Types of Verbs Group I Normal Verbs Most verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physical actions which you can see somebody doing. These verbs can be used in all tenses. Normal Verbs to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc. Examples: · I eat dinner every day. · I am eating dinner now. Group II Non-Continuous Verbs The second group, called "Non-Continuous Verbs," is smaller. These verbs are usually things you cannot see somebody doing. These verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses. They include: Abstract Verbs to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist... Possession Verbs to possess, to own, to belong... Emotion Verbs to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind... Examples: · He is needing help now. Not Correct · He needs help now. Correct · He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct ...
Be Was/were Been Olema Do Did Done Tegema Make Made Made Teostama Beat Beat Beaten Lööma See Saw Seen Vaatama Go Went Gone Minema Read Read Read Lugema Write Wrote Written Kirjutama Teach Taught Taught Õpetama Bring Brought Brought Tooma Tear Tore Torn Kiskuma Pay Paid Paid Maksma Choose Chose Chosen Valima Ring Rung Rung Helisema Steal Stole Stolen Varastama Mistake Mistake Mistaken Viga Become became become Muutuma Fall fell Fallen Kukkuma Light Lit Lit valgustama Blow Blew Blown Puhuma Run Ran Run Jooksma Stand Stood Stood Seisma Lie Lay Lain Asetsema Fly flewn flown Lend...
Phrasal verb BREAK Anni Haasma Tartu 2009 Break sth off SEPARATE to separate a part from a larger piece, or to become separate: He broke off a piece of chocolate. RELATIONSHIP to end a relationship: They've broken off their engagement. The governments have broken off diplomatic relations. STOP DOING to suddenly stop speaking or doing something: She broke off in the middle of a sentence. Break away ESCAPE to leave or to escape from someone who is holding you: He grabbed her, but she managed to break away. FIGURATIVE One or two of the tourists broke away from the tour group. NOT AGREE to stop being part of a group because you begin to disagree with them: Some members of the British Labour Party broke away to form the Social Democratic Party. Break out START If something dangerous or unpleasant breaks ou...
Verb + -ing or to... Verb + -ing 1) Kasutame -ing vormi kirjeldamaks tegevust, mis toimub enne esimest tegevust või samal ajal · They denied stealing the money. · I enjoy going out. stealing <-- denied Verb + to... 1)Kasutame to vormi kirjeldamaks tegevust mis järgneb esimesele tegevusele · They decided to steal the money. · I want to go out. decided -> to steal want -->to go 3)Mäletan millegi tegemist. (peale seda) I'm absolutely sure I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it. (=I locked it, and now I remember this) 4)Mäletan et pidin midagi tegema (enne seda) · I remembered to lock the door when I left but I forgot to shut the windows. · Please remember to post the letter. 5)Kahetsen millegi tegemist(tegin juba) · I now regret saying what I said. I shouldn't have said it. Kahetsusega teatama(olevikus) I regret to say / to tell you / to inform you 6)Jätkama sama tegevust, mida juba teen · The minister went on talking ...
PHRASAL VERB PULL PULL - to remove from a fixed position (the dentist pulled the tooth) - to rip or tear (the dog pulled the toy to pieces) - to strain (a muscle, for example) injuriously. PULL DOWN 1) TO DEMOLISH They pulled down the old sports stadium to build a new one. 2) TO DEPRESS SOMEONE John was really pulled down by his recent divorce. 3) TO MOVE SOMETHING FROM A HIGHER POSITION TO A LOWER ONE The sun was shining in my eyes so I pulled down the blinds. PULL IN 1) TRAIN OR BUS ARRIVAL AT A STATION The train pulled in right on time. 2) TO ATTRACT A CROWD The festival really pulled in the crowds. 3) TO EARN I pulled in more this year than last year. How about you? PULL THROUGH - to recover from an illness We didn't know if he was going to pull through but in the end he did. PULL UP - to slow and stop a car The cab pulled up outside my house and I got out. PULL OVER - to stop a vehicle by the side of the r...
Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective liberty liberal grammar grammatical possibility possible dark dark honesty honest fun funny energy energetic magic magical optimist optimistic jealousy jealous royalty royal biology biological globe global basis basic music musical ancestor ancient silence silent occupation occupational sensation sensational science scientific environment ...
