeedastussüsteem. Selle loomisel arvestatakse ainult ühesuunaliste ühendustega ja selle graafiliseks kujutamiseks kasutatakse lõplikke automaate (FSM – finite state machines). Rdt 1.0 – suhteliselt triviaalne, sest eeldame, et alumise kihi andmeedastus on töökindel s.t bitte ei lähe kaduma, pakette ei lähe kaduma. Saatjal ja vastuvõtjal on erinevad lõplikud automaadid: Rakenduselt tulevad andmed. Saatja saadab andmeid alumisele kihile, vastuvõtja võtab vastu andmeid alumiselt kihilt. Rdt 2.0 – realistlikum, sest alumise kihi andmeedastamisel ja vastuvõtmisel võib andmeid kaotsi minna.
1. Üldine kommunikatsioonimudel Sõnumi allikas->saatja(allikast info)->edastussüsteem->vastuvõtja->sihtjaam [üheks näiteks võiks olla: Arvuti->modem->ÜKTV->modem->arvuti] sisendinfoAllikas(sisendandmed g(t))->edastaja e. transmitter(edasi saadetud signaal s(t))->edastussüsteem(saadud signaal r(t))->vastuvõtja(väljund andmed g'(t))- >lõppunkti saaväljund informatsioon m' 2. Kommunikatsioonisüsteemi ülesanne • mõistlik kasutamine/koormamine • liidestus(kokku ühendamine. Ntx: võrk+võrk, arvuti+võrk) • Signaalide genereerimine(edastamine)(signaalide ühest süsteemist teise üleviimine) • Sünkroniseerimine [andmeedastuse algust(saatja) ja lõppu(vastuvõtjat)] • Andmeside haldamine • Vigade avastamine ja parandamine(näiteks side mürarikkas keskkonnas) • Voojuhtimine (vastuvõtja saab pakette vastu võtta kindla kiirusega->on vaja ...
theorie (historiografie was history is recorded/metafiction fiction about fiction). The recordgin of historical facts and fictions. The techniques have narrative quality. It's a literary genre that denies the traditional reliability concept of history but at the same time attempts to reclaim historical sigunificants. An important feature is blurring the line between history and fiction. To sho that history is neither absolute nor finite. And again in accordance to post- modernism it all depends on the point of view, there can be many histories. A writer who represents this genre better than anyone is E.Z Doctorow (1931-). The period is know for it's anarchist attacts. They installed bombs and tried to organise 'terrorists acts'. The real events contribute to the novel. But the title 'Ragtime' is not only about the content but also about the form. It's a caleidoscopic picture accomapnied by the vibes of ragtime
Figure 2.10 Sample and hold. 28 Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors version starts, and switched back to sample mode after the conversion is complete. In a perfect world, the hold capacitor would have no leakage and the buffer amplifier would have infinite input impedance, so the output would remain stable forever. In the real world, the hold capacitor will leak and the buffer amplifier input impedance is finite, so the output level will slowly drift down toward ground as the capacitor discharges. The ability of an S/H to maintain the output in hold mode is dependent on the quality of the hold capacitor, the characteristics of the buffer ampli- fier (primarily input impedance), and the quality of the sample/hold switch (real electronic switches have some leakage when open). The amount of drift exhibited by the output when in hold mode is called the droop rate, and is spec-
or of Chinese or of Kwakiutl--that specified the particular meanings of that language's sentences taken one by one. What form might such a theory take? Davidson offers and motivates sev- eral guidelines and constraints. The first is this: Since there seems to be no clear limit to the number of meaningful expressions, a workable theory must account for the meaning of each expression on the basis of the patterned exhibition of a finite number of features. But even if there were a practical constraint on the length of the sentences a person can send and receive with understanding, a satis- factory semantics would need to explain the contribution of repeatable features to the meanings of sentences in which they occur. (Davidson 1970/1975: 18) Here he is appealing to our ability to understand long novel sentences, and
FFT Fast Fourier Transform + Final Form Text [IBM] FG Floating Gate FGREP Fixed Global Regular Expression Print [Unix] FHS Fan Heat-Sink FHSS Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum FIA File Integrity Assessment FIB Forwarding Information Base FIF Fractal Image Format FIFO First-In, First-Out FILO First-In, Last-Out FINDSTR Find Strings FIOS (FiOS) Fiber Optic Services [Verizon] FIP File Processor Buffering FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard FIR Fast Infrared + Finite Impulse Response .FIRM Business or Firm (Domain Name) [Internet] FIRST Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams FITS Flexible Image Transport System FIU Fingerprint Identification Unit [Sony] FIX Federal Internet Exchange FK Foreign Key FLA Four Letter Acronym FLC Ferro-electric Liquid Crystal FLD Field FLIR Forward Looking Infrared (system) FLL FoxPro Link Library [Microsoft Fox Pro] FLOPS Floating Point Operations Per Second .FLR Folder (file name extension)
