1933-45 F.D.Roosevelt DP ,,New Deal" (Uus Kurss) keinsism(Keynes) 1945-53 H.Truman DP ,,Fair Deal" (Õiglane Kurss), pidurdamiskontseptsioon, tuumapommid Jaapanile, Trumani doktriin, Marshalli plaan, Korea sõda, ÜRO ja NATO loomine, Kommunistide võimuletulek Hiinas, Lääne-Berliini varustamine Berliini blokaadi ajal, makartism 1953-61 D.Eisenhower VP tagasitõrjumisdoktriin, kommunistide võimuletulek Kuubal 1961-63 J.F.Kennedy DP ,,New Frontier" (Uus Rajajoon), keinsism(Keynes), Kuuba kriis, Sigade lahe dessant, mus...
heaoluühiskond- mis see on /tunnused/, Heaoluühiskond on ühiskond, kus on saavutatud enamiku kodanike sotsiaalne ja majanduslik turvalisus. Seda iseloomustas kõrge elatustase, mille kindlustasid inimeste pidevalt suurenevad sissetulekud, ning sotsiaalse turvalisuse kasv. miks sai üles ehitada USA Great Society- pärast Kennedy surma astus tema kohale asepresident L.B.Johnson, kes osutus väga võimukaks ja lõi uue eesmärgi `' suur ühiskond'' ehk kõikide rasside, ja eri klasside vahel hõlmata ühtsesse ühiskonda. põlvkondade konflikt- Noored heitsid kõrvale vanema põlvkonna põhimõtted, eesmärgid, rõivamoed, viisakusreglid jms. Osa noori uskus NSV Liit on õigel teel ning kommunism on õige tee. Uus põlvkond oli kasvanud heaolu ühiskonnas ning ei mõistnud oma vanemaid, kes olid näinud sõda, varem elasid kokkuhoidlikult ning nüüd raiskasid raha. Vastandumine tekkis vanemate ja konservatiivse eluviisiga mustanahalised M.L.King- mustanahaliste li...
English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England bt the Saxons around 400 AD. The spoken and written laguage berween 400 and 1100 AD is referred to as Old English. Many words used today come from Old English. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words entered the language English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and Latin. French brouht many words connected with goverment. Modern English eas greatly influenced by the English used in London and changed a great deal until the end of the 18th century. Many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. Nowadays 80 percent of the word-stock is foreign-born. So we can say that most world languages have contributed some words to English at some time, and the process is now being reversed. Purists of the languages are res...
The United States is a democracy. The Constitution, laws and traditions of the United States give the people the right to determine who will be the leader of their nation, who will make the laws and what the laws will be. The Constitution also guarantees individual freedom to all. In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. Within a few years, the more powerful nations of Europe were claiming great areas there and establishing colonies to support their claims. Most of the colonists were English, but there were also Germans in Pennsylvania, Swedes in Delaware and Dutch in New York. Some of the early British colonists had come to the New World in hopes of enriching themselves, some came because Britain forced them to leave and some because of the opportunity , which did not exist for them in Europe, to own land or practice a trade. But there were also reasons, which had great influence on the shaping of the political system of...
USA IIMS JÄREL 1944 - USAs presidendivalimised, kandideerisid FDR (dmkr.) ja Dewey (vab.). FDR võitis 4 korda valimised, asepresidendiks sai Truman. 1945 - FDR suri, presidendiks sai Truman. Otsustati vähendada USA NLiidu sõbralikkust. Esimest korda ilmnes USA välispoliitiline muutus Pottsdami konverentsil. Just Trumani kutsel saabus Churchill USAsse ja pidas Fultonis kõne. märts '47 - Trumani doktriini ettepanek kongressile suvi '47 - formuleeriti USA välispoliitiline doktriin nn. Pidurdamiskotseptsioon. See seisnes Nliidu ekspansionistlikke taotluste pikajalises kannatlikus, kuid kindlas tagasitõrjumises. 1948 - Kongress võttis vastu resolutsiooni tänu millele toimus ajalooline pööre USA välispoliitikas, loobuti isolatsionismist. Resolutsioon lubas USAl astuda liitu Euroopa riikidega. 1949 Loodi NATO Tru...
MASS MEDIA By ''mass media '' we intend to those means of communication which can reach large or mass audiences. The most important are probably Television, Radio, the Press and Internet. The English-speaking peoples have always allowed more freedom of speech and of the press than most other countries. This gave them an advantage from the start in communications. The ground work for mass communications in the 20th century was laid in the 19th century by two inventions which allowed people to communicate by wire. These were the electric telegraph and the telephone. The telegraph was invented in Britain in 1837. They were being used in the Civil war. It allowed messages to be sent electrically over telegraph wires. This was much faster and more reliable than sending messages by horse messenger. the telephone was invented In 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. The first radio broadcasts wer...
