Inglise keele riigieksami kirjutamise spikker / suur kokkuvõte (0)

Riigieksami  teiseks ülesandeks on kas essee või aruandekirjutamine; nõutud pikkuseks on 200 (+/- 10%) sõna.  Esseed  ja aruannet hinnatakse neljast  kriteeriumist  lähtuvalt: ülesandetäitmise täpsus, teksti korrastatus, sõnavara ja grammatika.
 
Essee ( Essay ) teemad on õppekava teemade põhjal sõnastatudarvamused või väited, mis puudutavad kaasaegset maailma janõuavad seisukohavõtmist antud küsimuses. Essee pikkus onneli kuni viis lõiku. Esimene lõik moodustab sissejuhatuse, kusesimene lause peaks tõmbama lugeja tähelepanu (hook) ningpaar järgmist lauset peaksid viima sealt essee põhiväiteni (thesis statement ). Kaks kuni kolm lõiku peaksid nüüd põhiväidetavama. Igas lõigus esitatakse esimeses lauses väide (topic sentence) ja tõestatakse/toetatakse seda siis näidete, arvude võitsitaadiga (supporting evidence ). Oluline on, et igas lõigusräägitakse ainult ühel teemal, ega hüpata ühelt argumendiltteisele. Viimane lõik moodustab kokkuvõtte ja peaks esimeseslauses võtma eelpooltoodud arutluse kokku ning seejärel lisamasellest tuleneva lõpumärkuse.
Expressing opinions
Introduction
State the topic and your own opinion clearly without using too many personal opinion words
Main body  (para. 2 - 4)
Give the first , second and third argument and examples or reasons to support your opinion
Conclusion
Re-state your opinion, using different words
Useful language
To list points  – firstly, in the first place , first of all, to start with, secondly, thirdly, finally , last but not least
To add more points to the same topic – what is more, furthermore , also, apart from this, in addition to, moreover , besides, too, not to mention the fact that, another major reason
To introduce conflicting viewpoints – a lot of people believe/think, many people are in favour of/against,  peopleoften claim that, it is popularly believed that,  it is argued that, people argue that, opponents of this view say, however there are people/those who oppose, contrary to popular belief
To express personal opinion – in my opinion/view, to my mind, personally I believe, it strikes me that, I feel very strongly that, I am inclined to believe that, it seems to me that, as far as I am concerned
To conclude – finally, lastly, all in all, taking everything into account, on the whole , all things considered, in conclusion, as I have said, as was previously stated, to sum up
 
Additional linking words
To refer to other sources – according to, with reference to
To express cause  – because of, owing to, due to, for this reason
To express effect – therefore , thus, as a result , consequently, so, as a consequence
To emphasize what you say – clearly, obviously, of course , needless to say, in particular
To express reality  – in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, in practice , the fact of the matter is that
To express difference between appearance and reality – on the face of it, at first sight , apparently
To express balance – while , on the one hand , on the other hand, whereas
To give examples – for example, for instance
To make general statements – as a rule , generally, in general, as a general rule, on the whole
To make partly correct statements – up to a point, to a certain extent, to some extent, in a way, in a sense
To express limit of knowledge – to the best of my knowledge, for all I know , as far as I know
To rephrase – that is to say, in other words
To bring up other points or aspects – as far as … is concerned, regarding, with regard to, as for
To imply that nothing else needs to be said – anyway, at any rate , in any case
Accepting the situation – as it is, under the circumstances, things being as they are
 
Giving advantages and disadvantages
Introduction
State the topic
Main body
Para.2. Advantages and statements to support your point of view
Para. 3. Disadvantages and statements to support your point of view
Conclusion
Give a balanced summary of the topic
Useful language
To list points – firstly, in the first place, first of all, to start with, secondly, thirdly, finally, last but not least, the first/the greatest /the main/one major advantage/disadvantage of…,  another/a further disadvantage of …, one point/argument infavour of/against
To add more points to the same topic – what is more, furthermore, also, apart from this, in addition to, moreover, besides, too, not to mention the fact that
To make contrasting points – although , yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, but, while, despite, even if, even though, at the same time, it can be argued that, one can argue that
To conclude – finally, lastly, all in all, taking everything into account, on the whole, all things considered, in conclusion, as I have said, as was previously stated, to sum up
 
