Field of application Concrete is used in... · Pavements · architectural structures · Foundations · roads · Bridges · marine- and parking structures · brick/block walls · footings for gates fences Three Georges Dam · The world largest concrete construction · China, river of Yangzte, 2006 · 2,335m long, 101m high Possible threats Physical Chemical · Frost · Sulftates, · Wind · Sea water, · Waves · Acids, · Fire · Alkali-silica reactions Primary transport mechanism through concrete Gas diffusion Water vapour diffusion Water vapour diffusion Ionic diffusion Water absorption Ionic diffusion Ionic diffusion Water permeability Flow constants · Permeability- a rate of flow of fluid into a porous solid of concrete.
(CrO4)-2 chromate (SiF6)-2 hexafluorosilicate (Cr2O7)-2 dichromate (C4H4O6)-2 tartrate (C2O4)-2 oxalate (HPO4)-2 hydrogen phosphate -3 (PO4)-3 phosphate (AsO4)-3 arsenate (PO3)-3 phosphite ACIDS (aq) H2SO4 sulfuric HNO3 nitric H2SO3 sulfurous HNO2 nitrous H2CO3 carbonic HC2H3O2 acetic H3PO4 phosphoric H3BO3 boric H3PO3 phosphorous H2C2O4 oxalic HClO4 perchloric HCl hydrochloric
take something from this group Fruit and vegetables: take 5 portions a day from this group Carbohydrates: take most food from this group (rice, pasta, bread, potatoes) The Main Food Groups Vegetables and Pulses Vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals. Pulses are a source of protein and mono unsaturated fatty acids, essential for body. You can consume boiled or cooked vegetables one or two bowls daily. Take 5 a day everyday! For lunch you can have the following list of vegetables... · Lettuce · Cabbage · Cauliflower · Beans · Broccoli · Lentils · Spinach · Bitter gourd · Tomato · Okra · Carrot Fruits Fruits are also a source of
4. Conclusion 5. Interesting facts 6. Sources What is carbonated beverages? Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Composition of carbonated drinks Sweetners Carbonated water Acids Caffeine Sweetener Effect · cane sugar · help combat the sour flavor · high fructose corn syrup · lead to a number of health · form of sugar substitute concerns Carbonated water Effects · Combination of water and · produces the effervescence carbon dioxide gas produces the effervescence Acids Effect · citric acid · preserving agent
Tartu 2009 Acid Rain Acid rain is rain consisting of water droplets that are unusually acidic because of atmospheric pollution - most notably the excessive amounts of sulfur and nitrogen released by cars and industrial processes. Acid rain is also called acid deposition because this term includes other forms of acidic precipitation such as snow. Acidic deposition occurs in two ways: wet and dry. Wet deposition is any form of precipitation that removes acids from the atmosphere and deposits them on the Earth's surface. Dry deposition polluting particles and gases stick to the ground via dust and smoke in the absence of precipitation. This form of deposition is dangerous however because precipitation can eventually wash pollutants into streams, lakes, and rivers. Acidity itself is determined based on the pH level of the water droplets. PH is the scale measuring the amount of acid in the water and liquid. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 with
it is cheaper than to use wood for example. Concrete is used more than any other man-made material in the world.(slide) Moving on, the durability of concrete can be defined as the ability to remain serviceable for at least the required lifetime of the structure of which it forms apart. However there are many factors which shorten the lifetime of concrete (slide) such as: physical attacks, including frost damage, fire, wind and water waves and chemical attacks including sulfates, sea water, acids, alkali-silica reactions and of course corrosion of embedded steel. That's why the durability of concrete needs to be tested. (slide) Firstly, the concrete contains pores and capillaries which fulfill with water. In laboratories several test have been worked out to measure the permeability but in real life we have a similar situations in marine areas. Next, there are three major types of flow constants for concrete. (slide) Firstly there is
