-The rhythm, balance and contrasts of sentences, clauses and words also play their part. The sound-effects consist of onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, intonation and stress. b. How do you understand the conflict between ‘truth’ and ‘beauty’? - c. Why are descriptive verbs (‘kirjeldav tegusõna’) usually easy to translate? - Descriptive verbs of movement and action, since they describe a manner, are rich in sound effect. d. Explain the importance of the metaphor in this context. - Metaphor is the link between the expressive and the aesthetic function. Metaphor connects the extra linguistic reality with the world of the mind through languages. Metaphor, being both an expressive and an asthetic component, has to be preserved intact in translation 6. Phatic (‘faatiline’) and metalingual (‘keeleväline’) function a. What is the purpose (two) of phatic texts? b. Bring examples of phaticisms (at least 4). (So that you understand it yourself later!)
Fourth level over a new leaf" Fifth level Journey Click to edit Master text styles"a journey of a Second level thousand miles Third level begins with a single Fourth level Fifth level step" Container This metaphor looks Click to edit Master text styles Second level at either keeping Third level things in or Fourth level keeping them out, Fifth level becoming a form of protection or trap. Connection Another universal Click to edit Master text styles deep metaphor, one Second level
) Universal: not confines to one speech community Characteristic features: Terminology (5-10%), only that much, but it makes the text hard to translate Format: technical report, but also instructions, manuals, notices, publicity Grammatical features in English: passives, third persons, empty verbs, present tenses. Technical Style Free from emotive language, connotations, sound-effects, original metaphor Part of technical translator’s job often is to rephrase poorly written language and convert metaphor to sense. Varieties of Technical Style Academic or scientific style: very formal with transferred Latin and Greek words; used in academic papers Professional or workshop: formal terms used by experts Popular or everyday: layman vocabulary which may include familiar alternative terms. The central difficulty New terminology
The books events take place in 1880’s Alabama. I really liked the book and I understand why it’s important for people- especially young people like high-schoolers to read this book. The book gives good insight on why we still have problems with racism around us and how much worse it was back in the 19th and 20th century. It has a good mixture of educational and historical topics and humour. Although many things are told the reader through metaphors, the meaning of the metaphor is often explained, as the book is told through a kid’s point of view. I would recommend this book to high schoolers, as it explains important topics that are still an issue to this day and it may be an eye- opening book to some people.
Then a person is free to go to “big world”, where his identity will develop inside a particular sociocultural space, with it´s own rules, processes and other people. In this space important is ability to be flexible, on the one side, and to stay individual on the other side. An identity should be strong and reflective to be able to change and to adapt. “Particular narrative going” Actually I like the metaphor, as I already mentioned, I think of an identity as a story and characters. I think every word in this metaphor means something special about self-identity. My own “narrative” consists of these three words “particular” “narrative” “going”. Like every story, my one has to be special, individual. The one I designed by myself and for myself. I find, that my own narrative was built with help of my family and friends – that’s what adds individual traits. I learned from my parents
13) Meaning change A word typically has not one meaning but several. Fading- an old sense of a word fades away- dies Radiation- a new sense of words are created. Extention of meaning- widened meanings. Generalization Specialization of menaing- means narrowing the meaning. Denotative shift is movement in sideways, a combination of extention and specialization. Nt gossip--godfather and idle talk. Pejoration (worsening of meaning) deterioration Amelioration- improvement of meaning. 14) Metaphor and Metonymy Metaphoe- based upone a perception of similarity. Mouse- computer mouse and quiet as a mouse. Dead metaphore- flowerbed Conduit metaphor-ideas and meanings are objects. Conceptual metaphore- the essence is understaning and experience one kind of thing in terms of the other. Orientational metaphor- happy is up, sad is down. Metonymy- is a word that is not called by its own name but by the name it is assosiated with.
which cant be restored. Maybe in the future, the technology will get so far that they can recreate some extincted spieces. Here is araucaria mirabilis which was living approximately 160 million years ago If we create some culture on the field or cut down some alder forest and replace it with spruces, will it have interaction to the whole world? It's extremely difficult to answer, because there are so many factors. 4. slaid Renewable resources have became metaphor with meaning that its easy way to produce energy. Its easy to destroy our forests but it changes our ecosystem. They cause blowdowns, erosions and so on. 5.slaid scope of history Forests sometimes need to be updated. We need to take down trees with diseases. But we cant cut down trees which have cultural information in them. There may have some text beaten in from thousands years ago. Here is a tree which has old bicycle in it. 6.slaid
She has also comprised the stanzas very logically the main idea carries over very well. Dickinson has not used too complex metaphors or stylistic devices, which sometimes make a poem harder to read. I enjoyed the poem, especially because I agree with the main idea - one should not waste one's life running after something as obscure as fame. I also liked the way she brought the abstract notion of 'fame' to a very down-to-earth form. Using food as a metaphor for fame she very successfully brought the whole idea of the poem closer to the reader.
