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Enamlevinumad polümeeride algmaterjalid (0)

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Enamlevinumad polümeeride lähtematerjalid
  • Kõik plastid on polümeerid aga kõik polümeerid pole plastid.

Mõned tuntud polümeerid, mis pole plastid on tärklis (ingl k starch), valgud (aminohappe polümeerid), DNA.
  • The simplified diagram below shows the relationship between monomers and polymers. Identical monomers can combine with each other to form homopolymers, which can be straight or branched chains. Different monomers may combine together to form copolymers, which also may be branched or straight.

  • plastid on polümeerid- see tähendab, et nad koosnevad tuhandetest samadest aatomidest. Näiteks materjal polüetüleen, millest on tehtud kilekotid koosneb etüleenist valemiga c2h4 .

  • Tselluloos atsetaat , mis on kasutusel kilede tegemisel saadakse puuvillast. Mõned kummid on tehtud erinevate puude mahladest.

  • Mida me tänapäeval kutsume plastikuks, sai alguse tselluloosi baasil saadud materjalidest .

Varasemal ajal.
bakeliit on saadud fenoolvaigust ja formaldehüüdist. Patendeeriti 1907 aastal Dr. Baekeland’i poolt. “The material of 1000 uses” See muutus 1920ndatel laiemalt kasutatvaks ning sellest hakati tootma pressitud tooteid nagu nõusid, telefone. Tselluloosi kasutati tehiskiudude nagu raioni , tselluloos atsetaat jne.
Tselluloos atsetaat, mis on termoplastne materjal, saadakse tselluloosist ja atseetanhüdriidist. Sellel oli ja on suur kasutusala kruvikeerajate ja muude sarnaste tööriistade käepidemete valmistamisel.
Kolmas toormaterjal- kääritamise baasil saadud alkohol muundati paljudeks erinevateks kemikaalideks nagu etüleen, butadieen jne.
Kõik see oli enne II MM’i ning üksi nendest keemilistest ühenditest oli süsivesinike baasil saadud( toornafta või looduslik gaas ). Rafineerimisjaamadest siiski tekkis olefiinibaasilisi kõrvalprodukte kräkkimisest.
Sõjatööstuse nõudlus sõjamaterjalide järele suurtest kogustes muutus üha tähtsamaks. Keemiatööstuse hakkas üha rohkem tähtsust koguma ning muutus üha tähtsamaks tööstus valdkonnaks. Väga kiiresti hakkas arenema süsivesinike baasil tehtud polümeerid levik nagu kõrgeoktaanilise kütuse areng hävituslennukite tarvis.
Enamlevinumate termoplastide tootmiseks (PE, PVC, PE jne) meetodi avastasid sakslased . Uuringud näitasid, et polüetüleen sobis väga hästi radarite katmiseks. Plastifitseeritud PVC sobis väga hästi telkide ja muude kattematerjalide valmistamiseks. Stüreen muutus kriitiliseks toormaterjaliks kunstkummide valmistamisel. Jaapanlased vallutasi 1942 malaisia, mis oli tol ajal üks maailma suurimad kautšuki ekportijaid ning USAsse import katkes sellega seoses.
Vahemiks 1940 kuni 1945 tehti USAs ja Kandas väga suur areng, et toota “sõjamaterjale”
Kõige tähtsamad materjalid naftakeemia (petrolchemistry) toodangu saamiseks olid etüleen, prpüleen, butüleen ja benseen, mida toodeti suuresti rafineerimisjaamades. Samuti ka aurukateldes, mis põhinesid naturaalgaasist ethaani.
Plastikud on toodetud õlist või maagaasist, mis sisaldab etaan , propaan , butaan, pentaan
  • Siis kui toornafta rafineerimisel on saadud erinevaid süsivesinike, töödeltakse neid, et saada erinevate süsivesinike ja teisi süsinik monomeere( stüreen, vinüül, alküülnitriil)

  • Pärast sõja lõppu hakkasid USA tehased,mis varasemalt tootsid sõjatööstusele tootma tooteid USA tavatarbija huvides.
  • Uued naftabaasil tooted nagu nailon , polüester, arkrüül sobisid väga hästi majapidamisse, autotööstusesse jne. Sellest ajast saati on olnud nafta baasil olevatest materjalidest suur võidukäik.

  • Tänapäeval on palju juttu naftakemikaalide asendamisest taastuvate allkatega. Põhiliselt mõeldakse tärklist ja suhkruid.

  • Mõned konkreetsed näited:

Polüuretaani valmistatakse põhiliselt isotsüanaatidest ja polüolidest.
  • Esimeseks muudetakse etaan etüleeniks. Esmalt jahutatakse etaani -100C ni. Seejärel võetakse kondenseerunud etaan ning viiakse edasi järgmisesse staadiumisse, kus see kuumutatakse 850C. Tekib H2 ja eteen-mida on vaja. Edasi saadetakse see protsessi, mille käigus on saadakse eteeni pelletid.

  • Cellulose is the most common organic compound and biopolymer on Earth. About 33 percent of all plant matter is cellulose. The cellulose content of cotton is 90 percent, while wood 's is 50 percent. [7]

  • Keemiline koostis sõltub sellest, mis plastiga on tegemist. Suurem osa polümeere saadakse toorõlist saadavatest süsinikest. See tähendab, et need on sünteetilised. Kuid samuti on võimalik valmistada naturaalseid polümeere looduslikest molekulidest.
  • n the United States , plastics are made from liquid petroleum gases (LPG), natural gas liquids (NGL), and natural gas. LPG are by- products of petroleum refining, and NGL are removed from natural gas before it enters transmission pipelines.
  • In 20101, about 191 million barrels of LPG and NGL were used in the United States to make plastic products in the plastic materials and resins industry, equal to about 2.7% of total U.S. petroleum consumption . Of those 191 million barrels, 190 million barrels were used as feedstock and 1 million barrels were consumed as fuel
  • In addition to petroleum, natural gas is used to manufacture plastic materials and resins. In 2010, about 412 billion cubic feet (Bcf) of natural gas were used to make plastic materials and resins, equal to about 1.7% of total U.S. natural gas consumption. Of the 412 Bcf, 13 Bcf were used as feedstock, and 399 Bcf were burned as fuel.
  • Electricity is also used to manufacture plastics. In 2010, about 65 billion kilowatt- hours were used, equal to about 1.7% of total U.S. electricity consumption. Only about 1% of the total U.S. petroleum consumed in 2010 was used to generate electricity.

Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms; in other words , they are polymeric biomolecules. Since they are polymers, biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures .
There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed :
  • polynucleotides (RNA and DNA), which are long polymers composed of 13 or more nucleotide monomers;
  • polypeptides, which are short polymers of amino acids; and
  • polysaccharides, which are often linear bonded polymeric carbohydrate structures
    Polymers are everywhere
    The way plastics are made is actually a way of imitating nature , which has created a huge number of polymers.
    Cellulose, the basic component of plant cell walls is a polymer, and so are all the proteins produced in your body and the proteins you eat.
    Another famous example of a polymer is DNA - the long molecule in the nuclei of your cells that carries all the genetic information about you.
    People have been using natural polymers, including silk, wool , cotton, wood, and leather for centuries . These products inspired chemists to try to create synthetic counterparts, which they have done with amazing success .
    Biopolymers (also called renewable polymers) are produced from biomass for use in the packaging industry. Biomass comes from crops such as sugar beet, potatoes or wheat : when used to produce biopolymers, these are classified as non food crops.
    Many types of packaging can be made from biopolymers: food trays, blown starch pellets for shipping fragile goods , thin films for wrapping.
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