William Shakespeare (1564-1616) playwright, actor, poet 37 plays, over 400 screen adaptions Lord Chamberlain's Men, King's Men, The Globe Early life: John Shakespeare, Mary Arden, 2 sis', 3 bros; married Anne Hathaway 3 children Life in London: 1599 built Globe, 1623 first compilation Forms: classical & history plays, comedies+tragedies, poetry Style: metaphors, rhetorical phrases, free flow of words, unrhymed iambic pentameter; deviations Renaissance (end of 14th century) Italy, reaches rest of Europe Elizabethan era (16th II h - 17th I h) Theatre: combined medieval theatre, morality plays & Roman drama to create Elizabethan tragedy Poetry: Italian influences, sonnet (English: cddc ee) Rulers of England: Henry VII (brings prosperity, repairs economic situation; made alliances); Henry
The lines were divided into two parts, each with two beats. This is a natural place for a stop in a line of words and is called a caesura. For example "Many at morning, as men have told me" or "Death-sick his den in the dark moor sought" etc. Here one can also see that the initial sound of the third beat in each line echoes the initial sound of the first or second beats, or both of them. To add to the emotional colouring of the text, a lot of metaphors and epithets have been used. Some more outstanding epithets include "And baleful he burst in his blatant rage", "Hardy heroes", "Fiendish claw", "Hideous fiend", "Outlaw dire" One can find several kennings, typical Anglo-Saxon compound metaphors, such as "From captive of hell", "Shepherd-of-evils", "Hardy-in-fight", "The bone-frame", "Keen-souled" etc. In addition to kennings there are also many ordinary metaphors like "The accursed" and "The outlaw", these two referring to Grendel.
Marketing Metaphoria Maarja Salu MSI I kursus Marketing Metaphoria reveals the powerful unconscious viewing lenses called "deep metaphors" that shape what people think, hear, say, and do. Why do... ... advertising campaigns and new products often fail? ... consumers feel that companies don't understand their needs? Because... ... marketers themselves don't think deeply about consumers' innermost thoughts and feelings. Marketing Metaphoria should convince you that everything consumers think and do is influenced at unconscious levels and it will give you access to those deeper levels of thinking.
published in 1960. The books events take place in 1880’s Alabama. I really liked the book and I understand why it’s important for people- especially young people like high-schoolers to read this book. The book gives good insight on why we still have problems with racism around us and how much worse it was back in the 19th and 20th century. It has a good mixture of educational and historical topics and humour. Although many things are told the reader through metaphors, the meaning of the metaphor is often explained, as the book is told through a kid’s point of view. I would recommend this book to high schoolers, as it explains important topics that are still an issue to this day and it may be an eye- opening book to some people.
The story is set in Jukola farm, there were some issues with family life and then the brothers decided to go live in forest and finally they built a big farm, which is named "Impivaara". In the first chapter the boys are very young and they messed up everything. As the story develops, brothers have grown into big mans. They are having troubles with enforcer and his oxen. But brothers settled the problem and enforcer is no longer angry at brothers. The book contains lots of metaphors, which make the novel more vivid. There aren't any illustrations on pages, but on the cover there are beautiful illustrations how the brothers are killing bear. In my opinion, the novel is very educative. On the one hand, brothers were hard-working and good people. But on the other hand, they did some bad things and disturbed other villager`s peaceful life. I liked the book and I give seven points in ten points system. Absolutely I
racism was an issue that needed to be solved and it changed how people treated each other. Martin Luther King’s speech ‘’I have a dream’’ was very successful, but it wasn’t only because it had a powerful message. The way it was written and how he presented it played a huge role in its effectiveness. Martin Luther King used a wide variety of rhetorical and literary devices in his speech. Rhetorical devices are used to persuade and evoke emotions in the audience. The use of metaphors can already be seen in the following sentence: ‘’One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination’’. The metaphorical use of the words ‘’chains’’ and ‘’manacles’’ in that statement help the audience to visualize the impact of discrimination and segregation. The black community being bound my the chains of discrimination prevented them from being able to rise up. Chains
own master. Beowulf undergoes as radical a transformation as Grendel does. The Beowulf of "Grendel" is uncannily superhuman. He is not only supremely strong, but also a cold, mechanical being. He is the only one who can make Grendel suffer physical pain. As the monster sees Beowulf as a terrible being himself and doesn't give him really any human qualities, he is definitely a flat character. Already on the first reading of Gardner's text it strikes out that he has exchanged the metaphors in "Beowulf" for similes, or at least most of them. E.g. "His hand still closed like a dragons jaw on mine" instead of "That the frame of his body failed him now...the outlaw dire took mortal hurt". It seems to me that humour is created with the adds in the brackets and I also find the exclamations by Grendel slightly amusing.