Kemikaalid Kosmeetikas Sissejuhatus · Kreemipurke ja topsikuid uurides tasub teada, et koostisained on seal mahulises järjestuses. · Vastavalt euronõuetele peavad koostisained olema kirjas mahu alanevas järjekorras, st kõige suuremas koguses esindatu on nimetatud esimesena. Atseetaldehüüd Kasutatakse küünepalsamites ja kätekreemides Ohtlik väga sageli tarbimisel Võib tekkitada vähki AHAS · Alphahydroxy acids, fruit acids, glycolic, lactic ja citric acid · Kasutatakse dussitoodetes, vananemisvastastes näo ja ihutoodetes pH regulaatorina. · Võib imenduda läbi naha, suurendab tundlikkust päikese suhtes, seega võib suurendada päikesega seotud nahakasvaja riski. Alkohol, Isopropyl (SD- 40) Väga kuivatav ja nahka ärritav Muudab nahapinna Phtaset, nii et naha kaitsevõime bakterite ja viiruste suhtes halveneb Tekitab pigmendilaike ja kiirendab naha vananemist Benzalkonium Chloride
(retrosynthesis) OR (x- ray analysis)) Märksõna Biokatalüüs 33 17 Märksõna Süntees 146 54 Märksõna Stereoselektiivne 6 8 süntees b) Gustafsson, H. (1974).Synthesis and stereochemical studies of some optically active a-azolylpropionic acids of biological interest. Uppsala. 2. a) 6 b) 5 c) 5 d) 6 3. Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry. Section B, Organic Chemistry Andmebaas: Royal Society of Chemistry Core (KESLI) Olemas online-s aastast: 1997 Köide: 107 ARKIVOC: online journal of organic chemistry Andmebaasid: Academic Search Complete, DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals Olemas online-s aastast: 2000 12nes köide (Ilmub kord aastas, alates aastast 2000) Beilstein journal of organic chemistry
• Üldiselt noorukitel sarnased vajadused aminohapete järele. • Täiskasvanud sigadel kõige sarnasemad aminohapete vajaduse mustrid inimestega • Üldiselt suurim aminohapete vajadus rottidel, eriti metioniin, tsüstiin, treoniin • Koertel vananedes võib vajadus aminohapete järele isegi kasvada. • Tekib küsimus… Kas aeglaselt kasvavad loomad vajavad vähem Tänan kuulamast! • Kasutatud kirjandus: • Osborne T.B., Mendel L.B., 1914 . Amino-acids in nutrition and growth, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 17, 325-349. • McLarney M.J., Pellett P.L., and Young V.R., 1996. Pattern of Amino Acid Requirements in Humans: An Interspecies Comparison Using Published Amino Acid Requirement Recommendations, The Journal of Nutrition.
Märksõna biokatalüütiline 0 stereokeemiline 0 süntees 186 65 keemiline süntees 225 223 steroidid 12 29 b) Koostada ühe relevantse raamatu kohta bibliokirje. Synthesis and stereochemical studies of some optically active a-azolylpropionic acids of biological intrest. (1974). / ed. H. Gustafsson. Uppsala 1.2 Rahvusvaheline kümnendliigitus UDK. Leia e kataloogist ESTER abil, milline UDK kirjeldab järgmisi ainevaldkondi: a) genoomid 602.6 :519.2 b) spektrofotomeetria 543.422.3 c) orgaaniline süntees 547.057 (047.31) d) komposiitmaterjalid 620.22-419.8 1.3 E-ajakirja otsing e- väljaannete otsivahendiga A to Z a) Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry
GABA – see GAMMA-AMINO BUTYRIC ACID GAMMA-AMINO BUTYRIC ACID (GABA) – An amino acid* neurotransmitter* which acts in the brain to inhibit neurones. GANGLION – A cluster of neuronal cell bodies. GENE EXPRESSION – The process of retrieving information from the ‘blue print’ of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), via the so called transcription or re-writing the DNA sequence into the messenger RNA (ribonucleic acid) and then into the sequence of amino acids* in molecules of proteins produced on the messenger RNA. GLIA – Non neuronal cells present in the brain which perform various important functions such as nourishing neurones, providing trophic support, scavenging dead cells, producing myelin etc. GLUTAMATE – An amino acid neurotransmitter which acts to excite neurones. It works via NMDA and AMPA receptors and is implicated in learning and memory, but also neuronal death in neurological trauma and stroke.
Indicators and the pH scale Solutions of acids are said to be acidic, and solutions of alkalis are said to be alkaline. If a solution is neutral, it is neither acidic nor alkaline. Indicators are substances that change colour when they are added to acidic solutions or alkaline solutions. You can prepare homemade indicators from red cabbage or beetroot juice - these will help you see if a solution is acidic or alkaline. Litmus and universal indicator are two indicators that are commonly used in the laboratory. Litmus Litmus indicator solution turns red in acidic solutions and blue in alkaline solutions - and it turns purple in neutral solutions. Litmus paper is usually more reliable, and comes as red litmus paper and blue litmus paper. The table shows the colour changes it can make. Red Litmus Blue Litmus Acidic solution Stays red ...
