· Bara brith a loaf of bread · Words with double "l" (Llymru porridge dish) · Eisteddfod a competitive arts festival 7) Scottish English (peculiarities of pronounciation, grammar, vocabulary) Pronounciation: · Velar fricative [x] (loch, night) · Dark ,,l" : fu (full), saut (salt), ca (call) · Short vowels are longer (jacket= [jaykit] · Bright [breht] · Rhotic ,,r" · Absence of dipthongs before r (cheers -> chers) · There's a rule that determines when vowels are pronounced short or long · Distinction between [ ] and [w] · No distinction between / æ/ / / / / and /a:/ /u:/ / :/ Grammar: · Have does not need ,,do" support · Using ,,will" with first person subjects in questions (Will I put out the light?) · Certain stative verbs (want;need) use progressive form Vocabulary: · Cheerio just now! goodbye for now! · To go to the messages- to go shopping · How are you keeping?- How are you ? · That's me away- I'm going now · Aye yes · Folk- people
do did done drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feel felt felt find found found fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten get got got (gotten in USA) give gave given go went gone have had had hear heard heard keep kept kept know knew known leave left left lend lent lent let let let lose lost lost make made made meet met met pay paid paid put put put read read (pronounced /red/) read (pronounced /red/) run ran run say said said see saw seen sell sold sold send sent sent sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept speak spoke spoken stand stood stood swim swam swum take took taken teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought understand understood understood wear wore worn write wrote written
Definitions: Phonology is the study that describes the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. Phonetics is the general study of the charecteristics of speech sounds – studies how different speech sounds are produced. Phoneme is a meaning-distinguishing sound in a language. E.g. artistic-al-ly To know if a sound is a phoneme use the minimal contrasting pair method where the difference is only one sound: pin vs pen. Allophones are different variations of how a phoneme is pronounced according to the context. E.g. dark and clear l – clear and dull. Segmentation is the act of dividing speech sounds into units. E.g. segment- ation Larnyx (kõri) is the voice box. Glottis is the opening between the vocal cords. Manner of articulation is the way the airstream is blocked when producing a sound – blocked vs partially blocked; vibrating vs no vibration. Different sound types: Velar sounds are produced by the tongue being in contact with the lower
Sugar love 11.class Causes of obesity Surfeit Unhealthy food Lack of exercises Excessive eating sweet Mosques of marzipan The beginning, on the island of New Guinea, where sugarcane was domesticated some 10.000 years ago People picked cane and ate it raw It is used medically The problem with fructose The glucose in sugar is metabolized throughout the body The resulting risks: Obesity Hypertension Insulin resistance Type 2 diabetes Candy Particularly to Americans, who spent 32 billion on sweets Formerly a luxury item for the rich The world itself comes from candy: Arabic for a sugar confection The culprit As far back as 1675, when western Europe was experiencing its first sugar boom As a result, fat makes up a smaller portion of the American diet than it did 20 years ago Johnson explained...