(Alliteration the repetition of the same consonants in a line); 2. Every line contains a caesura a pause in the middle of a line; 3. In every half-line there are two stressed syllables, so all in all, 4 in a line; 4. The number of unstressed syllables is not fixed; 5. There is no rhyme; 6. There are very few similes (a direct comparison, i.e your hair is like gold), in Beowulf there are 5 similes; 7. On the other hand there are many metaphors, typically A-S metaphors kennings (a special type of metaphor comprised of two words, i.e swan-road the sea; the bone- house the body; sword-game war; Beowulf bee + wolf = bear) 8. Parallelism the repetition of the same ideas, sometimes in slightly different form. A-S prose: · Venerable Bede lived in the 7th century, a well-educated man, a theologician who knew all the religious texts. Wrote only in Latin. Most well-known work
This means that they have spent their lives in search and pursuit of fame and have lost sight of everything important. Stylistically it is a very lovely poem. It flows nicely, although there is an abrupt change of pace in the last line, but that also carries a significance - to highlight the importance of the last sentence. She has also comprised the stanzas very logically the main idea carries over very well. Dickinson has not used too complex metaphors or stylistic devices, which sometimes make a poem harder to read. I enjoyed the poem, especially because I agree with the main idea - one should not waste one's life running after something as obscure as fame. I also liked the way she brought the abstract notion of 'fame' to a very down-to-earth form. Using food as a metaphor for fame she very successfully brought the whole idea of the poem closer to the reader.
üldkeeles) Tähenduse halvenemine sõna omandab halva tähenduse (sageli tabust tulenev) Paranemine a term acquires better meaning (helge varem `ülipalav') Metafoor - sõna või väljendi kasutus uudses sarnasuse või analoogia alusel ülekantud tähenduses, varjatud võrdlus. (hiir `näriline' `arvuti lisaseade') Metafoor George Lakoff ja Mark Johnson Metaphors We Live By (1980) On tähendusmuutuse oluline allikas Üks viise kuidas keeles loovust kasutatakse Leksikoloogia sõnaõpetus sõnavaraõpetus Uurib, kuidas sõnad inimkogemuses eksisteerivad (sõnaraamatute koostamise põhimõtted >> sõna talletamine ja taastootmine ajus) Põhimõisted I Sõna üldistus sõnavormidest, st sama tüve alusel moodustatud sõnavormide kogum.
2) Impossible due to other definitions 2. Expressive function a. Name the three expressive text types. - Serious imaginative literature; Authoritative statements; Autobiographies, essays, personal correspondence. b. Why is it difficult to translate an expressive text? - Because of the used dialect may get lost in the translation. c. What constitutes the personal component in an expressive text? - original metaphors, unusual collocations d. What is at the heart of the expressive (‘väljenduslik’) function of language? - The personal components e. Explain the nature of ‘Authoritative statements’. - academic/philosophical/etc statements by ministers, legal documents, acknowledged authorities 3. Informative function a. What is the difference between informative and expressive texts for translation? - b
Most of Scotland united (at least in name) in a (Celtic) Gaelic kingdom Anglo-Saxon verse No rhyme nor regular number of syllables in a line, rhythm is important. The stressed syllables in a line usually begin with the same consonant alliteration. A line is divided into two half-lines by a pause a caesura, it is a natural place for a stop. Parallelism the repetition of the same idea in a different form. Many nouns and names substituted with metaphors and kennings. sea: salt-streams, sail-road, wave-deeps warriors: the famous-for-prowess, heroes-in-battle, the cased-in- helmets king: ring-prince, folk-leader, folk-chief Anglo-Saxon verse Composed by bards (scops) Relied on a stock of ready-made formulaic expressions Produced an unhesitating flow of well-formed alliterative verses. D´a com of more / under misthleod´um Grendel gongan / Godes yrre bär
aggregate - kogusumma 44. bridging - kaotades 45. cross-platform platvormitundetu (IT) 46. sandbox liivakast (IT) 47. prevalence - levimus 48. vigorous jõuline 49. stitch valupiste 50. silence is golden - vaikus on kuld 51. sound absorbent - heli neelav, summutav 52. challenge people - inimesi väljakutsuma 53. disorientating experience - segadusttekitav kogemus 54. determine sound quality - helikvaliteeti määrama 55. develop metaphors - metafoore arendada 56. ears will adapt - kõrvad kohanevad 57. to deem pidama 58. anechoic chamber - kajavaba ruum 59. will take advantage - lõikab kasu 60. a spate of attacks - rünnakute laine 61. latest adaptation - viimane versioon 62. cacophonous ebakõlaline 63. a leap into new territory - hüpe uude alla, territooriumi 64. forerunners eelkäijad 65. to avoid confusion - vältimaks segadust 66. revenue record - tulu rekord 67