Nicolas Cage I choose Nicolas Cage, because i think of him as a great moviactor. He is my favorite actor in America. Nicholas Cage was born in 7. jan 1964, in California. His real name is Nicholas Kim Coppola. Stage name, Nicolas Cage, taken from comic book character Luke Cage. Cage changed his name early in his career to make his own reputation, succeeding brilliantlly with a host of classic, quirky roles by the late 1980s. His's half German and half Italian. He is 1, 86 m tall. He is USA moviactor. He studied in American Conservatory Theatre San Fransisco, California acting. His father is August Coppola (literature professor ) and mother is Joy Coppola (dancer). Nick is their third son. After Nicks parents divorced, he went to live with his uncle, Francis Ford Coppola. Francis is well-known moviedirector in Hollywood. He has directed Cage in many movies, such as "Rumble Fish" (1...
Nõukogude Liit peale Teist maailmasõda Stalini viimased võimuaastad · NSV Liidu autoriteedi kasv · Sõja võitja oreool · 11-milj. armee Ida-Euroopas · Peaülesanne majanduse ülesehitamine · Rasketööstuse arendamine · 1947 kaotati kaardisüsteem · Tööstuses sõjaeelne tase 1950 · Põllumajanduses sõjaeelne tase 1952 · Reparatsioonid Saksamaalt · Ranged sunnimeetodid, töökohustus, halvad elamistingimused · Ideoloogiline surutis · Rahuleer ja imperialismileer · Raudne eesriie · Stalini isikukultus · Sisepoliitiline eesmärk elanike hirmu all hoidmine · NRVD vanglad, laagrid · GULAG-i arhipelaag · Terror · Stalin kogu võimutäius KP juht ja Ministrite Nõukogu esimees · Ülemnõukogu dekoratiivne roll · ÜK(b)P Poliitbüroo · Kohtuprotsessid, arstide süüasi · 5. Märts 1953 Stalini surm Lavrenti Beria · Võimuvõitlus peale Stalini surma · Ministrite Nõukogu Georgi Malenkov · Siseasjade ja julgeolekuorganisatsioonid Lavrenti Beria · ...
Ameerika Ühendriigid 1945-2008 hiilgus ja viletsus 63 aasta jooksul on USA-t valitsenud järgemööda 11 erinevat presidenti. Nendeks on : Truman ( 19451953 ), Eisenhower (1953-1961), J.F.Kennedy (1961-1963), L.B.Johnson (1963-1969), Nixon (1969-1974), Ford (1974-1977), Carter (1977-1981), Reagan (1981- 1989), Bush seenior ( 1989-1993), Clinton (1993-2000), Bush juunior (2000-2008). 2008. aasta lõpuhakul võitis USA järjekordsed presidendivalimised Barack Hussein Obama, kes on tänaseks päevaks ka juba ametisse vannutatud kui Ühendriikide esimene mustanahaline president läbi aegade. Tema valitsemisajast oodatakse USA-s palju uusi ning positiivseid muutusi. Järgnevalt käsitlen tähtsamaid hiilge ja viletsusesündmusi läbi 20. sajandi teise poole jooksul valitsenud presidentide valitsemisaegade. 1945. aastal tuli demobiliseerida 12 miljoniline armee ja viia tööstus kooskõlla rahuaja vajadustega. Majanduskriisi ei tekkin...
Iseloomusta NSVL välispoliitikat 1964 1985 · 1964 tuleb võimule Breznev, pärast teda J. Andropov ning sellesse ajavahemikku mahub ka K. Tsernenko · 1970 pingelõdvendus · Breznevi doktriin - tsehhoslovakkia sündmustest 1968 kuni 1989 aastani · Külma sõja jätk · Võidurelvastumine · Ei suhtle lääneriikidega · Sotsialismileeri tugevdamine · Neostalinism (Breznev oli mõõdukas neostalinist) · Stagnatsioon breznevi ajal seisak majanduses - majandus langes, aga sõjatööstus töötas täisduuril priviligeeritud seisundis · Luure propaganda USA vastu · Andropov surub maha Ungari ülestõusu Iseloomusta NSVL sisepoliitikat ja majandust 1985 1991 · Võimul Gorbatsov · PERESTROIKA maj struktuuri lihtsustamine, tootmine olgu mõistlik · Glasnost avalikustamine (majanduselu, poliitika jm), tsensuuri kaotamine · Esimesed demokraatlikud vali...
I Native Americans · Origin of Native Americans Origin is debatable Siberia->Alaska Crossed the land bridge around 14,000 years ago "ice-free corridor" Hunters, searching for fresh grounds · Different tribes and their way of life In tents, dark skin, hair is long, black and straight, women-agriculture, men- hunting. bands(chief. Travelled together) and tribes land was owned by the tribe that occupied it. 200 different tribes Apache- "enemy"- hunted buffalos, oil and natural gas from their land Cherokee- largest tribe Cheyenne- from Minnesota and S & N Dakota. High system of laws Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Signed in 1787 by Thomas Jefferson. The creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory Ohio River was settled, 5 new states Advancement of education, maintenance of civil liberties, exclusion of slavery Promised not to invade or disturb Indians Northwest Indian War-> to stop white expropriation (sun...
SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES Introduction 1. Nowadays, English is so widely spoken that it can hardly be considered "a one nation's" language. The main countries where English is spoken are: the U.K, the U.S, Canada, Australia, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, West Indies 2. There are approx. 300-400 million speakers of English in the world. English occupies the 3rd place by its number of speakers; it is right behind Mandarin and Spanish. 3. ESL (English as a Second Language) used in your own country (e.g. India) EFL (English as a Foreign Language) used in a foreign country ESP (English for Specific Purposes) used in business, airlines, hotels etc. 4. Settlement colonies people migrated into them from Britain and started their own communities, they are the present English-speaking countries (USA, Australia, Canada, New...
Estonian history between 1710-1850 and 1850-1918 Contents Contents.................................................................................................................................. 2 17101850.............................................................................................................................. 3 Population and social structure........................................................................................ 4 Serfdom and the intensifying manorial economy ............................................................. 4 Influences of Pietism and the Moravian Brethren............................................................. 5 Enlightenment and enlightened absolutism...................................................................... 6 18501918.......................................................................................................................
Tallinn English College Topic The United States of America Tallinn 2007 1. Introduction The United States of America's territory is over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km²) and population more than 300 million people. The capital city is Washington D.C. Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, English is the de facto national language. English is the most common language for daily interaction among both native and non-native speakers. Spanish is the second language. The largest city is the New York City. The Government is Federal constitutional republic and the president is George W. Bush. 2. Geographical position The United States of America is located on the continent of North America. It has borders with two countries Mexico and Canada. There are also the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico surrounding ...
The origins of American literature The first Americans were explorers and settlers, adventurers and idealists who crossed the ocean in search of new opportunities or to escape the poverty and intolerance. Their writings were matter-of-fact accounts of life in America, which explained colonisation to Englishmen back in the homeland. An example of this form of writing is John Smith's A True Relation of Virginia, which is widely recognized to be the first example of Am lit. The early years of colonisation produced a mass of utilitarian writings including biographies, accounts of voyages, diaries, sermons, pamphlets. Much of the material addressed the problems of Church and State. There were few examples of fiction, poetry or drama. Anne Bradstreet of Massachusetts published some lyrical poems of high literary quality (1650) and Edward Taylor, who was born in England but lived in Boston, wrote some poetry in the style of John ...
Tallinn English College English Anita Kuprijanovits Form 8b THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Report Supervisor: Mare Kallas Tallinn 2009 Introduction Name: The United States of America Area: ~10 mln km2 Population: ~300 mln people Symbols: The American Flag- consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of red alternating with white and represent the Thirteen Colonies. The 50 small, white stars represent the 50 U.S. states. The U.S. flag is commonly called ,,the Stars and Stripes". The Statue of Liberty, that is locatd in New York,is a gift from the France. The Libety Bell, that is a bronze bell that symbolizes freedom in the United States of America. It is located in Pennsylvania,U.S. Capital: Washington D.C Biggest city: New York National language: English Location U.S is locat...
History exam *Stonehenge - is a monument located in England. It is one of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world and is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. The surrounding circular, earth bank and ditch, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Stonehenge was produced by a culture with no written language. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. *The Celts in Britain and their legacy The Cets lived in Britain in The Iron Age. They were warring tribes who were battleful amongst themselves as well as inter-tribal war. They were not centrally governed. The Celts brought iron working, iron ploughs and metal swords, horses, wheels and chariots - all these things gave them an instant superiority over the native tribes. The Celts built a number ...
Society and culture of english-sspeaking countries Introduction 1. The countries of the world where the English language is spoken. 2. Approximate number of mother tongue speakers of English approximately 350-400 million native speakers. Which place does English occupy in the world by its number of speakers?After which language? English occupies second place by its number of speakers after Mandarin Chinese. 3. What is the difference between English as a Second Language, English as a Foreign Language and English for Specific Purposes? Give examples of situations where they are used. English as a Second Language (ESL or TESL) is a traditional term for the use or study of the English language by non-native speakers in an English-speaking environment. That environment may be a country in which English is the mother tongue (e.g., Australia, the U.S.) or one in which English has an established role (e.g., India, Nigeria) English as a...
Topic Australia Introduction Many people know Australia as the land down under because it is the only continent except for Antarctica that is all on the southern hemisphere. Its name means ,,Southland". The official name of the country is the Commonwealth of Australia. It's capital is Canberra. Australia is the sixth largest country in the world but the smallest continent. Australia has 6 states and 2 territories (New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland, Western Australia , South Australia, The Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory). The Australian people are culturally the same as the Anglo Americans. There also live aborigines. Aborigines are the ancestors of the people. Like the US and Canada, Australia was an English speaking colony of Great Britain. Today Australia is a modern developed country with a diversified economy. Australia is an island continent of 7.7 million square kilometres, which ma...
Chinese americans Chinese Americans (traditional Chinese or simplified Chinese) are Americans of Chinese descent. Chinese people came to the United States from Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma, the Philippines, and Taiwan.[6] The first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820 according to U.S. government records. 325 men are known to have arrived before the 1848California Gold Rush[7] which drew the first significant number of laborers from China who mined for gold and performed menial labor.[8] [9][10] There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880, most of whom lived on the West Coast. They formed over a tenth of California's population. Nearly all the early immigrants were young males with low educational levels from six districts in the Guangdong province.[11] ...