Verbs! Verb forms Review of tenses Chapter 12, Pg 215 1 Timeline Draw a timeline of your life. List 810 events on the time line. Make sure you list your future graduation date! Moved to Cali 2005 Was Born Traveled to Europe Husband 1978 School graduates @ Oxford 1999 Started Got married School 1983 2008 2 The Six English Verb Tenses Three Simple Tenses Simple continuous Present You walk. You are walking I run. I am running. Past You Walked You w...
DERIVATION (tuletamine) Verb Noun Adjective Adverb (öeldis) (nimisõna) (omadussõna) (määrsõna) -en -er -en -ly -fy (beauty -or -cal nicely beautify) -ist -able cruelly -ate -ics -less -ize/ ise -ism -al -ion -ed -ation -ent -ing -ant -ness -ful -let -ie -ment -ish -ee (employee) -ive -dom -ous -ence ...
7. Verb: The principal forms of the verbs: Verbil on 4 põhivormi: Regular verb Irregular verb 1. the base form Talk Speak üldoleviku tüvivorm 2. the past form/ -ed form Talked Spoke üldmineviku vorm 3. the past participle (-ed Talked Spoken participle) mineviku kesksõna 4. the present participle (- Talking Speaking ing participle) oleviku kesksõna The tenses: Expressing the future: Simple Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Present Base Have / has + to be + base+ ing has/ have been +s + pariticiple base+ -ing He drinks tea at ...
Verb forms 1. When I (turn) turned the radio on earlier today, I (hear) heard a song that was popular when I was in basic school. I (hear, not) had not heard the song in years, and it (bring) brought back many great memories. 2. Last week, I (run) ran into an old classmate of mine. We (see, not) had not seen each other in years. I (enjoy) enjoyed talking to her so much that I (ask) asked her, if she’d like to meet me tomorrow. We are getting together tomorrow evening. 3. When Mary (enter) entered the room, I (recognize, not) did not recognize her because she (lose) had lost so much weight and (grow) grown a long, healthy and beautiful hair. He looked totally different! 4. I like listening (listen) to music when I am sad, it really comforts me. 5. I (visit) have visited so many beautiful places since I (come) came to UK. Before moving here, I (hear, n...
Be was been Misunderstand misunderstood 2 Bear bore born Oversleep overslept overslept Beat beat beaten Pay paid paid Become became become Put put put Begin began begun Read read read Bite bit bitten Ride rode ridden Break broke broken Ring rang rung Build built built Run ran run Burst burst burst Say said said Buy bought bought See saw seen Catch caught caught Sell sold sold Can could Send sent sent Come came come Set set set Cost cost cost Shoot shot shot Cut cut cut Sing sang sung Deal dealt dealt Sink sank sunk Dig dug dug Slide slid slid Do did done Speak spoke spoken Dream dream dreamt Spend spent spent Drive drove driven Stand stood stood Eat ate eaten Steal sto...
1. Be was/were been olema 2. Bear bore born(e) kandma, taluma 3. Beat beat beaten- lööma 4. Become became become- saama kellekski , millekski 5. Begin began begun- alustama 6. Bite bit bitten- hammustama 7. Blow blew blown- puhuma 8. Break broke broken-murduma, murdma, lõhkuma 9. Bring brought brought-tooma 10. Build built built-ehitama 11. Burn burnt burnt-põletama 12. Burst burst burst-purskama, puhkema 13. Buy bought bought-ostma 14. Can could could-võima, suutma 15. Catch caught caught- kinni püüdma 16. Choose chose chosen-valima 17. Come came come-tulema 18. Cost cost cost- maksma, väärt olema 19. Cut cut cut-lõikama 20. Deal dealt dealt-kauplema, käsitlema, t...
. Käskiv kõneviis. . 3- Tegusõna alg- . vorm ma-, da- - . Näited. infinitiiv. 3. p. mitmus-nad Tunnus. 1. Et moodustada (sõna tüvi lõpeb käskiv kõneviis, täishäälikuga) peab mitmuse 3. - pöörde lõpud , - --,-- , - ära jätma ja liitma , - lõpud. , - , - - , - , - - () , - - - () , - - ...