Ralph Waldo Emerson. In his poems Whitman celebrates America, its natural beauty, its people and its spirit of democracy. He also explores himself, his feelings, perceptions and intuitions. Many contemporary readers were shocked by his celebration of the body and the theme of love between man and man which led to rumours about his homosexuality. Whitman was a highly experimental poet who believed that poetry should not be bound by rules and restrictions. He tended to avoid the use of metaphors or similes and his poetry is often strongly declarative and non-figurative. The poetry of Whitman's contemporary, Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), was even more strikingly original. Born in New England, Dickinson spent most of her life in quiet isolation detached from events of her time. Her poems are extremely personal and intimate. Recurring themes include nature and death and, although she had rejected orthodox religion, much of her work contains a strong sense of spirituality. Many of
journey he must sate with just hearing the bird. All in all he is happy he had the chance to enjoy the jolly music and hopes it happens again sometime. Comparison: differences Even though both poems are about the same bird and its singing they are quite different in many ways. Shelly's poems in much longer and thus also more in-depth. It tries to portray the ways how the Skylark is exceeding properly by giving more metaphors to the bird and comparing it to various things. Wordsworth's poem on the other hand concentrates on how he wishes to join the bird and be as good as the lark. He gives forth his main idea strictly without wasting so much time on glorifying the bird itself. Also another difference is that Shelly wishes to be as good as the Skylark because he wishes that others listened to his work. Wordsworth doesn't express the need to be heard. He wishes
Tähendus peitub neis samades sõnades - on raske aru saada, et metafoor meie eest midagi varjab, või et siin üldse metafooriga tegemist on (,,surnud metafoor"). Samas esineb näiteid, kus kontekst avaldab tähendusele mõju ja eraldivõetuna pole lausel mingit tähendust: ,,Palun istuge õunamahlakohale." Siit järeldub, et üks ja seesama lause võib tähendada eri inimeste jaoks ka erinevaid asju - konteksti olemasolu mõjutab metafoore. 4.Suunametafoorid (orientational metaphors) Suuna-ehk ruumimetafoorid omistavad mõistele ruumilise paiknemise: ees-taga, ülal-all, sees- väljas jne ja see tuleneb sellest, milline on keha ja kuidas see füüsilises keskkonnas toimib. Suunametafoorid ei kanna ühe mõiste struktuuri teisele mõistele üle, vaid organiseerivad üksteise suhtes terve mõistete süsteemi (erinevalt liigendusmetafooridest). Ruumimetafoore uuris William Nagy. Tema toodud näidete põhjal on jõutud mitmete järeldusteni. Enamik
..) 8. LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES (LSD) I. LSD based on the interaction of lexical contextual and meaning 1. Metaphor here lexical and contextual meaning is based on the similarity of two notions and thus metaphor is hidden comparison: one word is used instead of another because objects or things have something in common. A metaphor is powerful to create images. The image may have faded due to long usage and such words are known as linguistic (dead) metaphors (e.g. "the mouth of a bottle"). Stylistic metaphors fall into trite (overused) and original metaphors (genuine and individual). A trite metaphor is commonly used in speech (e.g. "a ray of hope"). A trite metaphor may become original if the writer prolongs it. Genuine metaphors are the fruit of author's imagination. Simple metaphors are based on a single image (e.g. "He felt ice water flowing in his veins"). A sustained (developed) metaphor is when you have
o The beginning is often sudden o The language is simple o The story is told through dialogue and action o The theme is usually fairly tragic, although there are some comic ballads as well o There is usually a refrain o A ballad usually deals with a single episode o There is little setting o There is a strong dramatic element o The narrator is impersonal o Fairly trite or stock similes and metaphors are used (e.g. blood red wine, a milk white horse) o A lot of parallelism is used as well as mystical numbers such as 3 and 7 o The author is usually unknown · The subject matter: o Everyday life of common people o Local history o Legend and folklore o Most common motifs: disappointed love, jealousy, revenge, sudden disaster, adventure, war and death, the supernatural
missing link is a ‘friendly tie’ = connotative extension becomes a central part of the new sense; sponsorship in baptism implies a friendly tie) 33. Metaphor and metonymy Metaphor…transference based on a perception of similarity between the source and the resulting sense. The use of a word or phrase usually designating a concept of one domain or semantic field (the source domain) used to designate an aspect of another domain). Metaphors are usually stablished on the basis of perceived similarity between the two concepts. Metaphorical extension Viros can be a disease, but also can be a computer program From concrete to abstract Style coming from stylus. Manner of writing. From animal to human Mouse can be an animal, but also can be a person who is quiet and insignificant. Lion can be an animal, but also can be a strong and coragoeus animal, or who is fiercely cruel or tyrannical.
