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Tallinna tehnika ülikool
Andres Joosep
[ Portugal ]
Juhendaja: Irina Amitan

Contents


II.Portugal 3
About 3
Settlement 3
III. Early History 4
The beginning of Portugal 4
The pre- Roman tribes of ancient Portugal and their expansion patterns . 5
Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia 5
Muslim Iberia 6
Reconquista 7
IV.Exploration, colonization and trade 8
Exploration 8
Iberian Union and Restoration 9
Restoration and Pombaline era 10
National and Imperial change 11
Colonial Restoration 12
Republic and turmoil 13
Revolution and colonial end 14
European integration 15
V.The nature of Portugal 15
Geography 15
Climate 16
Biodiversity 17
VI.The Government of Portugal 18
Government 18
Law and criminal justice 19
Administrative divisions 19
VII. Tourism 20
VIII.Table of figures 21

  • Portugal


    About


    Photo 1 Location of Portugal (dark green )
    Portugal (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]; officially the Portuguese Republic, Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country located in Southwestern Europe , on the Iberian Peninsula. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east . The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are Portuguese territory as well. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.

    Settlement

    The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times . In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam , who were later expelled by the Knights Templar. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation -state. In the 15th and 16th centuries , as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery , Portugal expanded western influence and established the first global empire , becoming one of the world's major economic , political and military powers. In addition , the Portuguese Empire was the longest -lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost 600 years , from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 and grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories that are now part of 53 different sovereign states . However , the country's international status was greatly reduced during the 19th century, especially following the Independence of Brazil , its largest colony . After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, itself being superseded by the "Estado Novo" authoritarian regime . Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonia
    l War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974.
    Population
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    Kreooli kultuur

    which included foreign groups such as Germans, Irish, and Spaniards whose names were given a French accent. The people who could trace their noble ancestors called themselves "Creole." Others were "chacas" or tradesmen, "chacalatas" or country folk (peasants), or "chacumas" for anyone with Black blood. All Creoles, no matter what level of society they were in, including slaves, looked down on the Americans. 3 Family life In the Creole family the father was dominant. His word was law. He was not always a faithful spouse, but he was an indulgent parent. If he was a planter, he ruled his estate like a king. He had a large house, large crops, and a large family. He was a dutiful husband and accompanied his wife to balls, the theatre, and social events. He would go to the cafes to discuss business, play dominoes, and have a drink. Historical Creole Gender Role Young men were given their own quarters for entertainment purposes. They had

    Geograafia
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    Referat

    How sugar made it to Europe. Sweetness in older than sugar. Europeans and others have respected sugar for thousands of years. Prior to knowing sugar, our ancestors used honey and other sweet ingredients which were used as sweeteners. We know all that thanks to Mediterranean antique culture writings and bareljeefs . Oldest known sweetener is honey. In Arãna caves there are 12000 years old murals where are depicted woman honey collectors. As nowadays, womans used honey to make food, heal wounds and to make mead. At first our ancestors used wild bee's honey which was collected from their nests. Later, people started to keep bees in hives, as is the case today.

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    Netherlands

    Tartu Kivilinna Grammar School Netherlands Report Composer: Reino Urbanovits Supervisors: Tiia Krass Erika Hunt Tartu, 2003 Table of contents Table of contents............................................................................................................................2 Introduction....................................................................................................................................3 Chapter 1........................................................................................................................................4 The Netherlands.............................................................................................................................4 Chapter 2......................................................

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    Inglise keelt kõnelevate maade ühiskond ja kultuur

    Canada, New Zealand) Trading Empire (dependencies) ­ mainly ESL countries; British people were seen more as a small ruling class (India, Africa) 5. Australia, The USA, Canada, Sri Lanka, India & Pakistan, Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand, South Africa were the British colonies that became dominions. They were given "responsible government" and became part of the Commonwealth. The Head of State was the British monarch. Nowadays, the word "dominion" is not used. 6. The British Commonwealth of Nations freely unites Britain and its former colonies. Ireland 1. The first inhabitants were hunters and fishers from the European mainland in 6000 BC. In 200 BC, the Celts arrived. 2. Christianity was established during the 5th century by Saint Patrick, who is also Ireland's patron saint. His feast day is on 17th of March, the day he died. 3

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    Society and culture of english-speaking countries

    Three-fourths of natives live in urban areas, but some do live in remote areas. New Zealand 1. The two large islands of New Zealand, their main geographic landforms. New Zealand is a country of snowcapped mountains and scenic landscapes - north to south. 2. Who are the native people of New Zealand? What is their origin? When did they arrive in New Zealand? Maori are the indigenous Polynesian people who settled on New Zealand aroun 1300 AD. They did not have a word to refer to themselves. They adopted maori, which means 'normal, natural, ordinary', when they encountered the colonizers, or pakeha, which means 'people of European descent'. 3. Discovery of New Zealand by Europeans. In 1769-70 James Cook sailed around New Zealand, charting its entire coastline. 4. By which treaty did the Maoris cede their sovereignty? By the treaty of Waitangi. 5. The status of the Maori language and Maori culture at present.

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    Topic - USA

    Tallinn English College Topic The United States of America Tallinn 2007 1. Introduction The United States of America's territory is over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km²) and population more than 300 million people. The capital city is Washington D.C. Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, English is the de facto national language. English is the most common language for daily interaction among both native and non-native speakers. Spanish is the second language. The largest city is the New York City. The Government is Federal constitutional republic and the president is George W. Bush. 2. Geographical position The United States of America is located on the continent of North America. It has borders with two countries ­ Mexico and Canada. There are also the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico surrounding the big country. There are 50 states in America.

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    Scotland

    Scotland ! Scotland (Gaelic: Alba) is a country in northwest Europe that occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It is part of the United Kingdom, and shares a land border to the south with England. It is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland consists of over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides. Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. It was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which saw Scotland become one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Scotland's largest city is Glasgow, which was once one of the world's leading industrial metropolises, and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation which dominates the Scottish Lowlands. Scottish waters consist of a large sector o

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    Inglise keelt kõnelevate maade ajaloo eksamiküsimused

    History exam *Stonehenge - is a monument located in England. It is one of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world and is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. The surrounding circular, earth bank and ditch, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Stonehenge was produced by a culture with no written language. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. *The Celts in Britain and their legacy ­ The Cets lived in Britain in The Iron Age. They were warring tribes who were battleful amongst themselves as well as inter-tribal war. They were not centrally governed. The Celts brought iron working, iron ploughs and metal swords, horses, wheels and chariots - all these things gave them an instant superiority over the native tribes. The Celts built a number of hill forts throughout the region. The society

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