The Giant ´s Causeway 1. What does the legend say who made it? A giant 2. What does it look like? Huge stairs 3. According to legend, why was it made? To cross the sea 4. What is it made of? Stones 5. how high are the tallest stones? 12 metres Loch Ness 1. Where is it? In Scottland 2. Why does it have name like this? A monster ´s name ( Ness ) Loch means lake 3. How deep is the deepest point? 266 metres 4. Loch Ness is having one island, what ´s it ´s name? Cherry 5. What do people every year organize in Loch Ness? Running competition Stonehenge 1. When did people build it? About 5500 years ago 2. How did people transport those stones? With rafts 3. What do people think why is it built? For astrology 4. Local people think that there is a magical power. What power? It can heal people 5. Where are the stones from? ...
Words derivation LÕPUD: Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Prefix & Sufix -ation -ise/-ize -ing -ly dis- -ence -en -ive ir- -ion en- -able im- -ance -ate -y -il -age -fy -ed in- -er -ical un- -ing -ant over- -ness -ent out- -ity -en under- -ition -ous -ment -ful -hood -ible -ship -less -ist ...
LIITVERBID Liitverbid on ortograafilised liitsõnad, mille põhiosa on verb ja mis kirjutatakse kõigis vormides kokku. See eristab neid ühend- ja väljendverbidest, mis kirjutatakse kokku vaid kesksõnavormides (meeldejääv, üleküpsenud, lugupeetud), ja liitsõnalise alussõnaga tuletistest (meeleolu-tse-ma, kooskõla-sta-ma). Alati ei ole komplekstüvelise verbi puhul võimalik üheselt mõista, kas tegemist on tuletise (alaliik > alaliigi-ta-ma) või liitverbiga (liigitama > ala+liigitama). Alussõnaks sobiva liitnimisõna või liitomadussõna olemasolul on kompleksseid verbe tõlgendatud siiski tuletiste, mitte liitsõnadena (koolmeister > koolmeister-da-ma); samal põhjusel ei ole liitverbina tõlgendatud ka nulltuletisi (auhind > auhindama). Liittegusõnad on eesti keeles noor liitsõnarühm. Sõnaraamatulekseemina on kindlaid liitverbe umbes sada viiskümmend, enamik selliseid verbe on sõnaraamatutes koha saanud 20. sajandi viimasel veerandil. Peamiselt ...
NON-Continuous Verbs Verbs It is important to understand that English verbs are divided into three groups: Normal Verbs, NON-Continuous Verbs and Mixed verbs. Today we're going to talk about NON-Continuous verbs. These Verbs are usually things you cannot see somebody doing. Non-Continuos Verbs include: Abstract Verbs. Possession Verbs. Communication Verbs. Sense Verbs. Emotion Verbs. Abstract Verbs examples: Click to edit Master text styles · I now realize that using the Second level internet is more useful. Third level Fourth level He loves her. · Fifth le...
PRESENT CONTINUOUS Klaarika Kaljula 9a Use 1.Present actions 2.Temporary actions 3.Longer actions in progress 4.Future (personal) arrangements and plans 5.Trends 6.Irritation 1.Present Actions Happening at the moment of speaking Most often, we use the Present Continuous tense to talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking. Ex. He is eating a dinner. Mary is talking with her friends. They are swimming in the pool. Stative Verbs There is a certain group of verbs that usually does not appear in the Continuous form. They are called Stative Verbs, and if used in the Continuous form, they have a different meaning. Ex. I think you look pretty today. Meaning: Opinion I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco. Meaning: Act of thinking 2.Temporary Actions Activities continuing only for a limited period of time This tense is also used fo...
Produktsioonid
1. Generatiivne grammatika
Produktsioon e ümberkirjutusreegel.
Alustame lähtesümbolist
Allikatele viitamine Allikas on isik-koht, kust reporter saab infot. Allikaks võib reporter ise ka olla, kes nägi sündmust; vaatlejad; lindistused jne. Ajakirjanik ei saa olla parem kui tema allikad – kuldreegel. Peab leidma ja kasutama võimalikult häid allikaid. Inimese esitlemine uudise allikana tugevdab tema autoriteeti. Ajakirjanik peab oskama leida, hoida ja kasutada häid allikaid. Ajakirjanik peab oskama allikatelt saadud infot tekstis edasi anda ja esitleda seda autoriteetses valguses. Atributeerimine – info omistamine mingile allikale Tavaliselt kasutatakse teisi allikaid. Atributeerimisel on neli küsimust: tuleb näidata, milline on allika ja sündmuse kaugus, tuleb teada, millal viidata, kui palju on mõtet ühes loos atributsiooni kasutada ja kus seda teha. Allika ja sündmuse vahekaugus Kõige olulisem on näidata, milline on kaugus allika ja sündmuse vahel. kas ta osales sündmuses, nägi pealt, luges jne? kauguse alusel saame jag...