United States of America Table of Contents 1. Facts 2. Geography 3. Nature 4. History 5. Population 6. Government 7. Industry, economy 8. America's pop culture Facts Official Name: United States of America Capital City: Washington, D.C. Largest city: New York City Official languages: None at federal level National language: English Government: Federal constitutional republic President: Barack Obama ( Barack Hussein Obama II) Vice President: Joe Biden (Joseph Robinette "Joe" Biden, Jr) Population: 2009 estimate 306,108,000 people Area: Total 9,826,630 km2 (by CIA World Factbook) Currency: United States dollar ($) Motto: In God We Trust Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner" Flag Names: The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, The Starry Banner Seal: Great Seal of the United States Flag ...
The Presentations Triinu: "The Notorious Prisoners of the Tower" Built in 1078, has been used as a fortress, Royal Palace, a prison, the home for Crown Jewels. The first prisoner was Ranulf Flambard in 1100. The only woman tortured in the Tower was Anne Askew. Guy Fawkes was prisoned 5 th November 1605, hung in 1607. Walter Raleigh was knighted, married without queen´s permission. Last prisoners were in the Tower in 1952. Rita: "Alexander Fleming" Was a pharmacologist, has graduated 6 schools, studied anti-bacterial agents, found Lysozyme accidentally in 1922 and penicillin, which changed the world, in 1928. Won Nobel Prize in 1945. Has been married twice, first wife was a trained nurse. He died in 1955 at home because of a heart attack. He had 1 child. Liis: "The Phantom of the Opera" A.L. Webber is knighted, started writing musicals in 1965, owns 7 theatres and has written 13 musical...
Ameerika Kirjandus 30.01.13 Naturalism · France, Emile Zola · Put down his theory in 1879: Le Roman Experimental, attempt to explain the development of human society throuch biological laws · Outlook is deterministic, pessimistic, fatalistic (fate or biology) · Man as an animal-clever than other beasts, still explainable within the framework · Man is not a free agent, is govern by something · Unable to determine his own faith · Hereditary · Naturalists tried to apply in fiction the processes of natural sciences · Writers task is to record facts, systems of behaviour, living conditions, never revealing any natural unbiased (completely natural) · Point of view: amoral-outside the category of morality, neither good or bad · Naturalist find it absurd to blame the wicked. These criminals are doing what nature, environment, their unconscious tells them to do. Naturalists do not ...
British Cuisine Some people criticize English food. They say it's unimaginable, boring, tasteless, it's chips with everything and totally overcooked vegetables. The basic ingredients, when fresh, are so full of flavour that British haven't had to invent sauces to disguise their natural taste. What can compare with fresh pees or new potatoes just boiled and served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in wine or cream and spices, when with just one or two herbs it is absolutely delicious? If you ask foreigners to name some typically English dishes, they will probably say "Fish and chips" then stop. It is disappointing, but true that, there is no tradition in England of eating in restaurants, because the food doesn't lend itself to such preparation. English cooking is found at home. So it is difficult to a good English restaurant with a reasonable prices. In most cities in Britain you'll find Indian, Chinese, French and Italian r...
Mass Media Mass media is a term used to describe those means of communication which can reach large or mass audiences. The most important are probably Television, Radio, the Press and the Internet. Britain and America invented a lot of the technology used by the various modern communications media. In 1829, the typewriter was invented in America. In 1837, the telegraph was invented in Britain. In 18 76, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in America. This made it possible to talk to people thousands of miles away. The telephone is a telecommunications device, which is used to transmit and receive sound. It's one of the most common household appliances in the world today. The English-speaking peoples have always allowed more freedom of speech and of the press than most other countries. This gave them an advantage from the start in communications. Book-publishing g...
Education Education is so multifaceted that it is difficult for me to know where to begin discussing it, or how to prioritize the many factors. Relaying my own experience is easy: I had a standard classroom approach, supplemented by inordinate reading. In only the briefest and least memorable instances did I receive any individual tutoring. Education is commonly thought of as the job of schools. Adults cry "educate our children!" Everyone has opinions about the best way to do the job. It is of urgent importance, and all the numerous factors are much studied, debated, and new (or old) ideas continually tested or retested. Some people say "it's as simple as . . . " and then name their pet peeve or passion. My view is not of an education specialist, but of one who loves sharing what I learn, and owes much to educators. Since I don't have an educational theory neatly worked-out, nor an outline of my perceptions, my intent is to addr...
Advantages and disadvantages of television Television is one of the greatest achievements of the 20-th century. It is the most popular part of mass media. Today every family has a TV-set. TV has changed much since the time of its invention and so has its role. There have been numerous debates concerning advantages and disadvantages of television. When TV first appeared its main purpose was to give official information to people. It was supported by the government. Now television plays a big role in every civilised society. Today television gives people a possibility to be well informed and enjoy "civilised pleasures." The programmes are various and people have a chance to select what they want to see. Television provides great opportunities for education. There are programmes devoted to specialised subjects. With the help of TV it is possible to learn foreign languages, to know a lot of wonderful th...