dexterity, nucleus, formula, vertebra, corpuscle, atomic, carnivorous, incubate, molecule, i.e- that is, viz- videlicet, etc- et cetera, c.f- confer Latin adjectives for english nouns- nose-nasal, mouth-oral, sun-solar, Greek borrowings abbot, angel, apostle, bishop, school, cilinder, cycle, dialogue, cardiac, phonetic, gymnasium, biathlon, pentathlon, decathlon, olympic, diagnosis, prognosis, analysis, technology, epic, drama, poem, tragedy, comedy, theatre, epilogue, prologue, metaphor Celtic borrowings welsh, walloon, walnut, bannock, bin, brock, badger, caln, whiskey, lock, slogan, arthur, donald and mac. Scandinavian borrowings take, taken, grasp, catch, call, cast, hit, thrive, want, raise, endow, husband, fellow, gate, sky, ski, skirt, skin, plough, ill, ugly, law, thrall, beck, tharp, breed, and sorgasbord French borrowings law, culture, fashion, religion, odour, slent, king, queen, lord, lady,
KORDAMISKÜSIMUSED 1. Mis on kanooniline suhtlussituatsioon? (Lyons) Kanooniline suhtlussituatsioon (John Lyons): Suuline suhtlus kahe lähestikku seisva inimese vahel, kes teineteist näevad ja kuulevad, loomuliku keele märkide abil. 2. Nimetage põhilised kommunikatsioonimudelid. Millistel generatiivsetel metafooridel nad põhinevad? 1. ,,Rahvamudel": põhineb torumetafooril (,,conduit metaphor", ka ,,container metaphor")- Saatja pakib sõnumi (konteinerisse), pakk saadetakse ühendustoru mööda saajani, saaja avab paki, saab sõnumi kätte. Tähendus on sõna/teksti sees, kontekst pole oluline. 2. Sisuliselt sama mudel teaduslikul/formaliseeritud kujul: kodeerimine/dekodeerimine: põhineb kodeerimismetafooril- Lained pole sisuliselt olulised. Märgil on kindel tähendus, mida saatja ja saaja jagavad (kui nad valdavad sama koodi). 3
" "pleasure" turns "hatred" into positive). 4. STYLISTIC MORPHOLOGY NOUNS: the expressive features of nouns are based on non-typical use of the number, the case, and pronoun substitution. On a transposition of nouns this is observed in personification, in which objects, natural phenomenon and animals are attributed with human feelings or speech (e.g. "The Wind laughed his evil laugh." "wind" is combined with typically human aspects). Another case of transposition is zoonymic metaphor. Names of animals, birds, fantastic beings when applied to people become emotionally coloured and often offensive: donkey, duck, mule, snake, wolf, angel, devil, etc. Negative colouring is made stronger by constant epithets and emphatic constructions (e.g. "You filthy swine", "You lazy dog"). Adjectives when used as nouns become colloquial (e.g. "come on, lovely (noun)"). When abstract nouns begin to stand for people they become emotional (metonymy) (e.g. "The little eccentricity
kuulevad, loomuliku keele märkide abil. Kanoonilisest situatsioonist hargnevad edasised: kirjalik suhtlus osapoolte vahel, kirjalik suhtlus kujuteldava osapoolega, suuline suhtlus erinevate meediumite, nt televisiooni, kaudu jne. Põhijooned kõigil liikidel ühised 2. Nimetage põhilised kommunikatsioonimudelid. Millistel generatiivsetel metafooridel nad põhinevad? Michael Reddy 1979: 1. "Rahvamudel": põhineb torumetafooril ("conduit metaphor", ka "container metaphor")Saatja pakib sõnumi (konteinerisse), pakk saadetakse ühendustoru mööda saajani, saaja avab paki, saab sõnumi kätte. Tähendus on sõna/teksti sees, kontekstpole oluline. Torumetafoor ei arvesta, et tegelikult liiguvad inimeste vahel kas hääle- või valguslained, mis aktiveerivad protsessid vastuvõtja ajus. Isegi taju tasemel pole vastavus lainete ja ajuprotsesside vahel üks-ühene 2. kodeerimine/dekodeerimine:Märgil on kindel tähendus, mida saatja ja saaja jagavad (kui
words and affixes) to create a new word, like matchbox. In both derivation and compounding there is a strong element of compositionality, meaning that the meaning of the new word is broadly predictable from the meaning of its component parts. Probably the main non-grammatical way in which languages get words for new things is by metaphorical extension of the meaning of some existing word. There are broad generalisations about metaphor cross-linguistically, and some people regard metaphor as a central feature of what makes language language (see e.g. Lakoff 1987). However, in any individual case metaphorical extensions are fairly unpredictable and often understandable only once you already know what they mean (e.g. the bonnet of a car). Sometime new words are formed by clipping, cutting off part of an existing word or phrase. This often happens if a word has (or appears to have) an internal morphemic structure that suggests a place to cut (e.g
Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics and Speech Acts, introduces the basic concepts of linguistic pragmatics, includes a detailed discussion of the problem of indirect force and surveys approaches to metaphor. Part IV, new to this edition, examines the four theories of metaphor. Features of Philosophy of Language include: · new chapters on Frege and puzzles, inferentialism, illocutionary theories of meaning, and relevance theory · chapter overviews and summaries · clear supportive examples · study questions · annotated further reading · glossary Praise for the First Edition: "This exceptional text fulfils two essential criteria of a good introduc-
Since earliest times, people have awlays enjoyed dancing. Dancing generally means moving your body. Usually to music and rhythm. Dance is presented in a spiritual setting or as a performance. Dancing is a good way to spend leisure time. It's good for relaxing and expressioning one's feelings. Dancing helps lift one's mood and gives a good feeling. It is a field of sport that keeps people beautiful. Dancing also develops one's movement. Dance is the world's most famous metaphor. It is the hidden language of the soul. Dancing is dreaming with your feet. All it takes is to convince your mind to move your feet. To touch, to move, to inspire. This is the true gift of dance. The only way to dance, is to believe in yourself and do it. It is not possible to say when dance became part of human culture. Dance has certainly been an important part of ceremony, rituals, celebrations and entertainment since before the birth of the earliest human civilizations
Internal Antithesis Shakespearean Head r. Chiasmus Blank verse Couplet r. Anaphora Limerick Cross r. Epiphora Accented verse Frame r. Climax Monometer Lexical SD Anticlimax Dimeter Metaphor: Suspense Trimeter Trite Rhetorical q. Pentameter Genuine Exclamation Hexameter Sustained Graphical Means, SD Heptameter Metonymy Under / overstopping Octometer Synecdoche Indented line Antonomasia Graphon Phrasing
Louise Erdrich Love Medicine Assignment 1 (pages 142) 1. Define the following words and expressions (considering the context) and reproduce (in your own words) the situations in which they appear in the book: a beacon (2) (AmE) a fire or light set up in a high or prominent position as a warning, signal, or celebration, it appears as a metaphor to describe a white egg in her hand. Situation: June walked through the door and toward blue egg in the white hand of Andy, which she compares with a beacon in the murky air. a turtleneck (2) - Example. Definition: (AmE) a `turtleneck' is a sweater with a high part fitting closely around the neck. (BrE `polo neck') (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 6th edition.)
) Nouns: In case of nouns, the expressive features are based on the nontypical use of the forms of number, case and pronoun substitutionin transposition of nouns from one lexicosematic group to another. · Personification: inanimate objects are endowed with human feelings, thoughts, parts of the body, etc. Here, the noun changes its usual connections with pronouns and its lexical combinability. (The Wind laughed his evil laugh and ran away) · Zoonymic metaphor: names of animals or birds and fantastic creatures are used for people and show their characteristic features (donkey, snake, wolf, worm, angel, devil, and witch) · Connotations vary when names of animals have synonyms (pig-swine; monkey- ape) · Negative connotations are enhanced by constant epithets and empathic constructions (you filthy swine! You lazy dog!) · Transposition may occur within different parts of speech. Adjectives when used
Comparison of P. B. Shelley's and W. Wordsworth's "To a Skylark" Poems The Skylark is a bird whose singing is very melodical. It is an inspiration to many poets, two of them being P. B. Shelley and W. Wordsworth. The Skylark is a common nature metaphor for pure poetic expression. Shelly Shelley's poem is all about praising the birds singing and how the lark can create such beautiful songs unintentionally. For the bird, singing is effortless and comes out naturally. Still the creation is harmonic and spreads joy. The poem starts with Shelly calling the bird a "blithe spirit" and expressing his admiration of how the song comes from the bird's heart without any effort. "Bird thou never wert-/ That
Based on: interaction of lexical and interaction of denotational interaction of primary circumlocution other cases contextual meaning and emotional meaning and secondary meaning 1. EPITHET 1. METAPHOR indicates individual 1. ZEUGMA 1. PERIPHRASIS 1. BATHOS based on similarity of 2 evaluation of sth. Logical "to join" w-d is use of longer spoiling the lofty effect. Function notions, hidden comparison attribute is non-evaluative in the same description instead of irony, humour.
