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Pessimism vs optimism (0)

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Pessimism
vs.
Optimism
Different  approaches to the 
‘population-resources’ debate
Malthus
Ta
T sk: View  figure  13.57 (page 378 of 
Wa
W ugh). Draw the  graph  and  discuss .
Malthus believed that  there  was a finite 
optimum  population in relation to food 
supply  and that an  increase   beyond  that 
point would  lead  to a decline in  living  
standards and to war,  famine  and  disease .
 An increase in the population above the 
optimum  limit  would  therefore  lead to war, 
ar
famine and disease.
PESSIMISTIC  approach
  Thomas  Malthus (1798) proposed his 
work   during  the  early  stages of the 
industrial  revolution when inadequate 
food and  clothing  were common features 
in  England .
 His argument was that population 
increases  (geometrically) or at an 
exponential rate if unchecked i.e. 1-2-4-8-
16-32 etc
 Food supply at  best  increases at an 
arithmetic rate i.e.1-2-3-4-5-6 etc
PESSIMISTIC approach
 Malthus suggested that a rise in 
population, however small, would  mean  
that eventually population  growth  
exceeded increases in food supply and 
that yields from a given  field  could not 
go on increasing forever and that the 
land   available  is finite.
 He believed the population- resource  
balance  was maintained by various 
checks’:
Negative (preventative) checks are methods of limiting 
population growth:e.g. celibacy, delaying  marriage  which 
lower  fertility rates
He noted that there was a correlation  between   wheat  
prices and marriage rates i.e. wheat price increases 
marriage rates decrease (C18th)

Positive checks (decrease in population size  due to): famine, 
war,  diseases  i.e. anything which increases  mortality  and 
decreases life expectancy.
y
Carrying capacities can relate  to ecosystems and  humans .
Rapid  economic growth can impede economic  development  
by exacerbating  social  and economic problems.
Study  the graphs on page 379 and summarise the  points  
made relating to links between population growth and levels of 
economic development.
Checks  fall  into three categories;
1.  Misery -(Shorten LE)
2.  Vice -Warned against the dangers of practicing 
family planning  which may lead to promiscuity
3. Moral restraint-Advised this e.g. delayed 
marriage and limit sexual  partners .
This viewpoint also  states  that available  technology  
to cultivate further would lead to  soil  erosion and 
a general decline in food  production  and the law 
of diminishing returns whereby with  higher  levels 
of technology only a small increase in yields 
would  occur .
Criticisms to the theory
•Too simplistic
•Ignores the  fact  that only the  poor  go hungry 
(marxist viewpoint) and that it purely  results from 
the poor distribution of resources.
•Malthus did not see the  changes  in farming 
technology.
e.g. 10,000 sq meters (one hectare) or the size of a 
football  pitch  can  feed  1000 people for a  year  (or 
enough tom feed the world)
This is backed up by the fact that in 1992 EU 
surpluses reached 26 million tonnes.
Task : Brainstorm the new  technological  innovations 
that have helped to improve food supply.
An OPTIMISTIC approach 
( Alternative  theory)
  Ester   Boserup  (1965) suggested that an 
increase in population would stimulate 
technologists to increase food 
production.
 It followed that a rise in population will 
increase demand for food and therefore 
act as an  incentive  to modify technology 
to produce more food.  In  other  words, 
“Necessity is the  mother  of invention”.
 As population increases  agriculture  
moves into higher stages of intensity 
with new methods.
An OPTIMISTIC approach
 Followers of Boserup argue that food 
production is much more optimistic 
than  that of a Malthusian, as she 
claims that food supplies will stay 
ahead  of population growth.
 Innovations  such  as the Green  
Revolution’ introduced HYVs to 
LEDCs who witnessed increased 
yields from  these  processes allowing 
more people to be fed.
Limitations of Boserups theory
  Based  on closed communities, which apart 
from the  globe , is not the  case  as  migration  
occurs.
 Therefore difficult to test these ideas as 
migration occurs in  areas  of over-
over population to 
relieve population pressure, which according to 
Boserups’s theory leads to technological 
innovation.
 Also Over-p
ver opulation can lead to unsustainable 
farming practices which may degrade the land 
e.g. desertification in the  Sahel .
In addition-The  Club  of Rome (Scientists and 
Administrators): Predicted in 1972 through the use 
of computer models, that if the then  present trends  
in Population growth and resource utilization 
continued, then a sudden decline in economic 
growth would occur  within  the next century.
There is a need for a  global  equilibrium to  include  
stabilization of population growth, use of resources, 
industrial growth and economic development with 
an emphasis on food production and  conservation .
Research more about the Club of Rome’s 
predictions and environmental awareness 
campaign.
Ta
T s
a ks
 Write a paragraph (82-83PRD) 
stating how the Mauritius case study 
supports Boserup’s theory
  Write a paragraph explaining why 
Ethiopia supports the Neo-Malthusian 
perspective
 Summarise the points made by Paul 
Erhlick (Neo-Malthusian viewpoint) 
and write a side regarding his  views .

Document Outline

  • Pessimism vs. Optimism
  • Malthus
  • A PESSIMISTIC approach
  • Slide 4
  • Slide 5
  • Slide 6
  • Criticisms to the theory
  • An OPTIMISTIC approach (Alternative theory)
  • An OPTIMISTIC approach
  • Limitations of Boserups theory
  • Slide 11
  • Tasks
Vasakule Paremale
Pessimism vs optimism #1 Pessimism vs optimism #2 Pessimism vs optimism #3 Pessimism vs optimism #4 Pessimism vs optimism #5 Pessimism vs optimism #6 Pessimism vs optimism #7 Pessimism vs optimism #8 Pessimism vs optimism #9 Pessimism vs optimism #10 Pessimism vs optimism #11 Pessimism vs optimism #12
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Pessimismi ja optimismi võrdlus. Shopenhauseri filosoofia.

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