notions and thus metaphor is hidden comparison: one word is used instead of another because objects or things have something in common. A metaphor becomes a stylistic device when different phenomena are brought together, are powerful to create images. The image may have faded due to long usage and such words are known as linguistic (or dead) metaphors (e.g. "the mouth of a bottle" such metaphors are dead, they are not stylistic devices (they do not affect emotionally). Stylistic metaphors fall into trite (are overused) and original metaphors (classified also as genuine and individual metaphors). A trite metaphor is commonly used in speech (e.g. "a ray of hope", "to burn with passion", "a cup of joy"). A trite metaphor may become original if the writer or speaker prolongs it (e.g. "It compelled me to dash a
With this momentum it has been able to achieve generalization not only to the encounter of almost any objects whose paths might cross (e.g. pedestrians, sub-atomic particles, etc.) but also to the meeting of a moving object with a static one (e.g. a car colliding with a tree). 32. Metaphor and metonymy Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. Metaphors are based on resemblance. Dead metaphors are metaphors which are no longer figurative (flower-bed, blind corner) Machinery War To tighten the screws on the economy To invade weaker markets The economy is overheating The right strategy to penetrate the Russian To fine-tune inflation Market
graphic fixation of phonetic peculiarities of a character's pronunciation" 19. Evaluate the author's style and manner of writing. Does Erdrich have recourse to numerous figures of speech? Adduce examples of her favourite devices. Propose a possible meaning of the last paragraph on p. 37 (about the northern lights). What effect does the passage produce? Style is character-dependent, changes dramatically throughout the book, captivating. Yes metaphors, personifications, simile, allusion. Albertine "has a feeling of oneness with the universe. According to Chippewa lore, Nanabozho is supposed to have felt this same oneness". 20. Think of an interesting (challenging, provocative, tricky) question that you would like to ask about the chapter under discussion. What is Albertine's role in the story?
It was made up in the 3rd or 4th century. I was spread orally until it was written down in the 10th century. The author is unknown and the manuscript is kept in the British Museum (near Trafalgar Square). The story is very important as it allows us to lear about the way of life in the 4th century. The characters can be divided into two groups fictitious and historical. The epic deploys many metaphors - e.g. the sea = the swan's road, body = a house for bones and alliteration. It is structured as two parts. In the first part King Hroghtgar, king of Danes built a palace Hereot near a lake. He disturbed the lake monsters sleep with his racuous parties. Grendel then goes to the castle every night and kidnaps a man. This went on for 12 years. Beowulf, a young viking, decides to put an end to it. He chooses 14 men to join him and sails across the strait
meaning"? And how do hearers grasp metaphorical meaning as readily as they do? Most theorists have thought that metaphor is somehow a matter of bringing out similarities between things or states of affairs. Donald Davidson argues that this "bringing out" is purely causal, and in no way linguistic; hearing the metaphor just somehow has the effect of making us see a similarity. The Naive Simile Theory goes to the opposite extreme, having it that metaphors simply abbreviate explicit literal comparisons. Both views are easily seen to be inadequate. According to the Figurative Simile Theory, on the other hand, metaphors are short for similes themselves taken figuratively. This view avoids the three most obvious objections to the Naive Simile Theory, but not all the tough ones. Searle treats metaphorical meaning as speaker-meaning that is also con- veyed meaning, and invokes Gricean apparatus to explain it in much the
Religious poetry, books of emblems (allegorical pictures, verses explaining their moral), unconventional or „unpotic” figures like compass or mosquito to reach surprise effects, paradox and oxymoron. About the profound areas of experience: love (romantic and sexual), man’s relationship with God. Brief but intense meditations, striking use of wit, irony and wordplay. John Donne: passionate feeling and logical argument are mixed, play of intellect, conceits (extended metaphors), wit, huge range of ideas with startling connections between them, analyses love with different moods (cynicism and profound dedication) The First Anniversary. An Anatomy of the World; The Flea; Love’s Alchemy; Elegy XIX To His Mistress Going To Bed; Holy Sonnets (9, X, XIV); Hymn To God My God, in My Sickness. Francis Quarles: emblem poems Canticle George Herbert: courtly urbanity of language, certain neatness and point, his wit „homely” (simple), sometimes queer, conceits in title.