2. Every line contains a caesura a pause in the middle of a line; 3. In every half-line there are two stressed syllables, so all in all, 4 in a line; 4. The number of unstressed syllables is not fixed; 5. There is no rhyme; 6. There are very few similes (a direct comparison, i.e your hair is like gold), in Beowulf there are 5 similes; 7. On the other hand there are many metaphors, typically A-S metaphors kennings (a special type of metaphor comprised of two words, i.e swan-road the sea; the bone- house the body; sword-game war; Beowulf bee + wolf = bear) 8. Parallelism the repetition of the same ideas, sometimes in slightly different form. A-S prose: · Venerable Bede lived in the 7th century, a well-educated man, a theologician who knew all the religious texts. Wrote only in Latin. Most well-known work Ecclesiastical history (religious history). The history of England from Caesar's
5. Greek borrowings The Greek language has contributed 50,000 words to the world. Christianity: New Testament in Greek. Catholic Church – Scclesiastical Latin. Examples: abbot, angel, apostle, bishop; school, cylinder, cycle, criterion, dialogue, cardiac, phonetic, gymnasium, marathon (pentathlon, biathlon), athlete, diagnosis, prognosis, analysis, epic, drama, poem, comedy, poetry, theatre, epilogue, prologue, metaphor. 6. Celtic borrowings Welsh: walnut, bannock a round flat cake of oatmeal,bin, clan loch, sea, slogan Celtic personal names: Arthur ‘high, noble’ Donald ‘proud chief’ Mac ‘son of’ (Scottish) O’ ‘son of’ (Irish) O’Connor 7. Scandinavian borrowings 1,000 words, in some sources 2,000 closed class words: they, them, their Danelaw; take, call, cast, hit, thrive, want, raise, widow, husband, fellow, sky, skirt, ski, skin, skill, law, ill, odd, ugly, bread 8
The most famous collection of the King Arthur legends is Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain. Ballads short poetic folk tales that tell a story. Origins are in the oral tradition of story telling. They are of Anglo-Saxon origin. The author is usually unknown and the end is unhappy 9.) Definitions to the following terms: Ballad, beast epic, Chivalric romance, didactic poem, epic, alliteration, assonance, alliterative verse, kenning, metaphor, Anglo-Saxon heroic code, antagonist, protagonist, setting. Beast Epic humorous allegorical stories that contain a moral lesson, usually the main characters are animals. Originate in France and le Romain du renart Alliteration Two syllables alliterate when they begin with the same sound. Alliterative verse form of verse that uses alliteration as the principal structuring device to unify lines of poetry, as opposed to other devices such as rhyme
nn generatiivsete/kontseptuaalsete metafooride abil. Metafoor on generatiivne, sest võimaldab luua samal võrdlusalusel uusi, aga samas mõistetavaid väljendeid. · Küberneetikast lähtuv teaduslik mudel The Shannon-Weaver Mathematical Model. Põhineb faksi metafooril, tähendus inimkeele mõistes on välja jäänud. Tähendus selles mudelis: mingi märgi vastuvõtmisega vähenenud määramatus. · Torumetafoor (conduit metaphor) - Saatja pakib sõnumi (konteinerisse), pakk saadetakse ühendustoru mööda saajani, saaja avab paki, saab sõnumi kätte. Tähendus on sõna/teksti sees, kontekstpole oluline. 4. Esitage kultuuridevahelise kommunikatsiooni määratlus (Milton Bennet) 5. Mis on mingi mõiste prototüüpne esindaja? (Rosch) mingi mõiste prototüüpne esindaja on see isend/alaliik, mis kerkib inimesele silme ette vastava mõistega kokku puutudes
some particular idea or lesson; only has human characters; a type of analogy), (2) allegories (the representation of abstract ideas or principles through the use of symbolised characters, figures, ideas, events or concepts in the narrative; in essence a sustained metaphor) and (3) fables (a succinct story that features animals, mythical creatures, plant, objects, etc. that serves to illustrate a moral lesson) that are written in a realist manner. They centre on the tragedy of existence, the total loneliness of man in a world that
thoughtful notion. One of the many examples sounds like this:”in all times some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, others mean and in subjection.” (Winthrop, 1996) Nothing is exaggerated and the common reader can understand the simplicity clearly. All this plain style together has the effect of elegant style. Of course, there are some exceptions as the example of many layered words – use of the metaphor of the ‘body’ to describe the community of Christians united in love. Preaching was based on everyday, daily experiences and figures from the scripture. Intention of this kind of choice of topics was to raise moral theology for the sake of previously mentioned covenant. “There is a time when a christian must sell all and give to the poor, as they did in the Apostles times” (Winthrop, 1996) is an example of preaching a lesson to this generation with a link to past