appear at a roughly constant rate. Non-stressed syllables are shortened to accomodate this. Syllable-timed languages every syllable is perceived as taking up roughly the same amount of time. Syllables are given approximately equal stress. When words are combined into sentences (or phrases), only one of the syllables receives a primary stress in that sentence (or phrase) and all the other syllables have a secondary stress. There are words in English that may be pronounced in two different ways in weak forms, in strong forms. Function words (auxiliary verbs, prepositions, conjunctions and certain pronouns) have weak forms. Strong forms replace the weak forms at the end of the sentence, being contrasted with another word, there is a co-ordinated use of prepositions, emphasis. Problems in phonemic analysis. Essay. There are two main areas of difficulty. The first can be called the problem of analysis: we may
Middle English (1100-1500) In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy invaded England. The new conquerors brought with them a kind of French and there was a period where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. Modern English Early Modern English (1500-1800) Towards the end of Middle English the change in pronunciation started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world and many new words and phrases entered the language. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published. Late Modern English (1800-Present) The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words because the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words;
The wedding, which was held at St. Paul's Cathedral, was televised and watched by a global audience of over 750 million people. On June 21, 1982 her first son Prince William was born. Two years later, on September 15, 1984, Diana's second and youngest son Prince Henry was born. On August 26, 1996, Diana and Charles divorced. On 31 August 1997, Diana was fatally injured in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris. Her companion Dodi Fayed and the driver Henri Paul were pronounced dead at the scene of the accident. Fayed's bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, was the only survivor. Princess Diana's death has been claimed as a conspiracy. Diana's public funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 6 September. The funeral drew an estimated 3 million mourners and onlookers in London, as well as worldwide television coverage. Diana today is still remembered by many as the "people's princess". She will always be remembered. Lady Diana Frances Spencer
affected area. It is important to note that water naturally flows from high areas to low lying areas. This means low-lying areas may flood quickly before it begins to get to higher ground. Flooding is extremely dangerous and has the potential to wipe away an entire city, coastline or area, and cause extensive damage to life and property. It also has great erosive power and can be extremely destructive, even if it is a foot high. A tsunami (pronounced sue-nahm-ee) is a series of huge waves that can cause great devastation and loss of life when they strike a coast. Tsunamis are caused by an underwater earthquake, a volcanic eruption, an sub-marine rockslide, or, more rarely, by an asteroid or meteoroid crashing into in the water from space. Most tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes, but not all underwater earthquakes cause tsunamis - an earthquake has to be over about magnitude 6.75 on the Richter scale for it to cause a tsunami
silencer muffler spanner wrench ticking over idling windscreen windshield anti-clockwise counter-clockwise car valeting auto detailing In addition to vocabulary, British and American English differ in other ways. English speakers in America have a different accent; their spelling and pronunciation vary as well. For example, in American English any 'r' is usually pronounced. So words large, hear, hurt, and dinner would sound differently. In 1785 Noah Webster became famous by producing The American Spelling Book, which marked the real birth of American English. He was a graduate of Yale University who started his career as a teacher in a school. When teaching, reading and spelling, he lacked good materials. The only textbooks used at that time were textbooks from overseas that made no reference to the people, events, or language of America
Full rhyme identical sounds (last stressed vowel and following consonant) tide-side, cold-gold. Incomplete rhyme derived from full rhyme. Vowel rhyme identical vowels and different consonants pen-best. Consonant rhyme identical consonants and different vowels love-live. Compound rhyme made up of 2 or more words united by single stress women=two men. Eye-rhyme contains identical letters while vowels are pronounced differently farm-warm. Internal rhyme occurs within a poetic line. Head rhyme connects the end of a line with the beginning of the next one by similar sound combinations. Couplet rhyme 2 lines are rhythmically linked by the final rhyme: a a. Cross rhyme rhyming combination: a b a b. Frame rhyme - rhyming combination: a b b a. Triple rhyme - rhyming combination: a a a. Monorhyme - rhyming combination: a a a a. Stanza is compositional pattern of the poem.
