Reported speech kokkuvõte ja harjutused (0)

Reported Speech (in other words Indirect Speech)

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words ( direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore , you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say, think or believe.
- Example: If this verb is in the present tense ( says ), it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence. When we are reporting things in the present , future or present perfect we don't change the tense. :
direct speech: “I like ice cream ”
reported speech: She says she  likes  ice cream
- But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense (said), then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:
direct speech: “I like ice cream”
reported speech: She said she liked ice cream.
…......

• When there are Changing tenses:
  

present changes to past::::
am/is --- was
are -- were
want/like/ know /go etc --- wanted /liked/knew/went etc
do/does --- did
have/has – had
will --- would
can --- could
wanted/liked --- had
wanted/had liked
NT: Jo says “ Mary has given up het hobby .” - Jo said that Mary had given up her hobby.

• Some other words change also, which are more fit?? to reported speech:
  

this 
these  
here  
now 
ago 
today  
tomorrow  
yesterday  
last night  
next week/ year
that 
those 
there 
then 
before  
that day 
the next day 
the day before 
the previous night 
the following week/year
NT: He said: „I am coming to the party today.“ --- He said (that) he was coming to the party that day. 

• Questions .In direct speech the the questions starts with do, does, did – they do not appear in reported speech. In reported speech they always start with if or whether.
  

NT: Mary asks me: “Do you like tennis ?” --- Mary asks me if/whether I like tennis.
In reported speech the questions which start with what,who,where,why,how,when they stay in the reported speech sentence.
NT: She asked him: “How old are you?” --- She asked him how old he was.
EXERCISE . Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Change pronouns and time expressions where necessary.
0. She said, "I am reading ."
→ She said that … (she was reading)
(Present Progressive becomes Past Progressive.)

They said, "We are busy ."
→ They said that.... (they were busy.)
( Simple Present becomes Simple Past)

He said, "I know a better restaurant ."
→ He said that....(he knew a better restaurant.)
(Simple Present becomes Simple Past)

She said, "I woke up early ."
→ She said that... (she had woken up early.)
(Simple Past becomes Past Perfect)

He said, "I will ring her."
→ He said that (he would ring her.)
(will becomes would)

"Don't play on the grass , boys ," she said.
→ She told the boys...(not to play on the grass.)
(negative – not to + rest of the sentence)
*** "Where have you spent your money ?" she asked him.
→ She asked him....(where he had spent his money.)
(question- present perfect to past perfect)
*** "I never make mistakes," he said.
→ He said...(that he never made mistakes.)
(statement. Simple present becomes simple past)
*** "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know.
→ He wanted to know...(if she knew Robert.)
(simple present vecomes simple past)

They said, "We have just arrived."
→ They said that....(they had just arrived.)
(Present Perfect Simple becomes Past Perfect Simple)

He said, "I will clean the car."
→ He said that....(he would clean the car.)
(will becomes would)

She said, "I did not say that."
→ She said that...(she had not said that.)
(Simple Past becomes Past Perfect)

She said, "I don't know where my shoes are."
→ She said that....(she did not know where her shoes were.)
(Simple Present becomes Simple Past. )

He said: "I won't tell anyone."
→ He said that...(he would not tell anyone.)
(will becomes would)