o Abbot, angel, apostle, bishop Everyday words 2 o School, cylinder, cycle, criterion, dialogue, cardiac, phonetic, gymnasium, marathon, athlete, Olympic, diagnosis, prognosis, thesis, analysis, technology Literature o Epic, drama, poem, tragedy, comedy, theatre, epilogue, prologue, metaphor, Affixes o a-, geo-, halo-, hyper-, hypo-, mega-, meta-, -ology, -o-, photo-, tele-, Inflectional endings retained but spelt in the Latin style o Abiogenesis, aegis, analysis, anemone, antithesis, automaton, charisma, cinema, crisis, criterion, cytokinesis, diagnosis, dogma, drama, electron, enigma, genesis, gnosis, hoi polloi, kerygma, lalophobia, magma, osteoporosis, phenomenon, photon, rhinoceros,
In the ensuing chapters of this handbook we provide concrete tools to incorporate quality when designing a survey. The purpose of this chapter is to sensitize the reader to the importance of designing for quality and to introduce the methodological and statistical principles that play a key 5 role in designing sound quality surveys. A useful metaphor is the design and construction of a house. When building a house, one carefully prepares the ground and places the cornerstones. This is the foundation on which the whole structure must rest. If this foundation is not designed with care, the house will collapse or sink in the unsafe, swampy underground as many Dutch builders have experienced in the past. In the same way, when designing and constructing a survey, one should also lay a well thought-out foundation.
because of their pride, the creation, the temptation and fall of man, the incarnation, the atonement, the regeneration through Christ. When God had made the world he found it good and he created man in his own image but with the Fall of Man both man and the universe were corrupted. So the disorder and chaos are products of sin and are perpetually striving to come again. Man's only way to salvation is through God's grace. The chain of being is a metaphor served to express the unimaginable plenitude of God's creation, its order and unity. The chain stretched from the foot of God's throne to the meanest inanimate objects. Every tiny part of creation was a link in the chain and there could be no gap. First there is mere existence, the inanimate class: the elements, liquids and metals, next- existence and life, the vegetative class, next- existence, life and feeling, they lead up to man, who has not only existence,
What we don't see give rise to the usefulness that we do see. y Stuffy nose and its purpose y Empty nostrils enable us to smell, but a stuffy nose loses it usefulness y The combination of BOTH form and formless allows a thing to be truly useful y "To make use of what is there, you must make use of what is not" 8) Water as the Highest Good y The highest goodness resembles water y Water greatly benefits myriad things without contention y Water is a fitting metaphor for Tao y Water benefits all living things and is able to flow around the obstacles in its path y It stays in places that people dislike y Water always flows to the lowest place not because it's force to, but because it follows its nature y Similarly, we lower ourselves because humility is in our nature y It does not differentiate between like or dislike y Therefore it is closest to the Tao y It behaves according to its True nature by nurturing all thing without
psychological introspection and towards more prominent and franker discussions of sexuality. Main characteristic features of Modernism: Characteristics of Modernism Formal characteristics(11) · Open Form · Free verse · Discontinuous narrative · Juxtaposition (kõrvutamine) · Intertextuality · Classical allusions(vihje) · Borrowings from other cultures and languages · Unconventional(ebaharilik) use of metaphor · Metanarrative · Fragmentation · Multiple narrative points of view (parallax) Thematic characteristics(8) · Breakdown of social norms and cultural sureties(veendumus) · Dislocation(nihestus) of meaning and sense from its normal context · Valorization of the despairing individual in the face of an unmanageable future · Disillusionment (silmade avamine, illusioone purustama)
The Politics of Writing Global Space. Routledge, pp. 21-55 - Ó Tuathail, Gearoid 1996. Critical Geopolitics, in Ó Tuathail Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. Routledge, pp. 57-74 - Ó Tuathail, Gearoid 1997. At the End of Geopolitics? Reflections on a Plural Problematic at the Century’s End. Alternatives 22, pp. 35-55 - Barnes, Trevor and James Duncan 1992. Introduction: Writing Worlds, in T. Barnes and J. Duncan Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape. Routledge, pp. 1-12 - Agnew, John 1995. Geopolitical Discourse, in J. Agnew and P. Routledge Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy. Routledge, pp. 46-77 - Dalby, Simon 1988. Geopolitical Discourse: The Soviet Union as Other. Alternatives 13, pp. 415-442 - Luke, Timothy 1993. Discourses of Disintegration, Texts of Transformation: Re-Reading Realism in the New World Order. Alternatives 18, pp. 229-258