Hills district of Los Angeles. Attempts at resuscitating him by Conrad Murray, his personal physician, were unsuccessful. Los Angeles Fire Department paramedics received a 911 call at 12:22 pm (PDT, 19:22 UTC), arriving three minutes later at Jackson's location. He was reportedly not breathing and CPR was performed. Resuscitation efforts continued en route to the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for more than an hour after arriving there at 1:13 pm (20:13 UTC). He was pronounced dead at 2:26 pm local time (21:26 UTC). Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief.The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload · THANKS FOR WATCHING!!! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson
breed is one of the principle hunting dogs of the Taiga region as well as mountain areas in Central and East Siberia. Slaid: origin Ise räägid: The East Siberian Laika originated from dogs sampled in the Baikal Lake region, Irkutsk Province, Evenki National Territory, the Amur River basin and Maritime Territory. Slaid: BEHAVIOUR AND TEMPERAMENT Ise räägid: Steady, balanced temperament. A vigorous dog with a very well developed sense of scent and detection of game and a pronounced passion for hunting, especially larger prey. Very independent when hunting. Friendly, kind and trustful towards people. Slaid: Utilization Ise räägid: The East Siberian Laika is a hunting dog with a strong natural instinct to hunt big and small game. In Russia, they are used to hunt a diverse game, from squirrel, marten and sable to moose, wild boar and bear. Pildi kirjeldus: Dog of medium size with strong and compact built. The length of the body, from the forechest to the
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF OLD ENGLISH - 15 monophtongs, (7 long, 7 short, 1 central), 4 diphtongs, 17 consonants. Free variaton of R, and it was pronounced everywhere. Very much Germanic in character. Quite some special consonants that no longer exist. About morphology: synthetic with numerous aglutinating tendencies. System of tenses Germanic, but with a reduction of tenses. Paradigmatic leveling; Stress shift; Word order; Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common
are located on the Strip. A popular phrase on/off the strip or simply off-strip is used to describe destinations that are located beyond the strip (does not necessarily mean that they are sketchy or less attractive). 6) A resident of New York is called a ‘New Yorker’. How are residents of the following places called? Continue the list with five more names. Las Vegas – ‘Las Vegan’ or simply ‘Vegan’ (pronounced as vay-gan, not vee-gan) Michigan – ‘Michigander’, ‘Michiganian’, ‘Michiganer‘, ‘Michiganite’, ‘Michigine’, ‘Yooper’ Chicago – ‘Chicagoan’ Indiana – ‘Indianian’, ‘Indianan’, ‘Hoosier’ San Francisco – ‘San Franciscan’ Oklahoma – ‘Oklahoman’, ‘Okie’, ‘Sooner’ Pittsburgh – ‘Pittsburgher’ Virginia – ‘Virginian’ Oregon – ‘Oregonian’ Iowa – ‘Iowan’, ‘Hawkeye’
Rochester keeps Bertha hidden on the third story of Thornfield and pays Grace Poole to keep his wife under control. Bertha was the real cause of the mysterious fire earlier in the story. Knowing that it is impossible for her to be with Rochester, Jane flees Thornfield. Penniless and hungry, Jane is forced to sleep outdoors and beg for food. At last, three siblings who live in a manor alternatively called Marsh End and Moor House take her in. Their names are Mary, Diana, and St. John (pronounced “Sinjin”) Rivers, and Jane quickly becomes friends with them. St. John is a clergyman, and he finds Jane a job teaching at a charity school in Morton. He surprises her one day by declaring that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her a large fortune: 20,000 pounds. When Jane asks how he received this news, he shocks her further by declaring that her uncle was also his uncle: Jane and the Riverses are cousins. Jane immediately decides to share her inheritance equally with her three
over the loyalty of Irish vassals provided the initial impetus for a series of military campaigns between 1534 and 1691. This period was also marked by an English policy of plantation which led to the arrival of thousands of English and Scottish Protestant settlers. As the military and political defeat of Gaelic Ireland became more clear in the early seventeenth century, the role of religion as a new division in Ireland became more pronounced. From this period on, sectarian conflict became a recurrent theme in Irish history. The overthrow, in 1613, of the Catholic majority in the Irish parliament was realised principally through the creation of numerous new boroughs, all of which were Protestant-dominated. By the end of the seventeenth century all Catholics, representing some 85% of Ireland's population then, were banned from the Irish parliament. Political power rested entirely in the hands