Gave a workshop at the VGIK that turned out to be influential for Soviet Cinema Aim: tried to define general principles. Showed films to people and tried to understand how to they interact to those images. Tried to undeerstand the effect of cinema. The film they used and according to the legend, was ,,intolerance". Understood how griffith was using the film language. How can i achieve the effect. Usge of editing to create metaphors. Revolutionary idea: discovery of a cinematic language. The kuleshov experiments: · 1: the expressionless face. · 2: three shots, happy man, revolver, sad man · 3: creation of artificial landscapes by editing together shots of toally different locations Eisenstein: Seleced filmiography: strike! Battleship potemkin, october, alexander nevsky, ivan the terrible part 1, ivan the terrible part 2 During his filmmaking career esenstein was under permanent critiscism from the soviet
directly, undecorated by human wit. John Donne (1572–1631) – a puritan poet who rebelled against established traditions in poetry. Uses a lot of colloquial (characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing; informal) words and original metaphors. He only has one sonnet that conforms to traditional rules; his songs are not lyrical at all. He introduces sex, death and erotic love into poetry. John Milton (1608–74) – poet; introduced the blank verse into English poetry. Best
· Continuous forms with stative verbs (I'm seeing it very well) · Past simple is used instead of Past perfect (If he saw him, he wouldn't have done it) · Distinction between habitual and non-habitual actions or states (I do bit drunk vs. I am drunk) · Word ,,let" can be used in second person ( Let you stay here) · ,,Yes" and ,,no" are used less frequently Vocabulary: · Great part comes from English, Scots, Irish. · Many English metaphors, idioms come from Irish · Banshee fairy woman · Cairn sacred stone mound (burial, worship place) · Creel basket · Bannock home made bread cake · Number of Eng words have a different meaning in Irish (backwards- shy; doubt- believe or expect) · ,,I'm not at myself"- I'm not feeling well 9) US English (peculiarities of pronounciation, grammar, vocabulary) Pronounciation: · [?] before n · Final ,,t" often unreleased · Intervocalic ,,t" ,,d"
fastest-growing one. Most Asian Americans have come from China, India, the Philippines, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan their countries of origin, their status in present-day American society. Asian Americans are sometimes referred to as the "model minority" because of their socioeconomic success. Overall, they are more educated and more wealthy than other Americans, but they also have bigger property rates than White Americans.Asian Americans have a strong work ethic. 5. Why are the metaphors Melting Pot (named after a play,all the races of Europe are melting and re-forming) and Mosaic / Salad Bowl / Pot of Stew used about the US? What is the difference between them? 6. What are the three branches of government? legislative (Congress), executive (The President) judicial (the federal courts, incl. the Supreme Court) 7. What is the Bill of Rights? In 1791, ten supplemental amendments were made to the Constitution. They largely protect the individual from the federal government
· Couplets--when two lines are rhythmically linked by the final rhyme (a a) · Cross rhymes--a b a b · Frame rhymes--a b b a · Monorhymes--a a a a a a Blank verse--no rhyme 8. Lexical stylistic devices Lexical stylistic devices are structures in which the meaning becomes primary. 1) SD-s based on the interaction of lexical and contextual meaning. Metaphor--a hidden comparison, achieved by likening one object to another. The word is used in a figurative meaning. Some metaphors are dead because the image has faded because of long usage and they are not stylistic devices. (the neck of a bottle; face freezes) · Trite metaphor is commonly used in speech (a ray of hope) · If some changes are introduced, a trite metaphor may become original or genuine (the radio vomited) · Sustained metaphor is the one that is made up by several metaphors that cluster round the same image (stuffed blackbird singing a soundless lyric on a lifeless