Lähiajalugu II Sõjajärgne maailm Raudne eesriie. Lääneriigid said juba sõja lõpus aru, et Stalin üritab kehtestada kontrolli kogu Euroopa üle, kuid kinnitust said sellele sõja järel, kui: 1) NSVL seadis Kesk- Ja Ida-Euroopas ametisse kommunistlikud valitsused. 2) Esitas territoriaalseid pretensioone Türgile. 3) Keeldus vägesid Iraanist välja viimast. Trumani doktriin 1947. aastal, seadis UDA välispoliitika eesmärgiks vabade rahvast toetamise nii sise- kui välissurve vastu(kommunistide võimuhaaramistkatsed). Marshalli plaan 1947. aastal, abiandmisplaan sõjas kannatada saanud Euroopa riikidele. Loodeti aidata kaasa Euroopa majanduse ülesehitamisele ja nõrgestada kommunismi mõju. 1948. juunis algas Berliinig blokaad. NSVL lõikas Lääne-Berliini ära elektrist, toidust jne., et neid seeläbi endaga liita. 324 päeva piiramist. Avaliku külma sõja algus: Lääne demokraatia ja kommunistliku totalitarismi v...
Foreword Bridging rivers, gorges, narrows, straits, and valleys always has played an important role in the history of human settlement. Since ancient times, bridges have been the most visible testimony of the noble craft of engineers. A bridge can be defined in many ways, but Andrea Palladio, the great 16th century Italian architect and engineer, hit on the essence of bridge building when he said "...bridges should befit the spirit of the community by exhibiting commodiousness, firmness, and delight." In more practical terms, he went on to explain that the way to avoid having the bridge carried away by the violence of water was to make the bridge without fixing any posts in the water. Since the beginning of time, the goal of bridge builders has been to create as wide a span as possible which is commodious, firm, and occasionally delightful. Spanning greater distances is a distinct measure ...
Adventure Tourism Project Management Madli Tuvike There is no such thing as a totally sustainable tourism (Swarbrooke, 1999). Tourism as one of the leading industries in the world is contributing to sustainable development (Mintel, 2005). Tourism needs to cope with changing world and world order, also trends that are occurring. Sustainable tourism is one rising industry in tourism market. Swarbroke (1999) and David (2011) are suggesting that sustainable tourism and sustainability is taking wider part in tourism industry. Moreover, Mintel (2005) states that tourism contribution to sustainable development is being recognised increasingly by governments and international organisations. In addition, United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, a.i.) states that tourism nowadays takes full responsibility of impacts that it is making, such as current and future economic, social and environmental. Therefore, this essay will i...
Cinema is the most restricitve medium The topic of this essay is cinema as the most restrictive medium. I would like to discuss the restrictions of cinema as such – what these are, how do they affect the medium. For example time limit of the films, budget, how it affects writer and director, what kind of choices they have to make, and how the audience come into play. Personally, i don’t consider cinema as a restrictive medium. Cinema’s most restrictive feature is time. Filmmakers must fit very good shots edited into very good storyline into one and a half to three hour movie, usually. The reason being, we get uncomfortable sitting long period of time. If the movies would be longer, we would lose interest and start doing something else. We would simply get uncomfortable sitting on a chair and the whole cinema experience would become agony. Furthermore, producing films can be expensive, especially longer films. Al...
Stonehenge One of the best known ancient wonders of the world, 5000 years old Megalith monument, built by western mediterraneans during 3000-1600 BC Circular structure, large standing stones, aligned with rising sun at teh solstice Attlers and bones were sued to dig pits that hold the stones The Celts in Britain and their legacy 700-200 BC celts invade Britain Gaels or Goehls(Ireland and Scotland),Cymri(Wales) and Brythons(gave name to Brittany) Fierce fighters,superb horsemen.Most of them farmers, lived in thatched houses Good at art, craftmanship, used iron Divided into tribes, ruled by kings, only in face of danger would they choose a single leader Legacy- hill-forts, farms, churches, field system, woodland, pasture, weapons, iron objects, langugae, culture Caesar in Britain The great Roman Emperor Firts came 55 BC to gather information, celts ...
1) INDIAN ROCK ART: A NATIONAL TREASURE IN DANGER Unrecognized, unprotected, this priceless legacy of primitive art has endured the ravages of nature only to fall victim to wanton destruction by ,,civilized" man. Like the huge stone statues of Easter Island and prehistoric cave paintings of Altamira and Lascaux, North American Indian rock art is surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery. Although examples of rock art exist at some 15000 sites in canyons, deserts, caves and river gorges. Nowadays, however, primitive rock art in the United States has become a new field of scientific study. Klaus F Wellmann wrote two books about rock art. He is a professor of medicine. Rock art represents the history of aboriginal Americans. In the most cases the art is an expression of ideas and way of life, ritual ceremonies, hunting, fighting. The pictures of people and animals are often strikingly lifelike and artistic. Many of these ancient relics have ...