for modern books (i.e. codex). The etymology of the word codex (block of wood) also suggests that it may have developed from wooden wax tablets. In the 5th century, Isidore of Seville explained the relation between codex, book and scroll in his Etymologiae (VI.13): "A codex is composed of many books; a book is of one scroll. It is called codex by way of metaphor from the trunks (codex) of trees or vines, as if it were a wooden stock, because it contains in itself a multitude of books, as it were of branches." Middle Ages Manuscripts Folio 14 recto of the 5th century Vergilius Romanus contains an author portrait of Virgil. Note the bookcase (capsa), reading stand and the text written without word spacing in rustic
the stories of all times. Some people have even used it as a kind of travel guide, predicting the inevitable ups and downs of making a physical journey. A certain number of people say the book has affected them on a level that may have nothing to do with the business of telling a story or writing a script. In the description of the Hero's Journey they might have picked up some insight about their own lives, some useful metaphor or way of looking at things, some language or principle that defines their problem and suggests a way out of it. T h e y recognize their own problems in the ordeals of the mythic and literary heroes, and are reassured by the stories that give them abundant, time-tested strategies for survival, success, and happiness. Other people find validation of their own observations in the book. From time to time I meet people who know the Hero's Journey well although they may
o Need for Assertion (active, internal) o Need for Affiliation (active, external) o Need for Identification (passive, internal) o Need for Modeling (passive, external) 2.6. Motivatsioonikonfliktid x Lähenemine/lähenemine (approach-approach) x Lähenemine/vältimine (approach-avoidance) x Vältimine/vältimine (avoidance-avoidance) 2.7. Motiivide mõõtmine Kvalitatiivsed mõõtmisvõimalused: o Metafooranalüüs (ZMET tehnika ehk Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique) o Tarbija jutustused (storytelling) o Sõnaline assotseering ja poolikute lausete lõpetamine o Teadliku taju test mingis teemas o Piltide ja cartoonpiltide joonistamine o Fookusgrupp o Süvaintervjuu x Kvantitatiivsed x Küsitlused 7 3. TARBIJA RAHULOLU JA TEENUSE KVALITEET 3.1. Tarbija rahulolu olemus
sorry episode to an end. In the early 18th century belief in witches died out. Finally in 1992 a memorial was erected to those who were wrongly executed at Salem. 'The Crucible' by Arthur Miller The Crucible is a 1953 play by Arthur Miller (19152005). It is a dramatization of the Salem witch trials. It was first staged in 1953, it was widely acclaimed as a metaphor for the recklessness of Joseph McCarthy and his spurious crusade against communism. After a group of young women is accused of witchcraft in the Puritan community of Salem, Mass. in 1692, Abigail Williams is held in suspicion of practicing magic. Abigail in turn levels charges against John Proctor and his wife Elizabeth. Abigail has a private grudge against the Proctors; while working as their servant, she had an affair with John, and when John ended the relationship and
But no good governance, and no NGO participation either, is possible without a well-working government to begin with and that means, among other things, no weakening of state capacity, and no NPM. Intellectual Post-Mortem Actually, for a post-mortem of New Public Management (NPM), it may seem a bit early, seeing in how many places one still can get away with it. But in a very classical sense, the head of the movement to avoid a more rhetorical metaphor from the animal kingdom seems to have been cut off, or at least to have disappeared. In other words, it has become quite rare during the last five years, and is becoming rarer still, to see articles in the very top journals, or essays and keynote addresses by the very top PA scholars especially in Europe, but also in the United States , based on, or implicitly assuming the validity, of NPM. In that sense, it is legitimate to speak of the demise of NPM, and to already
Rõhutatakse subjektiivset momenti rohkem. · Eestis tegelenud: Ene Vainik, Ilona Tragel. George Lakoffi metafooriteooria · Keel on olemuselt metafoorne. kõik on metafoorne, mis pole otseselt seotud konkreetse suhtlussituatsiooniga, samas võib öelda, et need situatsioonid võivad muutuda metafooriks. · Literal-metaphorical eristuse ümbermõtestamine: ,,need mõisted, mida ei saa haarata mõistemetafoori (conceptual metaphor) tuleks kutsuda kirjalikuks". · Metafoor on ennekõike kontseptuaalne, konvetsionaalne ning osake tavalisest mütte- ja keelesüsteemist. ,,Lühidalt öeldes ei peotu metafoor keeles, vaid viisis, kuidas me üht valdkonda läbi teise kontseptualiseerime". · Ennekõike võetakse kriitiliselt vaatluse alla traditsiooniline figuratiivne-sõnaline eristamine. See on seotud M.Reddy töödega 1979. kes avastas keeles üüratu metafoorsete ülekannete pagasi.