"Directives provide guidance according to which output is to be produced or assessed. Examples are assignments, design criteria, and specifications. Prerequisite work is the substrate on which work is done or to which work is added. Examples include materials, whether ,,raw or work-in-process, information that is input to a calculation or decision, etc. Resources are either labour, instruments of labour, or conditions in which labour is exercised. Resources can bear load and have finite capacities. Consequently, labour, tools, equipment, and space are resources." (Ballard G,. Tommelein I., Koskela L., and Howell G. 2002) Koskela and Ballard might have a slightly different understanding of flows, but the aim is the same reduced variability in these flows is a key to better projects. Glenn Ballard and Gregory Howell noted in their research in the early 90s that only 54 % of planned tasks are completed weekly. Thus, they
horrible like 1=2. 2.Mathematics is complete. Roughly this means that every true mathematical assertion can be proven i.e. every mathematical assertion can either be proven or disproven. 3.Mathematics is decidable. This means that for every type of mathematical problem there is an algorithm that, in theory at least, can be mechanically followed to give a solution. We say “in theory” because following the algorithm might take a million years and still be finite ITK 2007, Kalev Pihl Sissejuhatus informaatikasse 3 Algoritmide omadusi •Algoritmid on kindlasti: .Determineeritud: sisendi peale tekitatakse väljund .Lõplik: koosneb lõplikust hulgast sammudest .Määratud: igal sammul on selge eesmärk •Algoritmid võiksid olla: .Korrektsed: annavad õige vastuse .Ajaliselt piiratud: lõpetavad tegevuse kunagi .Kiired: peatuvad kiiresti ITK 2007, Kalev Pihl Sissejuhatus informaatikasse 4 Algoritmide uurimine
The methods of cryptography are mathematical. "It would not be an exaggeration to state that abstract cryptography is identical with abstract mathematics," declared Dr. A. Adrian Albert. Maurits de Vries, a Dutch statistician and theoretician of cryptology, wrote of cryptography: "The transformations are generally of a simple mathematical nature. E.g. permutations in the set of primary elements (the alphabet); coordinate transformations of lattice points; addition and subtraction in finite rings; linear algebraic transformations. ... A simple example of such a secrecy- transformation is: y = ax + b, where x represents a letter of the message; y is the resulting letter of the cryptogram; a and b denote constants which determine this particular transformation. Calculations with the letters are easily carried out after defining a suitable algebra." Thus the operations and results of cryptography are as universally and eternally true as those of mathematics
handicapped. I was still stunned. "Why?" "Well, I was planning to go to Seattle in the next few weeks, and, to be honest, I'm not sure if your truck can make it." "My truck works just fine, thank you very much for your concern." I started to walk again, but I was too surprised to maintain the same level of anger. "But can your truck make it there on one tank of gas?" He matched my pace again. "I don't see how that is any of your business." Stupid, shiny Volvo owner. "The wasting of finite resources is everyone's business." "Honestly, Edward." I felt a thrill go through me as I said his name, and I hated it. "I can't keep up with you. I thought you didn't want to be my friend." "I said it would be better if we weren't friends, not that I didn't want to be." "Oh, thanks, now that's all cleared up." Heavy sarcasm. I realized I had stopped walking again. We were under the shelter of the cafeteria roof now, so I could more easily look at his face. Which certainly
If you purchase any supplement from a link in this book, an affiliate commission is sent directly to the nonprofit DonorsChoose.org, which helps public schools in the United States. 5. Philosopher Nassim N. Taleb noted an important difference between language and biology that I'd like to underscore: the former is largely known and the latter is largely unknown. Thus, our 2.5% is not 2.5% of a perfect finite body of knowledge, but the most empirically valuable 2.5% of what we know now. FUNDAMENTALS-- FIRST AND FOREMOST THE MINIMUM EFFECTIVE DOSE From Microwaves to Fat-Loss Perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. --Antoine de Saint-Exupéry A rthur Jones was a precocious young child and particularly fond of crocodiles.
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