Kordamisküsimused. 1. Tööstuslik revolutsioon ja tööstusühiskond. Tekke põhjused, olemus, mõju ühiskonna arengule. Tähtsaimad 19. s leiutised ja nende tähtsus. Tööstusliku revolutsiooni olemus 18. sajandil leidsid aset põhjalikud muutused tehnoloogilises arengus. 1 põhjus: Uute kaupade toomisel hakati inimese töö asemel senisest enam kasutama masinaid. 2. põhjus: Seni tootmise veduriks olnud manufaktuurid hakkasid järg-järgult asenduma vabrikutega. See murranguline pööre tootmises kujuneski tööstusrevolutsiooni aluseks. Lisaks masinatele oli tootmise uuendamiseks vaja raha ning inimesi, kes masinatega tööle hakkaksid. Tootmise uuendamiseks oli vaja ka raha ning inimesi. Ühtlasi hakkasid vabrikute- ettevõtete omanikud järjest enam huvi tundma ka uute tehniliste leiutiste vastu ning nende väljatöötamist vähemalt osaliselt rahastama. Üleminek vabrikutootmisele nõudis hulgaliselt tööjõudu, mida saadi enamasti maalt. Ühiskonna tehn...
CANADA REVISION QUESTIONS 2010 1. The main physiographic regions of Canada. Canada may be divided into seven physiographic regions: Arctic Lowlands, Cordilleran Region, Interior Plains, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canadian Shield (Forest Lands), St Lawrence Lowlands and Appalachian Region. Divisions are based on each area's relatively similar physical geography and landforms. Physiographic regionalization is defined here as the process by which regions with relatively homogeneous physical geography are determined 2. Who are the native people of Canada? Into which three groups can they be divided? Canada's constitution specifies three categories of aboriginal peoples: Indian (First Nations), Métis, Inuit. According to Canadian census 2011, 1.4 mln people of Aboriginal origin (4.3%): 852,000 First Nation...
Intercultural communication What is business English? Loosely defined, BE refers to the Engl lg used in international trade or business. Loosely defined, BE refers to the Engl lg used in international trade or business. It is a specialized area of the Engl lg learning and teaching largely attributed to non-native English speakers Aim to enhance their chances of doing business with companies from English speaking countries. BE can refer to the study of business Engl voc used in the fields of trade, business, finance, or international relations. If the study focuses on techniques on business presentations, negotiations, correspondence, writing and other skills needed for business communications, then it can be classified as the study of Business English communication skills in the workplace. Both are important and used usually together. Culture. Barriers to Intercultural communication Synergy (from Greek for "working together") means ...
USA 1945-2000 1945. aastal tuli demobiliseerida 12 miljoniline armee ja viia tööstus kooskõlla rahuaja vajadustega. Majanduskriisi ei tekkinud, sest sõja ajal olid inimesed säästnud raha. Endised sõdurid said farmi loomiseks, ettevõtte asutamiseks või ülikooli minekuks laenu. Seega ei tekkinud ka suurt tööpuudust. 1940.-1950. aastatel suurenes USA SKP kolm korda. Armee suurus oli 1950. a. 600 000. Samaaegselt armee koosseisu vähenemisega hakkasid suurenema USA rahvusvahelised kohustused. Truman (1945-1953, D) Truman ei olnud populaarne president. Taheti piirata presidendi võimu.1951. a. ratifitseeriti 21. konstitutsiooniparandus, mis keelas presidendil olla ametis rohkem kui kaks ametiaega. 1947. algas külm sõda. Loobuti isolatsionismist. Seisti vastu kommunismi levikule Trumani doktriin või ka pidurdamine (containment). Trumani doktriini esimesi rakendusi oli Marshalli plaan. 1948. a loodi Euroopa Majandusliku Koostöö Organisatsi...
USA 1945-2000 1945. aastal tuli demobiliseerida 12 miljoniline armee ja viia tööstus kooskõlla rahuaja vajadustega. Majanduskriisi ei tekkinud, sest sõja ajal olid inimesed säästnud raha. Endised sõdurid said farmi loomiseks, ettevõtte asutamiseks või ülikooli minekuks laenu. Seega ei tekkinud ka suurt tööpuudust. 1940.-1950. aastatel suurenes USA SKP kolm korda. Armee suurus oli 1950. a. 600 000. Samaaegselt armee koosseisu vähenemisega hakkasid suurenema USA rahvusvahelised kohustused. Truman (1945-1953, D) Truman ei olnud populaarne president. Taheti piirata presidendi võimu.1951. a. ratifitseeriti 21. konstitutsiooniparandus, mis keelas presidendil olla ametis rohkem kui kaks ametiaega. 1947. algas külm sõda. Loobuti isolatsionismist. Seisti vastu kommunismi levikule Trumani doktriin või ka pidurdamine (containment). Trumani doktriini esimesi rakendusi oli Marshalli plaan. 1948. a loodi Euroopa Majandusliku Koostöö Organisatsi...