· Acute angle- teravnurk · ethical-eetiline · Advantage-eelis · Evaporate-aurustuma · Advent- saabumine · Extracellular- rakuväline · Agenda-pevakord · Feedback-tagasiside · akin- sugulane · Fertile-viljakas · Aldehyde- aldehüüd · flank-külg · Alongside- kõrvuti · Flaw- viga, puudus · amino acids- aminohapped · fracture-luumurd, murd · Anion- (negatiivne ioon) · genetic engineering- · anxious-ärev geenitehnoloogia · Asparagus-spargel · Genuine- tõeline, ehtne · Assimilate- millelegi sarnaseks · Germ- eos, alge muutuma · Give rise to- põhjustama · Assume- eeldama · Hangar- angaar
kohta Suurim lubatud eruukhappe sisaldus §-s 1 nimetatud toodetes on 5 protsenti rasvhapete üldkogusest. § 3. Analüüsimise meetod eruukhappe sisalduse kontrollimiseks (1) Eruukhappe sisaldus määratakse Eesti standardi EVS-EN ISO 5508:2000 „Loomsed ja taimsed rasvad ja õlid. Rasvhapete metüülestrite gaasikromatograafiline analüüs (Animal and vegetable fats and oils – Analysis by gas chromatography of methyl esters of fatty acids)” kohaselt. (2) Lõikes 1 nimetatud standardi kohta annab teavet Põllumajandusministeerium. § 4. Määruse jõustumine Määrus jõustub 13. detsembril 2014. a. Kasutatud kirjandus https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapsi%C3%B5li https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasvad https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/103122014010 http://sport.delfi.ee/news/liikumine/toitumine/gmod-ja-taimemurgid- toiduolis?id=29874731
and endocrine pattern in water buffalo heifers"- Börje Danell ,,Reproduction in cattle and buffaloes"- Ian Gordon http://www.buffalodairy.co.uk/ - The Buffalo Dairy Limited http://www.theclays.com/buffalo/ - Water buffalo list http://www.buffalomilk.co.uk/id20.htm -Buffalo milk from Britain ,,Efficient dairy buffalo production" C.Santosh Thomas ,,Buffalo vs. cow milk fat globules: Size distribution, zeta-potential, compositions in total fatty acids and in polar lipids from the milk fat globule membrane"- Olivia Ménard, Sarfraz Ahmad, Florence Rousseau, Valérie Briard-Bion, Frédéric Gaucheron,Christelle Lopez ,,Effects of acidification on physico-chemical characteristics ofbuffalomilk: A comparison with cow's milk"- S.Ahmad, I. Gaucher jt ,,Food Chemistry" ,,Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences" (2.osa) "Animals that Produce Dairy Foods | Water Buffalo" - M. S. Khan "Agricultural Systems" - Berentsen, Stöckle, Walker
They thought that lead could be improved into gold, they tried to speed up this process by heating and refininf the metal in a varietu of chemical processes, most of which were kept secret. 9)where was alchemy practiced? Alchemy was practiced from China and India to Greece, it migrated to egypt during hellenistic period and was later revived in the 12th-century Europe 10)which discoveries did they make? Alchemists made some useful discoveries- mineral acids, alcohol, their experimentations led to the development of pharamacology and the rise of modern chemistry.
Acid rains Stefani Nimtsuk What is acid rain? Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition Acid rain is caused by emissions of compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids History Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have increased In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England Though acidic rain was discovered in 1852, it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon The term "acid rain" was generated in 1972
Definitions Heterotrophic bacteria - bacteria that use organic (carbon-containing) compounds as a source of energy and carbon. This characteristic distinguishes heterotrophic bacteria from chemoautotrophic (chemosynthesizing) and photoautotrophic (photosynthesizing) bacteria, which assimilate CO2 as a source of carbon. The overwhelming number of known species of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, are heterotrophic. Many heterotrophic bacteria utilize sugar, alcohol, and organic acids. However, there are specialized heterotrophic bacteria capable also of decomposing cellulose, lignin, chitin, keratin, hydrocarbons, phenol, and other substances. Heterotrophic bacteria take an active part in the natural recycling of substances. Autrotrophic bacteria Autotrophic bacteria make their own food, either by photosynthesis (which uses sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make food) or by chemosynthesis (which
RNA nucleotides align with DNA; U with A, A with T, C with G, and G with C; RNA polymerase; mRNA formed (using DNA strand as template); leaves nucleus through pore; allow max 5 for following: translation; mRNA attaches to ribosome; tRNA brings amino acid (to, ribosome / mRNA); each tRNA attached to specific amino acid; tRNA binds to mRNA using complementary, base triplet / anticodon; peptide bond formed between amino acids; DNA / mRNA, (nucleotide / base) sequence determines sequence of amino acids; AVP; e.g. 2, base triplets / codons, in ribosome AVP; e.g. ref. to : start / stop, codons polysomes large and small subunit in ribosome 2+ Mg [10] 10
Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic. It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition. Acid rain is caused by emissions of compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the production of sulfuric oxides into the Earth's atmosphere with positive results Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have increased.[2][3] In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England.[4] Though acidic rain was discovered in
[22:4w6] ja Docosapentaeenhappeks [22:5w6] · Omega 3 ahel Alpha-Linolenenhape [18:3w3] muutub Stearidoonhappeks (SDA) [18:4w3 muutub Eicosatetraeenhappeks [20:4w3] to Eicosapentaeenhappeks (EPA) [20:5w3] muutub Clupanodoonhappeks [225w3] muutub Docosahexaeenhappeks (DHA) [22:6w3] · Aju kasutab DHA sünaptiliste membraanide, silma võrkkesta ja mitokondrite ehituses PUFA - polyunsaturated fatty acids · Ilma DH-ta on aju funktsionaalse terviklikkuse säilitamine häiritud Kui asendamatud toitained · Membraane moodustava glütserofosfolipiidi kompleksis on tavaliselt erinevad rasvhapped (pikkus, küllastatus) Rakumembraan Steroidid Heidi Krieger ja Andreas Krieger AAS kasutajal ca 10x suurem risk enneaegseks surmaks (Thiblin 2012, Rootsi krimilabor) - Muutub vasaku vatsakese morfoloogia - Koronaarveresoontes lipiidide ulatuslik ladestumine
Organismi ainevahetus ja happe-leelise seisund Tartu Ülikool 2016 Happe-leelis seisund •• Arteriaalse vere (plasma) pH juures 7,37 – 7,43 • Keskmine : pH 7,4 • Happelised ainevahetusproduktid lähevad verre. • Happe- leelis tasakaalu hoiavad konstantsena vere puhversüsteemid, gaasivahetus kopsudes ja eritusmehhanismid neerudes. • Kõrvalekalle normaalsest pH-st pärsib vajalike ensüümide aktiivsust Neerude pH regulatsioon •• Väljutab mittelenduvaid happeid (nt väävelhapet). • Normaalse toitumise korral produtseerib inimene 24h jooksul 12-15 mooli CO2-e ja uriiniga väljutatakse 50 mmol hapet uriiniga. • Suure happe liia korral on terve neer võimeline eritama ka rohkem vesinik ioone. • Aluselise liia korral vesinikioonide sekretsioon väheneb. • väljutatakse põhiliselt seotuna ja külge Neerude pH regulatsioon • Normaalsetes tin...