Kordamisküsimused (2009) Sissejuhatus germaani filoloogiasse Mõisted: ablaut (kvalitatiivne ja kvantitatiivne) ablauti mõiste leiutas Jakob Grimm; morfoloogiline vokaalivaheldus tugevates tegusõnades germaani keeltes ja tüvedes ja juurtes indoeuroopa keeltes; kvalitatiivne ablaut kolmeastmeline vokaalimuutus: 1) e-aste (täisaste), nt IE ped pedestrian, 2) o- aste, nt IE pod podium, 3) nullaste - ø kvantitatiivne ablaut täishääliku pikkus muutub, nt võivad esineda pikk e ja pikk o afrikaat häälikud ch, j; vastavad ühele foneemile analüütiline keel keel, milles sõnadele liitub vähe morfoloogilisi elemente, kasutab liidete asemel spetsiifilisi grammatilisi sõnu või partikleid, et väljendada süntaktilisi suhteid artikkel abisõna, mis määrab nimisõna soo või arvu. Skandinaavia keeltes võib olla liikuv artikkel. En bil üks auto; bilen konkreetne auto. aspiratsioon h-häälik, mis tekib vahel helitute sulghäälikute jär...
FUTURE FORMS Future Simple (will +I) a) in predictions about the future usually with the verbs think, believe, expect, etc., the expressions be sure be afraid, etc., and the adverbs probably perhaps, certainly, etc I'm afraid we won't be on time for the meeting. b) for on-the-spot decisions. c) for promises (usually with the verbs promise, swear, guarantee, etc.), threats, warnings, requests, hopes (usually with the verb hope) and offers. d) for actions/events/situations which will definitely happen in the future and which we cannot control. The temperature will reach 40°C tomorrow. Be going to a) for plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the future. ...
Active Voice, Passive Voice There are two special forms for verbs called voice: 1. Active voice subject verb object active > Cats eat fish. 2. Passive voice The active voice is the "normal" voice. This is the voice that we use most of the time. You are probably already familiar with the active voice. In the active voice, the object receives the action of the verb: The passive voice is less usual. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb: subject verb object passive < Fish are eaten by cats. subject verb object active Everybody drinks water. passive Water ...
Words 110-106 1. Approve (verb) heaks kiitma 2. Accuse (verb) süüdistama 3. Wrongful (adjective) ülekohtune 4. Innocent (adjective) süütu 5. Get involved (verb) kaasa minema 6. Misbehave (verb) halvasti käituma 7. Civil rights (noun) tsiviilõigused 8. Humiliating alandav 9. Infuriating vihale ajav 10. Emphasized rõhutatud 11. Auxiliary (adjective) aitav 12. Swearword (noun)- needus 13. Columnist (noun) publitsist 14. Publisher (noun) kirjastaja 15. Business manager (noun) ärijuht 16. Office manager (noun) büroojuhataja 17. Persuade (verb) keelitama 18. Express (verb) avaldama 19. Group (verb) rühmitama 20. Censorship (noun) tsensuur 21. Periodicals (noun) perioodikaväljaanded 22. Courage (noun) julgus 23. Common (adjective) üldine 24. Prosperity (noun) heaolu 25. Monotonous (adjective) monotoonne 26. Abroad (adverb) võõrsil 27. Broadcast (verb) levitama 28. Allo...