greater breath force, voiceless in all positions, fortis plosives are aspirated in syllable-initial position, vowels are shortened before a fortis consonant. Example: voiceless [bb ] is "lenis", whereas [p] is "fortis". Lenis plosives have less intraoral pressure than fortis ones. The difference is easily noticed in the English pair "touched" vs. "judged" (said in isolation). The final consonants are pronounced without vocal fold vibration in both cases. But the fricative component of the affricate in "touched" is much noisier (more turbulent) than that of the affricate in "judged". This is presumably because in devoiced lenis obstruents the vocal folds adopt the ‘whisper’ position, i.e. are narrowed, unlike the wide open position that they adopt for fortis obstruents. This reduces the flow of air and therefore reduces the amount of turbulence. SIL International. 1997
motherboard or other PCB by either electrically connecting two pins on the PCB (closed) or separating them (open - only one pin is covered or the jumper is removed). Connector header - a series of two or more metal pins on the motherboard or other PCB; used to attach a cable to indicator lights, switches, and/or other devices in the computer Jumper header - two pins or a series of two-pin groups where jumpers are used. BIOS - Pronounced "bye-ose," an acronym for basic input/output system. The BIOS is built- in software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk. On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number of miscellaneous functions. The BIOS is typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the computer (it is often called a ROM BIOS)
Interesting Fun Facts About Ireland in General Just some general interesting fun facts about Ireland that hopefully will encourage you to further explore our country. Ireland is the third largest island in Europe and the twenty sixth largest island in the world. Ireland has an area of 70,273 sq km (27,133 sq miles) The longest river in Ireland, the Shannon is also the longest river in the British Isles. Ireland is a country of many rivers and lakes, lakes are referred to as loughs (pronounced as locks)e.g. Lough Swilly. Ireland has no snakes. Ireland's constitution guarantees freedom of worship. Famous symbols of Ireland... The harp, also known as the national symbol of Ireland, the Celtic cross, the shamrock and the Irish wolfhound are all well known Irish symbols. Religion... The majority of the Irish population are Roman Catholic (88%). National language... Gaelic is Ireland's national language. Only in the Gaeltacht (Irish speaking) areas of Ireland
Ambiclipping- middle part is retained- influenza- flu Clipping means beginning plus beginning situation comedy- sitcom But blending is if you take beginning plus the end- money plus energy=monergy 12) Abbrevation and Acronyms Abbrevation in initial letters are taken to replace the phrase- shortened form of a word or phrase usually consists of a letter or a group of letters taken from the word or phrase. Abbrevation--abbrev. Acronyms are pronounced according to grapheme-phoneme conversation rule. They are one of the types of abbrevation. 13) Meaning change A word typically has not one meaning but several. Fading- an old sense of a word fades away- dies Radiation- a new sense of words are created. Extention of meaning- widened meanings. Generalization Specialization of menaing- means narrowing the meaning. Denotative shift is movement in sideways, a combination of extention and specialization. Nt gossip--godfather and idle talk.
in Iberian Peninsula Spain. It is the third largest of the Balearic Islands, an autonomous community of Spain. With Formentera, it is one of the two Pine Islands or Pityuses. Its largest cities are Ibiza Town (Catalan:Vila d'Eivissa or simply Vila), Santa Eulària des Riu and Sant Antoni de Portmany. Eivissa is the official Catalan name (Catalan pronunciation:, locally. The name in Spanish is Ibiza . In British English, the name is usually pronounced in an approximation of the Spanish while in American English the pronunciation is more anglicized The island is well-known for its summer club parties which attract large numbers of tourists, but the island and the Spanish Tourist Office have been working to shed the prevailing "sex-and-alcohol" image in order to promote more family- oriented tourism. Noted clubs include Space, Pacha, Privilege (ex Ku), Amnesia,