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug For reducing pain, inflammation and fever Patented in 1961 by the research arm of Boots company and led by Stewart Adams Aim was to find safer product instead of Aspirin Industrial production follows Boots ` synthesis procedure Ibuprofen in body It acts on compounds called prostaglandins: Physiologically active lipid compounds having diverse hormone Found in almost every tissue in human They are derived enzymatically from fatty acids They bring out inflammatory response Ibuprofen's action as a painkiller and fever-reducing compound is due to its ability to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins It does this by interfering with the action of an enzyme called cyclooxygenase which catalyzes the conversion of a compound called arachidonic acid into prostaglandins 4 step Ibuprofen synthesis First step: Nucleophilic addition Reduction of the carbonyl group C=O by sodium tetrahydridoborate produces
200kg Ammonium bichromate/ammonium dichromate - 5.1 1439 IMDG koodeksis 5.osas UN No. on 1439. Leida UN number, õige veonimetus, ohuklass(id), PG, SP, pakkimise eeskirjad, segregeerimine (kui on vaja kokkupakkida), omadused (veerg 17) Kontrollida, kas veerus 16b on segregeerimiskoode? Jah. On olemas Kas veerus 16b kokkupakkimist sätestava tabeli 7.2.4 nõuetele täiendavaid piiranguid, segregeerimiskoode? SG35 Stow "separated from" acids. (vastab tabelis - 7.2.8) Ohutuskaardi kasutamine Ohupiktogrammid Plahvatusohtlik Tuleohtlik Oksüdeeriv Söövitav Äge mürgisus Tõsine Keskkonnaohtlik oht tervisele GHS01 GHS02 GHS03 GHS05 GHS06 GHS08 GHS09 Tunnussõna Ettevaatust või Hoiatus Ohulaused H272 Võib soodustada põlemist; oksüdeerija H301 Allaneelamisel mürgine
In human body persist up to 250 000 different proteins. Every day a average human organism produces and also consumes about 400g of body proteins. Proteins are divided into four different structural stages. Proteins have full variety of different irreplaceable and neccecary tasks. Proteins ought to give 10-15 % of daily energy need. This amount should be balanced 17 what means 50/50 of bestial and vegetarian proteins. Proteins consist of amino acids. Sience so far knows 120 amino acids of witch 21 make up different proteins. Unbalanced consumption of proteins leads to different and possibly severe health problems. For this it is understood that we ought to pay attention of healthy food. Without proteins there would be no life in our known form. This sucks. I want to die. 18
6 Chapter 1 Table 1.1. Composition of Mammalian Muscle complex lipid found in muscle. In this class Component % of Muscle Weight of lipids, one of the hydroxyl groups of glyc- Water 75% (65–80%) erol is esterified to a phosphate group, while Protein 18.5% (16–22%) the other constituents are fatty acids. The Lipid 3% (1–13%) fatty acids associated with phospholipids are Carbohydrate 1% (0.5–1.5%) Non-Protein Nitrogenous 1.7% (1–2%) typically unsaturated. Phospholipids in skel- Substances etal muscle are commonly associated with Other Non-Protein 0.85% (0.5–1%) membranes. The relative high degree of Substances (minerals, vitamins, etc
organisms; in other words, they are polymeric biomolecules. Since they are polymers, biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed: 1. polynucleotides (RNA and DNA), which are long polymers composed of 13 or more nucleotide monomers; 2. polypeptides, which are short polymers of amino acids; and 3. polysaccharides, which are often linear bonded polymeric carbohydrate structures Polymers are everywhere The way plastics are made is actually a way of imitating nature, which has created a huge number of polymers. Cellulose, the basic component of plant cell walls is a polymer, and so are all the proteins produced in your body and the proteins you eat. Another famous example of a polymer is DNA - the long
