Energy - põhjalik referaat energiast (1)

SISUKORD
1.ENERGY STORY 4
2.USES OF ENERGY 4
2.1 Uses of energy in homes 5
2.2 Types of energy used in homes 6
2.3 Energy use in different types of homes 6
2.4 Commercial Energy Use 8
2.5 Industrial and Manufacturing Energy Use 10
2.6 Transportation Energy Use 12
3.RENEWABLE ENERGY 14
3.1 What Role Does Renewable Energy Play in the United States ? 14
3.2 Why Don’t We Use More Renewable Energy? 15
4.NONRENEWABLE ENERGY 15
5.SIGNFICANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF ENERGY BY FUEL 16
5.1 Signficant Events in the History of Energy Uses 18
6. SAVING ENERGY 19
7.ELECTRICITY 20
7.1 The science of electricity 21
7.2 Static electricity 22
7.3 Magnets and electricity 22
7.4 Batteries produce electricity 23
7.5 Electricity travels in circuits 23
7.6 How electricity is generated 24
7.7 The transformer - moving electricity 26
7.8 Measuring electricity 27
8. SOLAR ENERGY 27
8.1 Photovoltaic energy 28
8.2 Solar thermal heat 29
8.3 Solar thermal power plants 30
8.4 Solar energy and the environment 30
9.WIND ENERGY 30
9.1 The History of Wind 31
9.2 How wind machines work 31
9.3 Types of wind machines 32
9.4 Wind power plants 33
9.5 Wind production 33
9.6 Wind and the environment 34
10. TIDAL ENERGY 34
10.1 Wave Energy 35
10.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 36
10.3 Solar 36
10.4 Wind 36
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Picture 10.3. Wind turbine 37
11. HYDROPOWER 37
11.1 How hydropower works 37
11.2 Where hydropower is generated 38
11.3 Hydropower and the environment 39
12. NUCLEAR ENERGY 39
12.1 Nuclear fuel – uranium 39
12.2 Nuclear power plants generate electricity 40
12.3 Types of reactors 40
12.4 Nuclear power and the environment 41
13. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 41
13.1 Energy inside the earth 42
13.2 Where is geothermal energy found ? 42
13.3 Uses of geothermal energy 43
13. 4 Direct use of geothermal energy 44
13.5 Geothermal power plants 44
13.6 Geothermal heat pumps 45
13.7 Geothermal energy and the environment 45
14. BIOMASS 45
14.1 Wood and wood waste 46
14.2 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, and biogas 47
14.3 Biofuels - ethanol and biodiesel 47
14.4 Biomass and the environment 47
15. COAL 49
15.1 How we get coal 49
15.2 Transporting coal 50
15.3 Types of coal 51
15.3 Where we get coal 51
15.4 How coal is used 53
15.4.1 For electric power 53
15.4.2 For industry 53
15.4.3 For making steel 53
15.4.4 For export 53
15.5 Coal and the environment 53
16.NATURAL GAS 54
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16.1 How Do We Get Natural Gas? 55
16.2 How Is Natural Gas Stored and Delivered ? 55
16.3 How is Natural Gas Measured? 56
16.4 How Is Natural Gas Used? 56
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16.5 How Does Natural Gas Impact the Environment? 57
17. PETROLEUM (OIL) 58
17.1 Where Do We Get Our Oil? 58
17.2 What Fuels Are Made From Crude Oil? 58
17.3 How Does Oil Impact The Environment? 59

ENERGY STORY
Once upon a time, in a town not far away , there was an 8th grader who was afraid of the dark . Her name was Jules . She was also afraid of the quiet , and of the cold . So she always left on the lights , the TV, and stereo even when she had her I-Pod earbuds on. She took lots of very long, hot showers. She never walked anywhere, but got rides from her mom in a big SUV. She couldn't be happy unless she was using all the energy she possibly could for all the stuff around her.
Her friend , Les, didn't like to use any energy at all. He walked to school, read books instead of watching TV, played the trumpet instead of Guitar Hero, and turned off the lights anytime he left a room .
Then one evening , there was a power outage. The lights went out, the TV turned off, and everything became very quiet. Jules became very upset, and quite scared. She couldn't do anything that she wanted to do. She didn't think she could survive. Meanwhile , Les didn't seem to mind at all. He was able to light a few candles and he could still read his books, practice his trumpet, and hang out and play cards with his family.
The two friends then realized that there was a big difference in their lifestyles and the amount of energy they used. So Jules decided she should figure out how much energy Les used and then compare her energy consumption to how much she really needed. To do this, they figured out how much energy Jules was using for entertainment, light, heating and cooling, cleaning, preparing food, transportation, and communication devices . They discovered that the amount of energy used for any purpose could be measured in different ways . Light bulbs are measured in watts . Air conditioners and hot water heaters are measured in BTUs, while energy used by cars is measured in gallons of fuel.
They used a spreadsheet to figure out how much energy they consumed for each of their activities . Each of the lights, car miles , games,