Oluline: abstraktseid/keerulisi asju metafoorideta/mudeliteta mõista võimatu. Siit ka generatiivse metafoori nimetamine kontseptuaalseks metafooriks. Isegi füüsika mõisted ("jõud", "põhjus") metafoorsed, sageli on konkreetne valdkond inimese keha. Samas on metafoorid alati ühekülgsed. Kuidas me mõistame kommunikatsiooni millega me seda võrdleme, milline on kommunikatsiooni metafoor? Nähtub sellest, kuidas me sellest kõneleme. Michael Reddy 1979 ("The conduit metaphor: A case of frame conflict in our language about language"): rahvamudel suhtlusest põhineb "torumetafooril". TORUMETAFOOR: Saatja pakib sõnumi (konteinerisse), pakk saadetakse ühendustoru mööda saajani, saaja avab paki, saab sõnumi kätte. Tähendus on sõna/teksti sees, kontekst pole oluline. Torumetafoor ei arvesta, et tegelikult liiguvad inimeste vahel kas hääle- või valguslained, mis aktiveerivad protsessid vastuvõtja ajus. Isegi taju tasemel pole vastavus lainete ja
grouped into core process disciplines 10. Extreme Programming Practices Has 12 practices, grouped into four areas, derived from the best practices of software engineering: Fine scale feedback Pair programming Planning Game Test driven development Whole team Continuous process Continuous Integration Design Improvement Small Releases Shared understanding Coding Standards Collective Code Ownership Simple Design System Metaphor Programmer welfare Sustainable Pace 11. Extreme Programming - Four Variables Extreme Programming initially recognized four values in 1999. A new value was added in the second edition of Extreme Programming Explained. The five values are: Communication Simplicity Feedback Courage Building software systems requires communicating system requirements to the developers of the system. In formal software development methodologies, this task is accomplished through documentation. Extreme
valet on võimalik muuta tõeks vastavalt kuidas see kasulik on sofistid, Platon vihkas neid, müüsid teadmisi raha eest. Demagoogia ja väitlemine, edendasid demokraatiat kes ütles et teadmisi peab saama rakendada; - Sokrates aga leidis et teadmised peavad olema seotud ka inimese endaga ehk neil peab olema moraalne perspektiiv (neid peab saama rakendada). *Filosoofia tänapäeval - Maailmavaade, mis on normide taga kes pidas enda õpetust ämmaemanda kunstiks; - Sokrates, The other metaphor he uses to describe his work is that of the midwife who helps others give birth to the wisdom that is in them; lasi inimesel end õpetada kuni tuli mingi vastus. kellest saab alguse realism; - Realism - filosoofiline traditsioon saab alguse Platonist, üldnimed on olemas asjadest sõltumatuna, need ei teki ega hävi ning nende tähendus on nimedesse justkui seesmiselt peidetud, ntks sõprus. Nime olemus on sellele seesmiselt olemas, inimeset sõltumatu kes arendas mõõdukat realisimi
training or translator education. – Kirsten Malmkjær (toim.), Translation in Undergraduate Degree Programmes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 17–30. Lynne Bowker 1997. You say “flatbed colour scanner”, I say “colour flatbed scanner”: A descriptive study of the influence of multidi- mensionality on term formation and use with special reference to the subject field of optical scanning technology. Terminology, 4 (2), 275–302. Richard Boyd 1979. Metaphor and theory change. – Andrew Ortony (toim.), Metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 356–408. Robert Boyd ja Peter J. Richerson 1992. Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizable groups. Ethology and Sociobiology, 13 (3), 171–195. Robert Boyd ja Peter J. Richerson 2005. The Origin and Evolution of Cultures. Evolution and cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Praeguse tehnoloogia paradigma võimaldab spetsialiseeriumise kasvu kui ka allhankeid. Mehhikos on see areng kõige rohkem näha. Selle strateegia edu koliniseerivate riikide vaates oleneb samadest muutujatest nagu eelpool räägitud. Schumpeteri dünaamika on rikastes riikides piisavalt kõrge ja tööjõu hajutamine piisavalt madal. Klassikalises kolonialismil on win-lose strateegia: koloniaalvõin võidab samas kui koloonia(asumaa) kaotab. Lendava hane metafoor(the flying geese metaphor) majandusliku integratsiooni puhul tuli esile esimest korda 1935. Metafoor tähendab, et riigid arendavad ning jõuavad tehnoloogiale järgi kui nad on tehnoloogiaga kogu aeg samal lainel. See iseloomustab Ida-Aasia suurt kasvu, kus ta ongi kõige suuremat populaarsust kogunud. Lendava hane metafoor on tõeline majandusliku integratsiooni win-win olukorrda kirjeldus. Kolonialismi heaolu