Mõjutama survet avaldama. Näiteks mõjutavad meid erinevad reklaamid. Reklaamides öeldu või näidatu mõjutab meid, sest tihtipeale me võtame kõike seda tõepähe ja saamegi mõjutatud. Kui reklaamitakse näiteks uut barbie nukku, siis väikesed lapsed ikka tahavad seda ka endale saada, kuna reklaamis öeldi, et uuel nukul on poole pikemad juuksed ja tal on kaasas kaks paari riideid, see on mõjutamine, kuna usutakse paljusid asju, mida reklaamitakse. Manipuleerima kedagi oskuslikult, targalt või muud moodi mõjutama. Manipuleeriv inimene ei näita otseselt ega ütle selgelt välja, mida ta soovib või ootab, vaid ta püüab saavutada oma eesmärke mingite kaudsete teede abil (näiteks hoiatades, hirmutades jne). Hinnanguline verb hinnanguline tegusõna. Kui keegi avaldab oma arvamuse mingi teo kohta, näiteks kui keegi ütleb, et see tegu oli lollitamine, siis see on hinnanguline verb, inimene annab oma hinnangu, mida tema arvab tehtud või parasjagu...
The Present Simple is the most basic tense in the English language. It is an interesting tense because it can be used Present Simple to express the future. Generally, though, we use it to Basic form describe the present activities or to talk about routines or Subject + Verb + -s (present form) John lives in New York. We play football every day. You are really kind. The meeting starts at 3 PM. Use the Present Simple: with state verbs. to talk about situations in life that last a relatively long time. when an event is certain to happen in the future. to talk about events that we can't change (for example, an official meeting or a train departure). The Present Simple is also used in narration...
Tingimuslaused Tingimuslaused koosnevad kahest osast: If (tingimus), (tingimus realiseerub) kõrvallause pealause Inglise keeles on kolm tingimuslause tüüpi. 1. tüüp reaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus Tingimus (if) Tulemus Verb lihtolevikus, kestvas verb lihtolevikus või lihttulevikus olevikus või täisminevikus (do, is doing, have done) If she phones me, you will answer the phone. I will go there myself. she has to If he isn´t going, keep it. If she has given a promise, 2. tüüp ebareaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus Tingimus (if) Tulemus Verb lihtminevikus (did) Would/should+verb Pane tähele! Verb be on kõigis pööretes Could/might+verb were (I/you/he/we/they were) If she phoned me, you should answer the phone. If I were a bird, ...
Verb + -ing or to Verb + -ing Verb + -ing and to Verb + to 1) Stop, postpone, admit, avoid, CHANGE IN THE MEANING: 1) Offer, decide, hope, deserve, imagine, finish, consider, deny, risk, 1) Remember Example: 1. I promise, agree, plan, manage, afford, fancy. Example: Suddenly know I locked the door. I clearly threaten, refuse, arrange, fail, forget, everybody stopped talking. remember locking it. 2. Please learn. Example: It was late, so we 2) Give up, put off, go on / carry on, remember to post the letter. decided to take a taxi home. keep or keep on. Example: I've 2) Regret Example: 1. I regret 2) Seem, appear, tend, pretend, given up reading newspapers. saying what I said. I shouldn't claim. Example: They seem to have 3) ...
Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases Table of Contents Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases ........................................................... 2 Types of Adverbs ..................................................................................... 2 Position of Adverbs.................................................................................. 4 Yet, still, already ....................................................................................... 6 Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases An adverb describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a whole sentence. Adverbs can be divided according to the information that they give. Types of Adverbs 1. Some adverbs tell us how somebody does something or how something happens. These are called Adverbs of Manner. Please speak quietly. Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. 2. Some adverbs tell us where. Thes...
The Passive Voice Passive voice is used, when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, hovewer, who or what is performing the action. Passiivi kasutatakse siis, kui tegevust teostav isik on teadmata või tema mainimine ei ole oluline, või siis, kui tähelepanu on pööratud sellele, mida tehakse. Passiivi ajavormid moodustatakse abiverbi be pöördelistest vormidest vastavas ajas ja põhiverbi mineviku kesksõnast (III pv-past participle). BE vastav aeg+ Verbi III pv Tegevuse sooritaja näitamiseks kasutatakse eessõna by. Kui aktiivlause aluseks on asesõna (I, you, he, we, you, they, somebody...), siis jäetakse by- fraas ära. Aktiivlause muutmine passiivlauseks: 1. Leiame sihitise ja muudame ta aluseks. 2. Määrame öeldise ajavormi ja asendame ta passiivi vastava ajaga 3. Leiame aluse ja muudame ta eessõna by abil sihitiseks. Example: Jane baked a cake.-active sentence A cake was baked by Jane.-passive senten...