 
Expressing arguments for and against a topic
Introduction
Introduce the subject of the essay. State why it is an important issue at the present time
Main body
Para.2. Give the arguments in favour of the statement, examples and justifications
Para.3. Give the arguments against the statement, examples and justifications
Conclusion
Conclude by giving a well-balanced consideration
Providing solutions to problems
Introduction
State the problem, the main reasons for the problem and that there are several solutions to it
Main body
Para.2. Your first suggestion and why it would be a good idea
Para. 3 Your second suggestion and why it would be a good idea
Conclusion
Conclude the essay by summarizing your opinion – give your final suggestion and explain why it would be the best idea
 
Aruande ( Report ) lähteülesandes on tavaliselt esitatudmingisuguse uurimuse või küsitluse tulemused graafiku võidiagrammina. Tulemused tuleb nüüd esitada tekstina ja analüüsilõpus anda aruande  saajale  soovitus tegutsemiseks.Lähteülesanne määratleb kirjutaja staatuse, aruande adressaadija aruande kirjutamise põhjuse. Tekst peaks samuti koosnemaneljast kuni viiest lõigust. Esimene lõik on sissejuhatus, misütleb, mis eesmärgil aruanne on kirjutatud, kes on kirjutaja(tema staatus) ja millisel  informatsioonil  aruanne põhineb.Järgmised kaks kuni kolm lõiku räägivad peamistest aruandepunktidest. Need lõigud võivad kuid ei pruugi omadaalapealkirja. Küll aga peab igas lõigus esitatud põhiväide olematoetatud graafikus või diagrammis esitatud  andmetega . Viimanelõik on kokkuvõte, mis summeerib esitatud punktid ja annabsoovituse adressaadile selle kohta, milliseid  samme  antudinformatsioonile tuginedes oleks mõistlik astuda. Kõik see, mispuudutab lõigu ühtsust, millest ülalpool essee puhul juba juttuoli, kehtib muidugi ka siin.
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Survey report
To:
From:
Date :
Subject:​
Introduction
State purpose and content of your report or summarise the most important results of the survey, state a source
Development  (para. 2-4)
Summarise your information under suitable subheadings
Conclusion/ recommendation
Make recommendations/suggestions or end with a general conclusion
Useful language
To introduce: the purpose/aim of this report is to describe /analyse/assess…, the report is based on…,  as requested , this report was written/carried out to…
To express proportions: One in three, eight out of ten, 15 per cent , the majority , a minority, a large proportion, a significant number, a small number, by far the largest proportion, one third, a quarter
To introduce generalizations: this suggests/implies/indicates/demonstrates that
To introduce the facts: this is illustrated/demonstrated/indicated/shown by the fact that
To generalize: as a rule, generally, on the whole, as a general rule
To refer to a fact: the fact is that, in fact, in practice, as one might expect
To introduce other people´s opinions: many people consider , some people argue/believe /claim that
To conclude/summarise: in conclusion, on the whole, all things considered, to sum up
Assessing good and bad points
Introduction
State purpose and source of your report
Development (para. 2-4)
Summarise each point giving both positive and negative aspects
Conclusion/recommendation
General assessment and recommendation
Useful language
To introduce: the purpose/aim of this report is to assess/analyse/describe…, the report is based on…
To express reality: in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, in practice
To make contrasting points: although, yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite the fact that, while, on the other hand
To list points: firstly/to begin with/in the first place, secondly/ furthermore/also/moreover/in addition
To add emphasis : especially, in particular, particularly, more importantly
To conclude/summarise: taking everything into account, all things considered, to sum up
To make recommendations: I would recommend/suggest …, one solution /recommendation would be to…, it would be a good idea to…
To express cause and result: by doing this, we could …, doing this would solve the problem, in order to, so that, this would mean that, as a result, this way
General outline for letters :
Salutation  - ​Paragraph 1 - ​​Paragraphs 2, 3 - ​    Final paragraph -      ​ Name​​​​
Dear …​       ​Reason for writing                   development​     closing remarks ​​ Yours …​​
Ametlik kiri, kui saaja nimi on teada
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​2nd August, 2011
 
Dear Mr Smith,
------------------------------------------------
Yours sincerely,
Mary Stevens
 
Ametlik kiri, kui saaja nimi ei ole teada​​
​​​​​5th September, 2011
 
Dear Sir/ Madam ,
-----------------------------------------------
Yours faithfully,
James Robbins
 