Sissejuhatus informaatikasse 19 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ac/Iterative_development_model_V2.jpg XP -rules Planning •User stories are written. •Release planning creates the schedule. •Make frequent small releases. •The Project Velocity is measured. •The project is divided into iterations. •Iteration planning starts each iteration. •Move people around. •A stand-up meeting starts each day. •Fix XP when it breaks. Designing •Simplicity •Choose a system metaphor. •Use CRC cards for design sessions. •Create spike solutions to reduce risk. •No functionality is added early. •Refactor whenever and wherever possible. Coding •The customer is always available. •Code must be written to agreed standards. •Code the unit test first. •All production code is pair programmed. •Only one pair integrates code at a time •Integrate often. •Use collective code ownership. •Leave optimization till last. •No overtime. Testing
6 minutes each? First, negative-only sets were often used, wherein the weight was raised with the legs using a lever and then lowered with the target muscle, allowing heavier weights than could otherwise be lifted. Second, exercises were paired into supersets to prefatigue a muscle (e.g., quadriceps with leg extension) prior to taking it to failure with a compound movement (e.g., squats). Third, Casey ate 68 meals per day like it was his job. That's not a metaphor. He had a cash incentive per pound of muscle gained. It was his job. Here is one of Casey's actual workouts. Keep in mind that, unless rest is indicated, there is no rest between exercises: 1. Leg press 750 for 20 reps 2. Leg extension 225 for 20 reps 3. Squat 502 for 13 reps 4. Leg curl 175 for 12 reps 5. One-legged calf raise with 40 lbs in one hand for 15 reps (Two-minute rest) 6. Pullover 290 for 11 reps 7. Behind-the-neck lat isolation 200 for 10 reps 8. Row machine 200 for 10 reps 9
in a darkened room, standing some distance from the dartboard. Even under these conditions, if you throw enough darts in the di- rection of the dartboard, you would eventually hit it. And if you continued to throw darts, almost in spite of yourself you would be- come more accurate. As a result, by the law of probabilities, you would eventually hit a bull’s-eye. This metaphor explains why people who start off with high levels of desire and determination ultimately succeed. They just keep trying. And by the law of probabilities, they finally win. It is not luck. They create their own luck by what they do, or what they fail to do. Now, imagine the conditions are different. Imagine that you are a skilled dart thrower, and that you practice every day to get better.
in the legal, military, and political systems we encounter as adults. Notions of sub- mission and loyalty to legitimate rule are accorded much value in each. Religious instruction contributes as well. The very first book of the Bible, for example, describes how failure to obey the ultimate authority resulted in the loss of paradise for Adam, Eve, and the rest of the human race. Should that particular metaphor prove too subtle, just a bit further into the Old Testament, we can read- in what might be the closest biblical representation of the Milgram experiment- the respectful account of Abraham's willingness to plunge a dagger through the heart of his young son because God, without any explanation, ordered it. We learn in this story that the correctness of an action was not judged by such considera- tions as apparent senselessness, harmfulness, injustice, or usual moral standards,
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