3. Tühja kõhuga on aeroobne treening kõige tõhusam Pikalt on tõstetud esile aeroobse treeningu tegemist tühja kõhuga kui parimat viisi põletada dieedi ajal rasvasid. Tõsi on, et rasvapõletustrenn tühja kõhuga tähendab seda, et insuliinitase on madal ning organism on meelestatud rasvapõletusele. Pahupooleks on aga see, et sel juhul ähvardab meid ka lihasmassi kadu. Ühes uues uuringus leiti, et väike lisa BCAA-d (Branched Chained Amino Acids hargnenud aminohapped) enne madala intensiivsusega aeroobset treeningut takistab lihasmassi vähenemist. Kindluse mõttes soovitaks süüa ka väikese proteiinirikka eine (5-10 grammi valku) enne treeningut, et mitte alustada päris paastuseisundist. Tasub mõelda ka toitumiskava peale, millest on abi ka teiste päeva jooksul söödavate toidukordade ajal. 4. Ka rinna siseosa on võimalik treenida
keskseks keskuseks. Ee on sellepärast, et suurem osa imendunud toitainetest saadud energia ja molekulid oksüdeeruvad seal ja selle ühendid kasutatakse ära erinevates biosünteesi radade jaoks. Igaksjuhuks inglise keeles: In addition to the supply of energy from the fuel molecules, the citric acid cycle has other important functions. Thus, some of the citric acid cycle are intermediates for other important reactions like the biosynthesis of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. Due to the many functions of the citric acid cycle is also considered to be the "central hub of metabolism". This is because, as most of the absorbed nutrients, the fuel molecules are oxidized ultimately within the Krebs Cycke and its intermediates are used for various biosynthetic pathways. Figuratively, one can look at the citric acid cycle as a " roundabout" introduce, in which the nutrients (carbohydrates, fatty acids
VAHUVASTANE AINE Aitab vältida vahutamist valmistamisprotsessis või võimaldab valmistada vähem vahtu tekitavaid valmistooteid. VARJEAINE Nõrgendab või pärsib toote põhilõhna või maitset. VISKOOSSUST REGULEERIV AINE Suurendab või vähendab kosmeetikavahendi viskoossust. Atseetaldehüüd (Acetaldehyde) kasutatakse küünepalsamites. Ohtlik sagedasel tarbimisel potentsiaalne vähitekitaja. AHAS (alpha-hydroxy acids, fruit acids, glycolic, lactic ja citric acid) kasutatakse dusitootetes, vananemisvastastes näo- ja ihuhooldustoodetes ph regulaatorina. Võib imenduda läbi naha, suurendab tundlikkust päikese suhtes, seega võib suurendada päikesega seotud nahakasvaja riski. Alkohol, Isopropyl (SD-40) - tugevalt kuivatav ja nahka ärritav, muudab nahapinna ph-taset nii, et naha kaitsevõime bakterite ja viiruste suhtes halveneb, tekitab pigmendilaike ja kiirendab naha vananemist.
dependent on the pH and composition of the used buffer. The distinction between absolute and effective mobility is explained in Fig. 2. There are shown two hypothetical solution, which on complete dissociation of the electrolyte, i.e. when α (degree of dissociation)=1 have the same mobility μ. Fig. 2: Mobility of two weak acids as a function of pH 6 According to the absolute mobility, taken from the tables, both of these substances seem inseparable because they migrate equally. However, both these substances have different pKa values, i.e mobility is dependent on pH. Electroosmotic flow (EOF)
bacteriophage G4 DNA. Nature 276: 236-247. Gritsenko, A.A, Nijkamp, J.F., Reinders, M.J.T, de Ridder, D. (2012). Bioinformatics 28(11): 1429-37. Narzisi G., Mishra, B. (2011). Comparing de novo genome assembly: the long and short of it. PLoS One. 6 (4). Wu, W., Stupi, B.P., Litosh, V.A., Mansouri, D., Farley, D., Morris, S., Metzker, S., Metzker, M.L. (2007). Termination of DNA synthesis by N6-alkylated, not 3-O-alkylated, photocleavable 2-deoxyadenosine triphosphates. Nucleic Acids Research, 35 (19): 6339- 6349. Xue, W., Li, J.-T., Zhu, Y.-P., Hou, G.-Y., Kong, X.-F., Kuang, Y.-Y., Sun, X.-W. (2013). L_RNA_Scaffolder: scaffolding genomes with transcripts. BMC Genomics 14: 604. Zhang, J., Chiodini, R., Badr, A., Zhang, G. (2011). The impact of next-generation sequencing on genomics. J Genet Genomics 38 (3): 95-109.