Itsomission produces a new form with a meaning related to but distinct from that of the etymon. Backformation has been a surprisingly productive source of new words.” Examples: baby-sit (babysitter), televise (television), emote (emotion), edit (editor), burgle (burglar), peeve (peevish), diagnose (diagnosis) 24. Alphabetisms, initialisms, acronyms – types of shortening Alphabetisms: An expression may be shortened to a sequence of letters pronounced as their names, as FM ‘frequency modulation’ is pronounced ‘eff em’. The letters are not necessarily the initials of separate words or even morphemes: TV from television and American PJs or peejays from pyjamas. Special letters, such as those of the signal alphabet, Initialism> An abbreviation that consists of the first letter or letters of words in a phrase. Unlike acronyms, initialisms are not spoken as words; they are spoken letter by letter. Examples:
GitHub – GitHub is a web-based version-control and collaboration platform for software developers. GitHub was started in 2008 and was founded on Git, an open source code management system created by Linus Torvalds to make software builds faster. - Veebipõhine platvorm tarkvaraarendajatele, mis võimaldab kiiresti tarkvara luua. GNU Network Object Model Environment (GNOME) – GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment, pronounced gah-NOHM) is a graphical user interface (graphical user interface) and set of computer desktop application for users of any UNIX-based operating system. - Graafiline kasutajaliides ja töölaua rakenduste kogum Unixi põhiste OS-ide kasutajatele. GNU GRUB (GRUB) – GNU GRUB (or just GRUB) is a boot loader package that supports multiple operating systems on a computer. GRUB is most often used on Unix-like systems, including GNU, Linux and Solaris. - Alglaaduri pakikene, mis toetab mitut
Nouns converted from such verbs are even more colloquial (e.g. "a car was in a smash-up", "a pick-up", etc.). 6. PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES We distinguish between prosodic means and orchestration of sounds. Prosodic means include such elements of speech as loudness, pitch, acceleration or slowing down the tempo, pauses, stress, etc. In this respect the written text is far from perfect. Much of it can be pronounced differently and therefore understood differently. LOUDNESS: Depends on many factors. Diminished loudness expresses intimacy, mildness, shyness, but also threat and warning. A loud voice may express familiarity, good heartedness, excitement, etc. PITCH: Depends on a state of excitement. It is high when a person is angry/excited; low when disappointed, desperate, sorrowful. TEMPO: The tempo of speech is normally slow with depression or sadness, but anger, fear, joy and other momentary feelings
Phonostylistics studies phonetic features at the speaker's or writer's disposal to emphasize words. The phonetic arrangement is inseparably linked with the meaning and message. Phonetically we distinguish between prosodic means and orchestration of sounds. Prosodic means include such phenomena of speech as loudness, pitch, acceleration or slowing down the tempo, pausation, stress and intonation. In this respect, the written text is far from perfect. Much of it can be pronounced differently and so understood differently. The pitch depends on the state of excitement. It is high when one is angry and low when one is disappointed, sorrowful or desperate. The tempo is slow when we feel sadness and it's fast when we feel anger, fear, joy and other momentary feelings. Loudness depends on many factors. Diminished loudness expresses intimacy, shyness, mildness but also threat and warning. A loud voice shows familiarity, a fear to be misunderstood, etc. Stress:
Specialization of meaning- means narrowing the meaning, extended - widened meanings. Generalization. Meaning degradation and elevation Pejoration (worsening of meaning) deterioration. Amelioration- improvement of meaning. Monosemy Word only has one meaning. Polysemy the meaning of the word depends on the sentence. The content- where the word is placed in the sentence. Homonyms words with the same spelling and pronunciation but a different meaning. Skate, mouth Homophones words that are pronounced the same. Rose, to-two-too Homographs words that are spelled the same. Lead, close, wind. Synonyms words that share the same denotative, different spelling and pronunciation but the same meaning. e.g. male masculine Opposites (antonyms) words with opposite meanings, e.g. long-short, dead-alive, buy- sell Hyponyms a word phrase or lexeme of narrower or more specific meaning that comes under another- a wider or more general meaning. A rose is a hyponym but a flower is a hypernym.