Sotsiaalse probleemi defineerimine Mis on sotsiaalne probleem? Sotsiaalne probleem on ühiskondlikult põhjustatud tingimused, mis haavavad või ohustavad mingit rahvastiku osa Sotsiaalne probleem on situatsioon, mida enamus vaatlejatest peab ebasoovitavaks ja sekkumist vajavaks. Sotsiaalne probleem ei seostu või ei piirdu indiviidiga tuleb teha vahet isikliku (isikust lähtuva) ja sotsiaalse (ühiskonna struktuurist lähtuva) probleemi vahel. Iga sotsiaalse probleemi puhul tuleb mängu isiklik (isikust lähtuv) e. individuaalne aspekt ja sotsiaalne (ühiskonna struktuurist lähtuv) e. struktuurne aspekt. Definitsioon: sotsiaalne probleem ~ sotsiaalprobleem elukvaliteedi halvenemisest tekkiv toimetulematus või võõrdumus, mis haarab suure osa ühiskonnast või kogu ühiskonna sotsiaalpoliitika avaliku võimu prioriteedid ja sihipärane tegevus sotsiaalsete probleemide la...
Loenguplaan · Seos kahe tunnuse vahel kovariatsioon korrelatsioon Harilik lineaarne · Harilik lineaarne regressioonmudel Vähimruutude meetod parameetrite hinnangute leidmiseks regressioonmudel ...
UNO SOOMERE ESTONIAN SYMPHONIC MUSIC. THE FIRST CENTURY 1896-1996. AN OVERVIEW With a Historical and Cultural Summary IN MEMORY OF THE GREAT ESTONIAN COMPOSERS CONTENTS ESTONIA AND THE ESTONIANS FOREWORD IN THE FOLD OF TSARIST RUSSIA. EMERGENCE AND FIRST STEPS ON THE CLASSICAL-ROMANTIC PATH. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION I. MUSICAL LIFE IN TARTU AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TRAILBLAZERS: ALEKSANDER LÄTE, RUDOLF TOBIAS, ARTUR KAPP. II. THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 20TH CENTURY. ARTUR LEMBA: THE BEGINNING OF ESTONIAN SYMPHONY AND OPERA. III. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CULTURAL AND MUSICAL LIFE: THE END OF THE TSARIST PERIOD. THE INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA: THE INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIONS FROM WESTERN ART AND THE EVOLUTION OF NATIONALLY ORIENTED MUSICAL TRENDS. IV. THE TWENTIES. ARTUR KAPP: ROMANTICIST AND DRAMATIST. V. THE INFLUENCE OF NEW WESTERN MUSIC...
Tallinn 2013 Ott Speek Subject: English Geodesy Study group: GI-21b PETROLEUM PRESENTATION Petroleum (L. petroleum, from Greek: Πέτρα (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil) is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, it is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and undergo intense heat and pressure. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of porosity and perme...
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A century ago communication across any distance was dependent upon the telegraph or letters. No jets crossed the ocean, no television pictures enabled us instantly to see events in any part of the world, there were no worldwide telephone networks and no computers. It is just a short lifetime since humanity first travelled into space and discovered how fragile our planet looks. FROM FIREWORKS TO THE MOON At first glance you might think that there couldn't possibly be anything common between a 13 th century festival in China and the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969. However, there is a link and that is that they both relied on the use of rockets. The Chinese first developed rockets by filling bamboo tubes with an explosive made from saltpetre, charcoal, and sulphur. The sealed tubes would be thrown onto fires during celebrations because it was thought ...
Margit Tepner k0848752 Sustainability aspects of biofuels 1. Introduction The literature review will discuss the sustainability aspects of biofuels. Food production will be the main concern as it is the most debated issue, but other aspects, such as land use change and water consumption will be also considered as they are essential aspects in the biofuels sustainability criteria. The review will discuss the viability of biofuels based on the current technologies. Second-generation biofuels are not yet commercially viable and therefore will not be discussed; although they could significantly improve the sustainability of biofuels when they break through to the industrial scale. 2. The scale of biofuels production 2.1. Drivers of biofuels production Lal (2010) stated that "three inter-connected challenges face humankind in the 21st century": food security, climate change, and energy security. The world...
This is a post-refereeing final draft. When citing, please refer to the published version: Cohen, S.A. (2011). Lifestyle travellers: Backpacking as a way of life. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1535-1555. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.02.002 LIFESTYLE TRAVELLERS: Backpacking as a way of life Scott A. Cohena Bournemouth University, United Kingdom a corresponding author: School of Tourism, Dorset House, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 1202 961261 Fax: +44 1202 515707 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Scholarship on backpackers speculates some individuals may extend backpacking to a way of life. This article empirically explores this proposition using lifestyle consumption as its framing concept and conceptualises individuals who style their lives around the enduring practice of backpacking as ‘lifestyle travellers’. Ethn...