Linking words to list points: also, furthermore, in addition, moreover
To make questions : I would like to know if, I would be grateful if you could, do you have any idea, I wonder, could you suggest, I would be interested to know, could you please tell me, would you please specify, could you please inform me
 
 
Application for a job
Opening: I am writing in response to your advertisement in....for.... I am very interested in applying for this position ,  I am writing with regard to your advertisement for.., I am writing with reference to your advertisement in…, I would like to apply for the post/job/position of… which I saw advertised in…
Closing:  I hope you will consider me for the job, I look forward to hearing from you as soon as possible, I would be available for an interview at any time, I attach my CV and a reference letter from…, I look forward to meeting you to discuss the possibility of employment, thanking you in advance
 
Letter of inquiry ( Asking for information)
Opening: I am writing to inquire about, could you possibly send me further details about, may I request information about, I would like to enquire exactly
Closing: I would appreciate it if you could inform me as soon as possible, I look forward to receiving your answer , it would be of great help if you could send me the details
 
Giving information
Opening: I am writing to inform you about, in reply to your query
Closing: I hope that I have been of some help to you, I trust that this is the information you require , please inform me if I can be of any further assistance
​​​​​​​​​​​​​
Letters of invitation
Par.1 – opening remarks
Par.2 – details about the event
Par.3 – closing remarks (ask person to let you know if he can come , express hope to see him)
Opening: I am writing to invite you to, you are invited to attend
Closing: We would be grateful if you could come, we hope to see you
 
Accepting an invitation
Par.1 – opening remarks, thanks for invitation
Par.2 – accept invitation, make comments about the event, ask questions, offer to help
Par.3 – closing remarks, thank person again
Opening: I was delighted to receive your letter, I would be glad to attend, I am writing to accept your kind invitation
Closing: I look forward to seeing you
 
Refusing an invitation
Par.1 – opening remarks, thanks for invitation
Par.2 – refuse invitation, giving reasons
Par.3 – closing remarks , thank person again
Opening: It will be impossible for me to attend, I am afraid I  have to refuse due to…
Closing: I am sorry to miss the opportunity of
 
Letters of apology
Par.1  - reason for the apology
Par.2 -  reasons to explain the inconvenience caused
Par.3 –  apologise  again, promise to make up for the situation
Opening: I am writing to apologise for, I must apologise for, please accept my sincere apologies for
Closing: I hope you will accept my apologies, I hope my apologies were received
 
 
 
Letters of complaint
Par.1 – reason for writing
Par.2 –complaints with justification
Par.3 – closing remarks
Opening: ( mild ) I am writing to complain about/on the subject of/regarding/because of.., I am writing to draw your attention to, I had been led to believe, your …is unacceptable
Closing: (mild) I hope/assume you will replace , I trust the situation will improve , I hope the matter will be resolved
Opening: ( strong ) I want to express my strong dissatisfaction with
Closing: I fully insist you replace the item at once , I demand a full refund
 
Letters asking for advice
Par.1 – opening remarks, state the problem
Par.2 – describe the problem in detail and how it affects you
Par.3 – ask for help/advice, closing remarks
Opening: I am writing to ask for your advice, could you possibly offer your advice, I would be grateful if you could offer your advice, could you please give me your advice
Closing: I would appreciate it if you could give me your advice as soon as possible, I look forward to receiving your advice, it would be of great help if you could advise me
 
Letters giving advice
Par.1 – opening remarks ,express sympathy
Par.2 – give advice supported by expected results
Par.3 – express hope things will improve, closing remarks
Opening: I strongly recommend that, I would suggest that, I believe the best course of action is, I would advise you to
Closing: I trust you will accept this advice, I hope this will be of help, I would very much like to know if this was helpful
 
Letters expressing thanks
Par.1 – opening remarks,  thank the person
Par.2 – explain in detail why you are thankful
Par.3 – express thanks once again, closing remarks
Opening: I am writing to thank you for, I wish to thank you for
Closing: I would like to express my thanks/gratitude once again
 
Letters of recommendation
Par.1 – reason for writing
Par.2 – recommendation (qualities with examples, justifications)
Par.3 – closing remarks
Opening:  As a…  I am writing to recommend .. . for…, I wish to recommend .. on behalf of…
Closing: I would appreciate it if you could inform me of your decision