Antropomorfism ehk inimestamine Tuul otsis enesele kodu... Kodu, kus ta natuke võis istuda, mõtelda või ka magada. (J. Liiv. Tuul) Personifikatsioon ehk isikustamine Laisad lained, rannad ärkavad, pilved suiguvad Tänapäeva metafooriteooriad Kognitiivne ehk interaktsionaalne teooria (interaction theory) Ivor Richards. The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1936) metafoori moodust alati 2 välja, tekib 2 välja vaheline interaktsioon Max Black. Models and Metaphors (1962): põhisubjekt ja abisubjekt (principal subject/subsidiary subject) ehk fookus ja filter. Nt: The man is a wolf (See inimene on hunt) M. Black'i mudelid ja metafoorid: Skaalamudelid- teatud nähtuse, protsesside imitatsioonid Analoogmudelid- originaalse nähtuse v struktuuri taasloomine uues meedias Matemaatilised mudelid- mudeldamine mat meetodite abil Teoreetilised mudelid (metafoorid) ühe vähemtuntud valdkonna mõistete tõlge teise
from being oneself in life. Every man is an island, entire of himself, as Donne said” (2001, 54). This distancing don’t have to be consider an “anxiety of the influence” of the poetry of Eliot (that, in fact, resemble nothing like the one of Larkin), but like a rupture with the world of the modernism, that Terry Whalen characterizes as “to landscape of the mind in which makes specific metaphors, images and action and spiritual symbols signifiers of a complex state of internality” (1986, 95), and like the grubbing of that new territory mentioned by Bayley, a territory that Esteban Pujals describes with detail: “The poetry of Larkin constitutes the most current context of the life. Thus, if the references to the old world, with their Biblical and classic thematic, seem to
The members of the Lianosovo group of poets, notably Genrikh Sapgir, Igor Kholin and Vsevolod Nekrasov, who previously chose to refrain from publication in Soviet periodicals, became very influential, especially in Moscow, and the same goes for another masterful experimental poet, Gennady Aigi. Also popular were poets following some other poetic trends, e.g. Vladimir Aristov and Ivan Zhdanov from Poetry Club and Konstantin Kedrov and Elena Katsuba from DOOS, who all used complex metaphors which they called meta-metaphors. In St. Petersburg, members of New Leningrad Poetry School that included not only the famous Joseph Brodsky but also Victor Krivulin, Sergey Stratanovsky and Elena Shvarts, were prominent first in the Soviet- times underground - and later in mainstream poetry. Some other poets, e.g. Sergey Gandlevsky and Dmitry Vodennikov, gained popularity by writing in a retro style, which reflected the sliding of newly-written Russian poetry into being
· Not a wide range · Concepts poorly defined · Lack of scientific proof · Human body = houses Ambiguous terms · Parents = King/queen; emperor/empress, etc. Metaphors · Children and siblings = vermin · Difficult to test or refute; `explains everything' · Birth = water · Neglects social nature of humans · Death = departure · Case study method
In other words, on a transfer of nouns from one lexico-semantic group to another. This is found in personification. Observing parts in which objects, animals are endowed (given) with human feelings, actions, the ability to think or speech. In this case, the noun that is personified, changes its usual connections with other words. e.g The wind laughed his evil laugh and ran away. Another case of transfer is zoonymic metaphors, that is names of animals, fantastic beings when applied to people become emotional and often offensive. e.g as an animal, donkey, mule, snake, tod, wolf, angel, devil, witch. Connotations vary when names of animals have synonyms. e.g pig (swine), donkey (ass), monkey (ape) these words have some positive yet ironic connotations. And there are synonyms which have a rude and negative connotations. Negative connotation becomes stronger in the following emphatic instruction. e.g You impudent pup