1 Grammatical Terminology PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR FLGR.01.042 Grammatical Terminology analytic analüütiline (= uninflected - grammar is focused in the sentence , e.g. English) synthetic sünteetiline (= inflected - grammar is focused in the word, e.g. Estonian, Latin, Russian, Old English) ending lõpp (käände- ja pöördelõpud) marker tunnus (mitmuse, oleviku, lihtmineviku, tingiva kõneviisi, käskiva kõneviisi, kaudse kõneviisi, umbisikulise tegumoe, ma- tegevusnime, oleviku kesksõna, mineviku kesksõna) derivational affix liide, tuletusliide, tuletusafiks (e.g. postwar, anti-American, wiser, greenish) parts of speech sõnaliigid English Estonian ...
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and the rules to combine them...
Present Simple and Continuous Table of Contents Present Simple ..................................................................... 2 The spelling of endings in the Present Simple ....................... 2 When to use the Present Simple ........................................... 3 The verb 'be' ......................................................................... 4 Present Continuous.............................................................. 5 The spelling of endings in the Present Continuous................ 5 When to use the Present Continuous.................................... 6 State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs ................... 7 Present Simple In the Present Simple we use the verb without an ending. I work you live we think they dance NB! In the third person singular (he, she, it, Mary, my friend, etc....
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). ...
Word Order Table of Contents Types of Sentences ..................................................................................2 Parts of the Sentence ..............................................................................2 Word Order in Affirmative Sentences ...................................................3 Position of Adverbs of Frequency .........................................................5 Word Order in Negative Sentences......................................................6 Word Order in General Questions.........................................................7 Word Order in Special Questions ..........................................................8 Word Order in Subject Questions ..........................................................9 Types of Sentences There are four basic types of sentences in English. AFFIRMAT...
n e k õ n e T d C E H a u R C K D E I IN PE S v i i rek aa S n e U m St H s iu 12 lva naa E üm G 3 Kaudne kõne Kõneleja sõnu saab edasi anda otseselt ja kaudselt.Otsene kõne kordab kõneleja sõnu täpselt Näiteks: She says, ,,I am a student ." Kaudne kõne annab kõneleja sõnu edasi ümberjutustatult. Näiteks: She says that she is a student. Otsene kõne Otsene kõne antakse kaudses kõned edasi sihitislausega, kusjuures toimuvad mõningad muudatused , näiteks muutuvad vastavalt lause mõttele asesõnad ja mõnel juhul ka verbi pöördevormid. Saatelause Otsene kõne Reporting clause Direct speech He says, ,,I like your car." ...
The Present Continuous What is Present Continuous The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and the present participle (-ing form) of a verb. Form am/is/are + verb + “ing” Examples: I am watching TV. He/she/it is watching TV. They/we/you are watching TV. How to use Present Countinuous When we use Present Continuous Use We use the present continuous tense to talk about the present: ● for something that is happening at the moment ● for something which is happening before and after a given time NB! Words what ends with -e: Make Making Invite Inviting
QUESTIONS 1.) If there is the verb be or modal verb in a sentence, then a question is formed by changing the word order. * We're going to be late. - Are we going to be late? * He can sing - Can he sing? 2.) Present and past simple questions are usually formed with the auxiliary verb do/did/done. The main verb is the infinitive. * They live in Paris - Do they live in Paris? * He saw her today - Did he see her today? 3.) A question can also begin with a question word. Notice that the word order changes * She is dancing. - What is she dancing? NB! Who did Peter phone? (Subject is Peter) Kellele Peeter helistas? Who phoned Peter? (Subject is who) Kes helistas Peetrile? REPORTED QUESTIONS When we ask for information, we often say Do you know...?/ Could you tell me?. If you begin a question like this, the word order is different from a simple question Compare: Where has Tom gone? But Do you know where Tom has gone? * Wh...