· ,,Reproduction in cattle and buffaloes"- Ian Gordon · http://www.buffalodairy.co.uk/ - The Buffalo Dairy Limited · http://www.theclays.com/buffalo/ - Water buffalo list · http://www.buffalomilk.co.uk/id20.htm -Buffalo milk from Britain · ,,Efficient dairy buffalo production" C.Santosh Thomas · ,,Buffalo vs. cow milk fat globules: Size distribution, zeta-potential, compositions in total fatty acids and in polar lipids from the milk fat globule membrane"- Olivia Ménard, Sarfraz Ahmad, Florence Rousseau, Valérie Briard-Bion, Frédéric Gaucheron,Christelle Lopez · ,,Effects of acidification on physico-chemical characteristics ofbuffalomilk: A comparison with cow's milk"- S.Ahmad, I. Gaucher jt · ,,Food Chemistry" · ,,Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences" (2.osa) · ,,Animals that Produce Dairy Foods | Water Buffalo" - M. S. Khan
Sunflower accounts for about 14% of the world production of seed oils (6.9 million metric tons in 1985-86) and about 7% of the oilcake and meal produced from oilseeds. Europe and the USSR produce over 60% of the world's sunflowers. The oil accounts for 80% of the value of the sunflower crop, as contrasted with soybean which derives most of its value from the meal. Sunflower oil is generally considered a premium oil because of its light color, high level of unsaturated fatty acids and lack of linolenic acid, bland flavor and high smoke points. The primary fatty acids in the oil are oleic and linoleic (typically 90% unsaturated fatty acids), with the remainder consisting of palmitic and stearic saturated fatty acids. The primary use is as a salad and cooking oil or in margarine. In the USA, sunflower oils account for 8% or less of these markets, but in many sunflower-producing countries, sunflower is the preferred and the most commonly used oil.
vitamiinirikka toiduainega. Ilmselt võisin mingis katseetapis eksida või olin ebatäpne. TOIDURASVAD HAPPEARVU JA VABADE RASVHAPETE SISALDUSE MÄÄRAMINE Happearv HA ( inglise k. acid value ehk AV) on KOH milligrammide arv, mis kulub 1g proovis esinevate vabade rasvhapete neutraliseerimiseks. Happearvu väljendatakse milligrammi KOH/g rasva kohta. Vabade rasvhapete sisaldus ( inglise k. free fatty acids ehk FFA) esitatakse massi protsendina vastavalt õli (rasva) päritolule. Rafineeritud õlis võib FFA väärtus olla maksimaalselt 0,3 % Töö käik Proovi ei tohiks enne analüüsi soojendada ega filtreerida, kuna proov võib sisaldada ebapüsivaid rasvhappeid. Proovi tuleks võtta nii palju, et titranti kuluks vähemalt 0,2 ml. Olenevalt oodatavast happearvust kaalutakse koonilisse kolbi 2-10 g õli või rasva (mida väiksem happearv, seda suurem kaalutis)
the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly. Biochemical tests Biochemical tests used in the identification of infectious agents include the detection of metabolic or enzymatic products characteristic of a particular infectious agent. Since bacteria ferment carbohydrates in patterns characteristic of their genus and species, the 2 detection of fermentation products is commonly used in bacterial identification. Acids, alcohols and gases are usually detected in these tests when bacteria are grown in selective liquid or solid media. The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein
Sellised ekstreemsed näited elust panevad sügavalt mõtlema valkude tähtsusele ning võimalustele päästa inimorganismid. Referaadist järeldus, et inimene ise valib oma toidulaua ning seega on iga elusolend oma välimuse ning haiguste tekitajateks. Vältimaks tervislikke probleeme, andis referaat suurepärase ülevaate valkudest. 16 Võõrkeelne lühikokkuvõte Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. Like other biological macromolecules, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Most proteins are fold into unique 3- dimensional structures such as primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and
LOOMAFÜSIOLOOGIA EKSAM 1. Lihtsa eluka närvisüsteem (selgrootutel) Madalamatel loomadel on närvisüsteem esindatud üksteisest eraldatud närvirakkude sünapside abil seotud võrguga. (meritäht, lameuss, meriroosiline) Neuronite kehad koores ja närvikiud ning sünapsid tuumas. Käsnad – puudub närvisüsteem pea täielikult. Neil pole üldse neuroneid, vaid mõned rakud talitlevad neuronitena. Ainuõõssetel ns algeline. Üle looma kogu keha paiknevad hajusalt närvirakud, mis oma pikkade jätketega moodustavad närvivõrgustiku. Rõngusside lihtne ns koosneb närvitänkudest, mis jätkeid pidi ühinedes moodustavad kõhtmise närviketi. Ümarusside piki keha kulgevad närvitüved, mida ühendavad rõngasjalt paiknevad närvikiud; närvitänkude süsteem (looma algeline aju). Õisloomadel hulk neuroneid, mis suudavad üsna kiiresti infot juhtida. Kammloomadel on iga kammplaati kontrollivad rütmikeskused. Lameussidel bilateraalsümmeetrilise ajuga närvisüsteem, neil 2 närv...