underscores the need for us to recognize the concept of "conscious parenting." In conscious parenting, the concept of a "family" becomes a reality from the moment of conception. Parents must be consciously aware that from the idea of conceiving a baby and all the way through its pre- and postnatal development, their thoughts, attitudes and behaviors will profoundly influence their child's development and health. References Nijhout, H. J., (1990). Metaphors and the role of genes in development, BioEssays 12, 441- 446 Thaler, D. S., (1994). The evolution of genetic intelligence, Science 264, 224-225. Pennisi, E., (1996). A new look at maternal guidance, Science 273, 1334-1336. Wolf, S. S., et al., (1996). Tourette Syndrome: Prediction of phenotypic variation in monozygotic twins by caudate nucleus D2 receptor binding, Science, 273, 1225-1227. I Return to Early and Very Early Parenting
poolest sarnased või lähedased, samast sõnaliigist ekstensioon - ühe sõna kõik võimalikud referendid tähendusväli- moodustavad omavahel tähenduslikult seotud sõnad, mis on omavahel semantiliselt määratlevates paradigmaatilistes suhetes. (tähendusseost peab suutma seletada) metafoor - ülekanne, ühe valdkonna mõistete kasutamine teises valdkonnas (vt EKK), mõtlemise vahend, et keerukamaid asju keelendame lihtsamate vahenditega elu - elutee (Metaphors we live by - metafoor ei ole mitte keele-, vaid mõtlemise mehhanism) kujundskeem (image schema) - skemaatiline tähenduse tekkimise aluseks olev mõiste või mõistete kogum (kognitiivne lingvistika) polüseemia - mitmetähenduslikkus; üksuse tähendused on omavahel süstemaatiliselt seotud. metakeeled - kirjeldav keel, komponendid, joonised, "mappingud", skeemid, primitiivid (NSM), võrgustikud komponentanalüüs - postuleerib selle, et keeleüksuse tähendust on
Dooryard Bloom'd"), is darker and more isolated. Whitman's style remains consistent throughout, however. The poetic structures he employs are unconventional but reflect his democratic ideals. Lists are a way for him to bring together a wide variety of items without imposing a hierarchy on them. Perception, rather than analysis, is the basis for this kind of poetry, which uses few metaphors or other kinds of symbolic language. Anecdotes are another favored device. By transmitting a story, often one he has gotten from another individual, Whitman hopes to give his readers a sympathetic experience, which will allow them to incorporate the anecdote into their own history. The kind of language Whitman uses sometimes supports and sometimes seems to contradict his philosophy. He often uses obscure, foreign, or invented words. This, however, is not meant to be
prototüüpne esindaja! Prototüüp ehk katekooria keskne liige · tähendused koonudvad prototüübi ümber süstemaatiliselt; · lisaks konkreetsetele objektidele ka nt tegevused, sesisundid ja omadused: jooks, õnne; · Hüponüüm e alammõiste (pargipink kui istme kategooria osa); · Hüperonüüm ehk ülemmõiste (iste); · Prototppo kui keele ,,säästumehhanismid". (mõiste)Metafooriteooria · George Lakoff, Mark Johnson 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago. UCP eesti keeles: ,,Metafoorid, mille järgi me elame" (2011) · Ülekanded e "mappingud" · Kujundskeemid ARMASTUS ON TEEKOND (suhted on tupikus, teed viivad lahku, ühine elutee), AEG ON RAHA (säästa aega, hoia aega kokku, ära raiska aega), HEA ON ÜLES (emotsioonid tõusid taevasse, hõljus pilvedes) jne Allikas: teekond Mapping Siht: armastus
AUTO on seda kõike, seega on parim näide. On sõidukite kategooria parim prototüüp. (Goodness Of Example e GOE kõige kõrgem) PROTORÜÜP KUI KATEGOORIA KEKSNE LIIGE Tähendused koonduvad prototüüpide ümber süstemaatiliselt Hüponüüm e alammõiste (pargipink kui istme kategooria osa) Hüperonüüm ehk ülemmõiste (iste tool) Lisaks konkreetsetele objektidele ka nt tegevusi, seisundid ja omadused: jooks, õnn METAFOORITEOORIA George Lakoff, Mark Johnson 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago. UCP eesti keeles: ,,Metafoorid, mille järgi me elame" (2011) Metafoorsus ei ole keele vaid mõtlemise omadus! Koolis kontekstis metafoor kõnekujund Mitte keel ei ole see, milles esineb metafoor, vaid me mõtleme metafoorselt. Mõtleme abstraktsemaid asju konkreetsematega. ÜLEKANDED E ,,MAPPINGUD" Kujundskeemid ARMASTUS ON TEEKOND (suhted on tupikus, teed viivad lahku, ühine elutee), Teelised armastajad Sõiduvahend suhe jne