and lime-green mittens or gloves. In the rare instances he is shown without his cap, he is shown to have a bright red-to-auburn Jewfro, a hairstyle he seems to resent. Kyle and Kenny don't interact that much during the show and aren't seen alone together very much, but are known to be quite good friends The enmity between Cartman and Kyle has been in the show from the start, but has become significantly more pronounced as the series has progressed. Cartman holds an anti-Semitic attitude towards Kyle, whereas Kyle makes cracks at Cartman's weight and is horrified and disgusted with Cartman's immorality, cruelty, bigotry, and greed. Kyle is considered more friendly and caring of Butters than anyone else in the show, due to Butters' cooperation with him. CARTMAN Cartman is an obese, foul-mouthed, mean-spirited, selfish, and ill-tempered fourth-grader
3:00 Chorus speeds up to an aggressive harmony. Johnny's major percussion becoming louder and more voice escalates to pitch higher then the instruments in the prominent. background. His voice is clear, the words are each 2:00 The guitar carries the same background pronounced slowly with passion. tune throughout the entire song until two beats 3:30 The melody is very repetitive with a two chord string of light and fast strings correlate in-between. from the guitar. 4:00 Johnny's voice slows, the instruments stop then 2:30 Johnny's voice begins to fade the Johnny sings his few last words. bass guitar drags on. Works Holly Bones Music. (n.d.)
applied within a structure to achieve a built interior environment. The interior design process follows a systematic and coordinated methodology, including research, analysis, and integration of knowledge into the creative process, whereby the needs and resources of the client are satisfied to produce an interior space that fulfills the project goals. Baroque Baroque (pronounced /brok/ b-ROHK in American English or /brk/ in British English) is an artistic style prevalent from the late 16th century to the early 18th century in Europe.[1] It is most often defined as "the dominant style of art in Europe between the Mannerist and Rococo eras, a style characterized by dynamic movement, overt emotion and self-confident rhetoric". The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church,
The phonetic arrangement of the utterance does not exist by itself- it is iseparably connected with the meaning and message. Phonetically we distinguish between prosodic means and what may be termed as orchestration of sounds. Prosodic means Include such phenomena of speech as loudness, diapason (pitch), acceleration or slowing down the tempo, pausation, logical and emphatic stress, intonation contours. In this respect the written text is far from being perfect, much of it can be pronounced differently and therefore understood differently. Loudness The tone of the voice may vary from being cold, sharp, contemptuous to being tender, gay etc. Depends on many factors. Diminished loudness expresses intimacy, shyness, mildness, also threat, warning may be expressed by it. A loud voice may indicate various states: familiarity, good-heartedness, a fear to be misunderstood, excitement, etc. Logical stress singles out words primary in the given context: I didn't mean you, I meant everybody
words or the whole utterance. ! The phonetic ... ... ... ... of the utterance does not exist ... ... ... ... ... ... with the meaning and message. We distinguish between prosodic means and orchestration of sounds. Prosodic means include such elements of speech as loudness, pitch, acceleration or slowing down the tempo, pauses, stress, etc. In this respect the written text is far from perfect. Much of it can be pronounced differently and therefore understood differently. LOUDNESS: FGI 1081 Stylistics (I. Ladusseva) 10 Depends on many factors. Diminished loudness expresses intimacy, mildness, shyness, but also threat and warning. A loud voice may express familiarity, good heartedness, excitement, etc. PITCH: Depends on a state of excitement
Russians still remains. (Finland: Insight compact guides) Population Finland currently numbers 5,302,778 inhabitants and has an average population density of 17 inhabitants per square kilometre. This makes it, after Norway and Iceland, the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, which is even more pronounced after twentieth-century urbanisation. The biggest and most important cities in Finland are the cities of the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area - Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen - some of the other big cities include Tampere, Turku and Oulu. The share of immigrants in Finland is among the lowest of the European Union countries. Foreign citizens comprise 2.3 percent of the population. Most of them are from Russia, Estonia and Sweden.(www.wikipedia.org)