1 Käskiv kõneviis (õp.lk. 85 harj. 9,10,12 lk. 89) Ainsuse 2. pööre - Käsud ja palved Käskiva kõneviisi ainsuse 2. pööre saadakse tegusõna kindla kõneviisi oleviku ainsuse 1. pöörde (minavormi) tüvest. Vt pöördkondade näidete tabelit ka õpikust lk. 85! Ainsuse 2. pöörde eitus - Keelud Käskiva kõneviisi ainsuse 2. pöörde eitus moodustatakse Älä ja käskiva kõneviisi ainsuse 2. pöörde abil Mitmuse 2. pööre Käsud ja palved Käskiva kõneviisi mitmuse 2. pöörde käsu saamiseks lisatakse tegusõna algvormi tüvele liide -kaa/-kää. 2 Mitmuse 2. pöörde eitus - Keelud Käskiva kõneviisi mitmuse 2. pöörde keeld moodustatakse sõna Älkää ja tegusõna algvormi tüve ning liite -ko/-kö abil. HARJUTUSED: 1. Kirjuta verb...
REPORTED SPEECH 2. Kui saatelause verb on oleviku aegades, siis ei muutu kaudse kõne verbi aeg. Kui saatelause verb on minevikus, toimub väit- ja küsilausetes aegade nihe: Prsent Simple Past Simple Present Progressive Past Progressive Present Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Past Simple Past Perfect Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect jääb muutmata Past Perfect Progressive jääb muutmata Future Simple Future in the Past 3. Kui saatelause verb on minevikus, asendatakse kaudses kõnes mõned lähedust väljendavad sõnad kaugust väljendavate sõnadega: This that These those Here there Now then Ago before Today that day Tomorrow the next day Yesterday the day before Last night the previous night Next week the following week Aegade nihet ei toimu kui 1. Lause väljendab üldtuntud tõde He said, ´The sun is...
1. Tüpoloogia keelte või keeleelementide liigitamine lähtuvalt nende struktuurist. Eesmärk on leida keeltes esinevate nähtuste varieerumise piirid ühel nähtusel on eri keeltes eri ilmnemisvormid. Tüpoloogias tegeletakse konkreetse nähtusega (nt isikukategooria maailmakeeltes). Põhiliselt kirjeldatakse üksiknähtusi. Tüpoloogia pole grammatikateooria, vaid on meetod, mistõttu võib ta olla teooria-neutraalne. Ta on tausta ja raamistikuta. Peaks vähem rääkima moodsatest grammatilistest suundadest. Tüpoloogia sai alguse Saksamaalt, 19.saj I poolel. Keeletüpoloogia otsib funktsionaalseid seletusi. 2. Keelte liigitamise põhimõtted: · Genealoogiline ehk päritolu järgi (nt eesti k kuulub soome-ugri k hulka) · Tüpoloogiline (keelte sugulus on tähtsusetu) · Areaalne ehk piirkondlik. Geograafiliselt lähestikku kõneldavad keeled muutuvad sarnasteks. Keelekontaktid (vaja 2keelset inimest). · Sotsioloogiline (nt kõnelejate ar...
Leixcology revision questions 1) Composition of english vocabulary Vobabulary is the sum of a total of words used in a language by speekers or used in a dictionary. English vocabulary cosists of six units: Simple words- fall Complex words- prefall Phrasal word- face up to Compound word- face lift Multiword expression- face the music Shortened forms- prefab (prefabely?) 2) Core and pherifery English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from old english, 45% comes from french, 16,7% comes from latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words nad the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. 3) Native and foreign elements Native vocabulary: INDO-EUROPEAN- mother, foot, heart, father, sea, night etc GERMANIC- friend, bidge, ship, life, heaven OLD-ENGLISH- bad, bird, woman, lady and gospel LATIN- ch...
TEGUSÕNA AKTIIVI AJAD Lihtolevik Kestev olevik Perfekti olevik Perfekti kestev O [ ma töötan (igal suvel) ] [ ma töötan (praegu) ] [ ma olen (siin) töötanud (alates [ (täna) olen ma (jub 1987. a.) ] töötanud ] O L I, you, we, they I am E work working I, you, we, they have worked I, you, we they have bee V He, she, it He, she, it is He, she, it has He, she, it has b I works working worked ...
1.- Choose the most suitable verb form in each sentence. a) If only Peter doesn't live / didn't live / wouldn't live so far away from the town centre. We'll have to take a taxi. b) I feel rather cold. I wish I brought / had brought my pullover with me. c) What a pity. I wish we don't have to / didn't have to / wouldn't have to leave. d) If only you tell / told / had told me about the test. I haven't done any revision. e) I wish the people next door hadn't made / wouldn't make / couldn't make so much noise. I can't hear myself think! f) Darling, I love you so much! I wish we are / had been / would be / could be together always! g) I'm sorry I missed your birthday party. I really wish I come / came / had come / would come. h) I like my new boss but I wish she gave / would give / could give me some more responsibility. i) Having a lovely time in Brighton. I wish you are / were / had been ...