In formal software development methodologies, this task is accomplished through documentation. Extreme Programming techniques can be viewed as methods for rapidly building and disseminating institutional knowledge among members of a development team. The goal is to give all developers a shared view of the system which matches the view held by the users of the system. To this end, Extreme Programming favors simple designs, common metaphors, collaboration of users and programmers, frequent verbal communication, and feedback. Extreme Programming encourages starting with the simplest solution. Extra functionality can then be added later. The difference between this approach and more conventional system development methods is the focus on designing and coding for the needs of today instead of those of tomorrow, next week, or next month. Proponents of
Melissa Bowerman Lingvistilised ja kognitiivsed kategooriad arenevad paralleelselt Keel ei määra mõtlemist ega mõtlemine keelt; mõlemad mõjutavad üksteist vastastikku Konseptsioonidel on nagu värvidel üsna üheselt mõistetud keskpunkt, prototüüp, ent erinevus on ebamäärane ja selles, kus üks konseptsioon muutub teiseks on arusaamad erinevad indiviiditi ja ühiskonniti. George Lakoff ja Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By (1980) Konseptuaalsete prototüüpide allikas on meie kehaline kogemus Korduvad kogemused viivad kogemusliku terviku loomisele Neid rakendatakse metafooriliselt, muutmaks arusaadavaks muid kogemusi Reaalsus on loodud meele poolt konseptuaalset vormile vahetule tajulisele kogemusele peale surudes Värvid – värvide gradatsioonid erinevad. Värvide keskpunktid sarnanevad ka kultuuriüleselt. Loeng 13. Õppimine ja isiksus
Christopher Vogler T h e archetypes can also be regarded as personified symbols of various human qualities. Like the major arcana cards of the Tarot, they stand for the aspects of a complete human personality. Every good story reflects the total human story, the universal human condition of being born into this world, growing, learning, strug gling to become an individual, and dying. Stories can be read as metaphors for the general human situation, with characters who embody universal, archetypal qualities, comprehensible to the group as well as the individual. THE M O S T C O M M O N A N D USEFUL ARCHETYPES For the storyteller, certain character archetypes are indispensable tools of the trade. You can't tell stories without them. T h e archetypes that occur most frequendy in stories, and that seem to be the most useful for the writer to understand, are: HERO
public taste. The Golden Age of crime fiction. The literature of `fair play'. Graham Greene. Realism and Existentialism. English Literature of the 1930s-1950s. Reception theory. Only the process of reading generates a meaning for a text. Reading connects reader and the text. A good degree of inderterminacy and gaps to make the connection possible. Gaps-places in a text- require reader's imagination, thinking ability. Allusions, symbols, metaphors, digression, rhetorical question, open endings. Balance is the key. Too many gaps in Modernist texts. Fiction as a way of finding order in chaotic world. Aggravating political and economic situation. A reflection of the general condition in Europe and America. 1929-stock market crash. 1930's-great depression. Mass unemployment in Britain, nazism in germany, fascism in italy, terror in stalinist russia. Fear of both fascism and stalinism.
Ugristarum. Pars I. Acta Linguistica. Tallinn: Valgus, 245–249. Kirjandus 265 Elis Kõrvek 2009. Refiner Tõlkebüroo analüüs Eesti tõlketuru konteks- tis: magistritöö. Magistritöö, Tallinna Ülikool. Tallinn. Alexander Künzli 2007. The ethical dimension of translation revision. An empirical study. The Journal of Specialised Translation, (8), 42–56. George Lakoff ja Mark Johnson 2003. Metaphors We Live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Christer Laurén, Johan Myking ja Heribert Picht 2002. Language and domains: a proposal for a domain dynamics taxonomy. LSP & Professional Communication, 2 (2). Marianne Lederer 2003. Translation: The Interpretive Model. Manc- hester: St. Jerome. Hyang Lee 2006. Révision : Définitions et paramètres. Meta: Journal des traducteurs, 51 (2), 410. Koen Lemmens 2011. The slow dynamics of legal language: Festina lente
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