Sõprus 1. Aristoteles sõpruse olemusest ning tüüpidest Sõprus ja armastus pole selgelt eristatud philia. Sõprus iseloomustab vabal kiindumusel põhinevaid inimsuhteid perekondlikud, võimulolijate suhted kodanikesse, kodanike omavahelised suhted. Sõprus hoiab riike koos. Eeldab vastastikku heasoovlikkust ja ühistegevust. Sõprus jaguneb 2 viisil 3-ks: Vastavalt põhjusele, miks head soovitakse: Kasu äri Nauding sõbrad Täiuslik sõprus loomutäiuselt sarnaste inimeste vahel Vastavalt osapoolte seisundile: Ülimuslikkus vanemad laste suhtes Paremus mehed naiste suhtes Võrdsus vennad Täielikku sõprust naudivad üksikud, sest nad suudavad arendada omavahel loomutäiust täiuslikkuseni. Linnriik põhineb sõprusel, kiindumusel põhinevatel inimestevahelistel suhetel. Timokraatia (varanduslikel klassidel rajanev poliitiline süsteem) põhineb võrdsusel vennalikel suhetel. 2. Cicero isik...
1. Loeng Peamised heaolurežiimid Milleks mudel vajalik on: mudel kui ideaaltüüp: seletab konkreetset nähtust teooriast tulenedes. Mudel kui stat. võrreldavus. Mitte kõik rikkad riigid ei ole HR. nt diktatuur. HR-ist rääkides peame silmas mingit riiki, mis on tõsiselt käsile võtnud sotsiaalkindlustussüsteemid. Klassikaline arusaam HRst: Turg ja valitsus hoiavad üksteist tasakaalus. HR kui turutõrgete pehmendaja: Barr: “HR aitab kaasa majanduslikult efektiivsuse saavutamisele. HR teeb midagi sellist, mida turud ei tee või teevad seda ebaefektiivselt.” : de-commodification ehk lahtikaubastamine. Kaasaegne arusaam HR: Riik, turg ja kodumajapidamine on omavahel sektoriti seotud. Richard Titmuss 1960nd: 1. Residuaalne mudel-jääkrahastamise mudel: Indiviidi heaolu peavad tagama turg ja pere, kui need ebaõnnestuvad, siis sekkub riik. Riigi sekkumine on ajutine (hädaolukorras) 2. Industrial performance mudel- tööpanuse mudel:vajadused peavad s...
I LOENG Vt õpingukaardilt kohustuslikku kirjandust! Eksamil võib konspekti kasutada SISSEJUHATUS: · Läänekultuuri mudelid · Popkultuur kui elamismudel · Töölisklassiga, lihtrahvaga käitumine 20.sajandil, massikultuur · Popkultuuriga on midagi valesti (inimestega käitutakse kuidagi valesti), sp temast räägitakse, probleem on vaja midagi muuta · Distants, millelt analüüsitakse massikultuuri POPKULTUUR e massikultuur Hägune mõiste 6 põhilist selgitavat argumenti: 1. Paljude inimeste kultuur, kultuur massidele Kvantitatiivne mõõdupuu Enamiku inimese kultuurprobleemid, poliitilised probleemid Inimesed ei saa ennast enam kuuldavaks teha Seda on vaja kontrollida, et ei mõjutaks kogu ühiskonda Vastuhakud 2. Popkultuur on vastandatud kõrgkultuurile Ülejääk kõrgkultuurist 1 Kõrgkultuur naudingu edasilükkamine, ei ole vahetu ega füüsiline. Tõelise kunsti juure...
1. Maailm 20nda sajandi alguses Kuidas inimesed elasid? Toimus tööstuse areng ja linnastumine. Toimus linnade slummistumine. Tekkisid teravad keskkonna ja hügieeniprobleemid. Linnades tekkis ilma juurteta massikultuurile vastuvõtlik inimtüüp. Haridus ja arstiabi said kättesaadavaks ka madalamatele ühiskonnakihtidele. 20nda sajandi alguse linnainimese elulaadis oli palju tänapäevast: ühistransport, kraanivesi, elekter, autod, tummfilmid. 19nda sajandi lõpu ja 20nda sajandi algust on nimetatud teadusrevolutsiooni ajaks. Rassism ja antisemitism Väljarändamisliikumine Antisemitism on juutide teistest rahvastest halvemaks või maailma hädades süüdlasteks pidamine. Prantsusmaal toimus nn. Dreyfusi afäär. Dreyfus oli juudipäritolu prantsuse ohvitser, keda süüdistati sõjasaladuste reetmises. Tänu avaliku arvamuse survele vabanes ta vanglast mõne aasta pärast. Suurbritannias toimus äge naisõiguslaste võitlus val...
N. A. Vavilov ASPECTS OF BRITISH HISTORY Н. А. Вавилов КРАТКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ Учебное пособие на английском языке Москва Институт международного права и экономики имени А. С. Грибоедова 2008 2 УТВЕРЖДЕНО кафедрой лингвистики и переводоведения Вавилов Н.А. Краткая история Великобритании: Учебное пособие на английском языке. – 2-е изд., пересмотр. и испр. – М.: ИМПЭ им. А.С. Грибоедова, 2008. – 88 с. Пособие содержит краткий очерк важнейших событий в истории Великобритании – от первых документально засвидетельствованных вторжений на остров (кельтов, римлян и англосаксов) до создания и распада Британск...
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