alleeli määratud tunnused kromosoom terviklik DNA-molekul ja sellega seotud valgud M miinusahelaline viiruse genoom RNA-viiruse genoom, mille põhjal tuleb enne valkude sünteesi sünteesida komplementaarsed mRNA-molekulid monogeensed tunnused ühe geeni määratud tunnused mutatsioon päranduv geneetilise informatsiooni muutus muutlikkus organismide võime muutuda ja seetõttu üksteisest erineda N nukleiinhapped (nucleic acids) DNA ja RNA, nukleotiidide polümeerid; päriliku info kandjad ehk pärilikkusained nukleotiid nukleiinhappe ehitusüksus; koosneb suhkrust, fosfaatrühmast ja lämmastikalusest; suhkruks on RNA koostises riboos ja DNA-l desoksüriboos P peptiidside ühe aminohappe karboksüülrühma ja teise aminohappe aminorühma vahel tekkiv keemiline side, mis seob eri aminohapped kokku valkudeks plussahelaline viiruse genoom (positive-sense RNA virus) RNA-viiruse genoom, mida on
chance. The lower the E value, the more significant the score. Sõna pikkus- algne järjestuse pikkus, mis dot-ploti põhimõttega lõigatakse 3 nukleotiid pikkusteks juppideks ja hakatakse sobitama võrreldava andmepanga järjestusega. Maatriksi tüüp- Substitution Matrix A substitution matrix containing values proportional to the probability that amino acid i mutates into amino acid j for all pairs of amino acids. such matrices are constructed by assembling a large and diverse sample of verified pairwise alignments of amino acids. If the sample is large enough to be statistically significant, the resulting matrices should reflect the true probabilities of mutations occurring through a period of evolution. Unitary Matrix Also known as Identity Matrix. A scoring system in which only identical characters receive a positive score.
kaitstud kiirguse ja elektrilaengute eest. Vesi kolvis muutus algul Mikrobioloogia kollakaks,I 2017 hiljem päris pruuniks. Proovides määrati Milleri-Urey eksperimendis moodustunud aineid määrati paberkromatograafiliselt. Näha on alaniini, glütsiini, aspartaadi ja aminobutüraadi laigud. Mikrobioloogia I 2017 Paneme Milleri artikli teaduses ajaloolisele taustale Miller, S. A production of amino acids under possible primitive Earth conditions. Science, 117:528, 1953 (esimene artikkel tulemuste kohta). Milleri töö ilmus mõni nädal pärast seda, kui Watson ja Crick avaldasid oma töö DNA kaksikahelalise struktuuri kohta ajakirjas Nature. Mõne aasta pärast (1961) näitas Juan Oró, et keemilise sünteesiga on vesiniktsüaniidist suhteliselt lihtne saada adeniini, see on nii DNA kui ka RNA ehituskivi. See kõik viis lõpuks RNA elu hüpoteesini. Mikrobioloogia I 2017
several species by many investigators. The toxicokinetics in all of the animals studied is similar across species lines. Formaldehyde is an essential metabolic intermediate in all cells. It is produced during the normal metabolism of serine, glycine, methionine, and choline and also by the demethylation of N-, S-, and O-methyl compounds. After oxidation of formaldehyde to formate, the carbon atom is further oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) or incorporated into purines, thymidine, and amino acids via tetrahydrofolatedependent one-carbon biosynthetic pathways. Exogenous formaldehyde appears to be readily absorbed from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, but poorly absorbed following dermal application. Formaldehyde is metabolized to formate by the enzyme formaldehyde dehydrogenase; this appears to take place at the initial site of contact. Being normal components of intermediary metabolism, neither formaldehyde nor formate are stored to any
Gly residues are often highly conserved, and often found at turns. Ala with its small side-chain is found equally in the interior and on the surface and is a very abundant amino acid in proteins. Val, Leu, Ile with their bulky hydrophobic side-chains are stiffer due to steric hindrance, their bulk also tends to make them helix breakers. Hydrophobic side chains are most commonly found in the interior, i. e. buried, of proteins. The aromatic amino acids have a b-methylene to provide some flexibility; they are non-polar, although Tyr has the polar phenol group. Aromatic side-chains tend to pack together at 90°C , rather than side-to-side. Trp has the largest side-chain. Pro is non-polar and has a very rigid side-chain, causing a "kink" in the peptide backbone. Usually Pro breaks a helix, and many turns contain Pro. It usually is found in the more stable trans configuration, but occasionally in the cis configuration.