ACTIVE TENSES Active form You use an active verb when you want to say that the subject of a sentence does something. · [Thing doing action] + [verb] + · +[thing receiving action] · Examples The professor (subject doing action) teaches (verb) · the students (object receiving action). · Mary (subject doing action) · washes (verb) · the dishes ( object receiving action). The tenses of the verb 1.Present (olevik) 2.Past (minevik) 3.Future (tulevik) 4.Future in the past (kaudne tulevik) Iga aeg võib esineda neljas eri rühmas 1.IndefiniteTenses (üldajad) 2.Continious Tenses (kestvad ajad) 3.Perfect Tenses (perfekti ajad) 4.Perfect Continious Tenses (perfekti kestvad ajad) Indefinite Tenses (üldajad) used to describe actions but do not state whether the action is completed or on- going märgivad tegevuse sooritamise fakti Peter visits us every day. Peter visited ...
1. Active/Passive Active - the professor teaches the students. Passive - The students are taught by the professor 2. Present Simple [VERB] + s/es in third person. Tegevus on korduv või tavapärane. You speak English. I play tennis. Cats like milk. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. I am here now. Active= Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Passive= Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. 3. Present Continuous [am/is/are + present participle]. Tegevus toimub/ei toimu praegusel hetkel. You are watching TV. You are learning English now. I am studying to become a doctor. I am meeting some friends after work. Active= Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Passive= Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. 4. Past Simple [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs. Tegevus algas/lõppes minevikus täpsel ajal. . You called Debbie. I saw a movie yesterday. I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. I lived in Brazil for two year...
INGLISE KEELE EKSAMI KONSPEKT Sisukord Sisukord ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Ajavormid ...........................................................................................
PREPOSITIONS (eessõnad) Prepositions of place: KUS? WHERE? AT ON IN at 10 High Street on Fifth Avenue in the world at 224 Fifth Avenue on the street(AmE) in High Street at the corner of the street on the plane in the east of Europe at a hotel on a bus in London at a store on a boat/ship in Trafalgar Square at the concert on the floor in America at the cinema on the wall in a village at the theatre on the shelf in the country at the station on the table in (the) town at the airport ...
Review questions English lexicology Size of English vocabulary. Average speaker 45,000-60,000 words, a total of about 200,000. Core and periphery. English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from Old English, 45% comes from French, 16,7% comes from Latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words and the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. Native and foreign element. Native words belong to very important semantic group (modal verbs-shall, will, can, may; pronouns- I, you, he, my, his; preps- in, out, under; numerals and conjunctions::but, till, as. Native words are head, arms, back; mother, brother, son, wife; snow, rain, wind, sun; cat, sheep, cow; old, young, cold, hot, dark; do, make, go, come, see. Many native words have developed many meanings (nt, hand, man, head). Most native words have become ...
Arbitaarsed sõnad - kokkuleppelised: maa, mets, vihm, lumi, suur, elama, jooma, sööma Motiveeritud sõnad nimetamise aluseks seos mingi teise sõnaga või nähtusega: maanaine, maamees, metsloom, metslane, lumelinn, lumivalge. Sõnamoodustus tegeleb põhiliselt motiveeritud sõbade analüüsi ja kirjeldusega. Sõnamoodustuse analüütiline e staatiline aspekt kirjeldatakse keeles olevate sõnade moodustusstruktuuri (millistest osadest sõnad koosnevad, mis reeglite järgi on osad omavahel ühendatud). Sõnamoodustuse protsessuaalne e dünaamiline aspekt jälgitakse tegelikku keelekasutust ja kirjeldatakse, kuidas sõnad sünnivad, kuidas ja mis eesmärgil neid moodustatakse. Ühtlasi kirjeldatakse keeletarvitaja sõnamoodustuskompetentsi. Sõnamoodustuse liike: · Kompositsioon e sõnade liitmine sõnade moodustamine tüvesid liites: liivarand, talumaja, päikesepaiste, taevaingel, põrgukoer · Derivatsioon e sõnade tuletamine sõnade moodustami...
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