Dietary fiber is also said to help lower cholesterol levels by moving cholesterol particles out of the body and is therefore associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease.24 Fats are an important part of a healthy diet. They give us energy and support cell growth. There are good fats in foods that our body needs, these foods also contain some essential vitamins and minerals. For example, canola oil is one of the healthy fat sources. It contains omega-3 and 6 fatty acids as well as vitamin E. Above all, foods high in omega-3’s are said to help lower LDL cholesterol levels. However, not every kind of fat is good for the body. Saturated fats are known as the bad fats that raise blood cholesterol levels and therefore higher the risk of heart disease. Foods that contain high amounts of saturated fats include: pork, butter, cheese, lamb, fatty beef, etc. 25 As vegans don’t
DNA during the formation of the pre-initiation transcription complex of RNA polymerase II. TBP is also a necessary component of RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase III, and is, it is thought, the only common subunit required by all three of the RNA polymerases. · HAT histoonide atsetüültranseferaas. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to form -N-acetyllysine. DNA is wrapped around histones, and by transferring an acetyl group to the histones, genes can be turned on and off. Histone acetylation increases gene expression. In general, histone acetylation is linked to transcriptional activation and associated with euchromatin. Jaguneb A tüüpi (nukleosoomis) ja B tüüpi (tsütoplasmasa) HAT'deks.
have important metabolic and immunological effects (Arzt, 2001; Hoffman-Goetz & Pederson, 1994; Fitzgerald, 1998). Emotion regulation in relation.. 1 Figure 3. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis (HPA) Cortisol has been widely used in psychology to measure stress. Cortisol has metabolic effects on liver glucose sythnesis, breakdown of skeletal muscle protein to amino acids and in adipose tissue mobilizes fat. It can also have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions depending on concentration (Rhoades & Pflanzer, 1989). Most of these physiological effects prepare the body for hostile conditions. Cells of the immune system respond to stress or injury in many of ways (Benoy & Heels, 1998; Mayer & Watkins, 1998; Brines et al, 1996). They secrete a number of cytokines (signalling protein) such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) which is a pro-
e. a force is created which attempts to prevent such movement. The frictional resistance can be reduced considerably when a fluid layer is introduced between the two surfaces moving against each other. Correct lubricating of any engine is necessary for satisfactory operation, in that the supply of lubricating oil serves the following purposes. 1. Lubrication of bearings, cylinders, piston rings and other moving parts of the engine. 2. Neutralization of the acids that are formed in the combustion of sulphur-containing fuel oils. 3. Cooling of bearings and pistons. 4. Keeping the inside of the engine clean. 5. Transport of impurities such as dust, rust, water, combustion products etc, away from the engine to filters and separators. The lubricating oil system for a diesel engine is shown schematically in the figure. Used oil drains to the bottom of the crankcase and passes through strainers by
atsetüülmuraamhappest (NAM). vahendavad valgud). Peptidoglükaan-kiht asub välis- ja sisemembraani vahel. Peptidoglükaankihti nimetatakse ka mureiinkihiks. Erinevate peptidoglükaani ahelate vahel võivad moodustuda peptiidsidemed. Läbi peptidoglükaani kihtide ulatuvad lipoteihohappe (teichoic acids) molekulid, mis on sünteesitud membraani pinnale. Iseloomustused on vt ül. 1 4. Kuidas nimetatakse bakterite rakuseina koostises olevat peptidoglükaani? Millest koosnevad selle peptidoglükaani polüsahhariidi ahelad ja millest polüsahhariidi ahelate vahel olevad ristsidemed? Peptiidoglükaani kutsutakse mureliiniks (ladina keeles "murus" ehk "sein" Peptidoglükaani polüsahhariidi ahelate Polüsahhariidi ahelate vahel olevate
milliseid mehhanisme selleks kasutatakse. Erinevatest õlitaimedest toodetud õlid erinevad oma rasvhappelise koostise poolest ning vastavalt sellele on nende kasutusalad erinevad. Geneetiliselt muundatud taimed on võimelised tootma soovitud rasvhappelise koostisega õli ning jääb ära hilisem segamine ja töötlemine. Saab toota tervislikumaid tooteid, kus on madal transrasvhapete ja kõrge küllastamata rasvhapete sisaldus. Näiteks vähese küllastatud rasvhapete (saturated fatty acids, SAFA) sisaldusega raps (3%, võrreldes tavalise rapsi 7, päevalille 12, oliiviõli 15 ja palmiõli 51%-ga). Samuti hästi kõrge mono-küllastamata rasvhapete (MUFA) sisaldusega õlid. Edasipidi väga oluliste polüküllastamata omega-3 rasvhapete tootmine. Praegu saadakse neid põhiliselt kala(maksa)õlist, keda toidetakse vetikatega, mis ongi omega-3 rasvhapete esmasteks tootjateks. (Vähendab haigestumist südame-veresoonkonna haigustesse.) Seega on loomisel transgeensed
vasoconstriction. 3) Metaboliitne kontroll a. As a result of metabolic activity, cells produce by- products called metabolites. When a tissue increases its activity the production of metabolites will also increase. If blood flow to the area remains constant in the face of this change, then the metabolites will build up in the tissues. b. The major metabolites that build up include CO2, ADP, extracellular K+ and organic acids. These metabolites directly stimulate the vasodilation of local arterioles, thus increasing blood flow. c. This mechanism, in which an increase in the activity of a tissue induces an increase in blood flow to the area, is called active hyperemia. This increase in blood flow 33 eventually lowers the levels of metabolites thus
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