Europe with annual rainfall up to 4577 mm. Due to the mountainous topography of the western Highlands, this type of precipitation is orographic in nature, with the warm, wet air forced to rise on contact with the mountainous coast, where it consequently cools and condenses, forming clouds. In comparison, much of eastern Scotland receives less than 870 mm annually; lying in the rain shadow of the western uplands.[1] This effect is most pronounced along the coasts of Lothian, Fife, Angus and Eastern Aberdeenshire, as well as around the city of Inverness. Inchkeith in the Firth of Forth receives only 550mm (22in) of precipitation each year, which is similar to Rabat in Morocco, and less than what Sydney or Barcelona receive per year. Also, as a result of this the northwestern coast has about 265 days with rain a year and this falls to the south east to a minimum of about 170 days along the coast to the east of Lothian
A stiff, immobile speaker is often a boring and usually ineffective speaker as. It is therefore essential to know how to be physically relaxed, which will allow your actions to complement your words. Before we start, two important definitions: A podium is the raised platform at the front of the room where speakers stand to deliver presentations; it is also called the dais (pronounced dayus). The stand used to hold notes is called the lectern. A lectern can be a short stand placed atop a table, or it can be a freestanding unit with a light, microphone, and sometimes a clock attached. The terms podium and lectern are often interchanged and misused, and for that reason, the skilled speechmaker should know this distinction. THE EYES Within many cultures around the world, it is believed that the eyes are the windows to the soul. In
A derivation in reverse. Adsorption – adsorb Babysitter – babysit Television – televise Bartender – bartend 23. Alphabetisms, initialisms, acronyms Alphabetisms function as nouns and adjectives and are formed of letters of the alphabet. Initialisms are alphabetisms, where the initial letters of a phrase are taken to replace the phrase. All the letters are pronounced as a sequence. o FAQ, BBC, UN, MC (emcee), PR, CPR, DUI, FBI, CIA, WHO. 9 Acronyms are pronounced according to grapheme-phoneme conversion rules. They function as regular words and can take plurals. o AWOL – absent without official leave, TWOC – taken without owners consent, AIDS, NATO,
taken up Knighthood. Wider the obligations, estate and style of life of those entitled, from their childhood, to reach the knighthood, but who may or not be knights in fact, The classic virtues of good knighthood are honour, courage, hardiness, truthfulness, loyalty, generosity. Later, as the warrior rose on the social seal, nobility, courtesy and his role as the protector of the community became pronounced. First duty was to defend the faith of Christ against unbelievers, second to protect his temporal lord and the territories entrusted to him. Had to be wise, able to see justice, administer his estates. He had to be in constant training, motives for seeking knighthood should be pure. Honour had to be prized over everything. A knight should be without blemish, avoid pride, false-swearing, treason- the darkest crime.
of March. In mild winters, however, much of Estonia does not have lasting snow cover at all. Because of the influence of the warm Gulf Stream, the prevailing winds in Estonia blow from the southwest and west. Severe weather conditions, such as tempests and whirlwinds, are rare: the last hurricane raged through Estonia in 1969. The high latitude makes the rotation of seasons and the interchange of light and dark periods of the year well pronounced in Estonia the maximum length of a summer day on the north coast is 18 hours 14 minutes, wheres during the shortest day in winter the sun appears for a mere 6 hours 3 minutes. Moreover, the long twilight time makes the transition between day and night rather smooth and the nights around the Midsummer Day shorter still. 7. Flora & fauna Estonia's plants and animals aren't represented in great variety. The percent of
Abstract nouns can have countable and uncountable uses. acronym akronüüm A type of abbreviation where the initial letters of two or RAM: random access memory; more words are combined to produce consonant and NATO: North Atlantic Treaty vowel sequences that can be pronounced as words. Organisation; AIDS 6 Grammatical Terminology active voice aktiiv The terms active voice and passive voice refer to the The thief had stolen all my money. form of a verb. Active voice is the most common and unmarked form of voice. The grammatical subject and
) 43. Use be, not have, to give people's ages. My sister is 15 (years old). (NOT My sister has 15 years.) 44. Use between, not among, to talk about position in relation to several clearly separate people or things. Switzerland is between France, Austria, Germany and Italy. (NOT Switzerland is among France, Austria, Germany and Italy.) The bottle rolled between the wheels of the car. 45. We don't normally use the before abbreviations that are pronounced like words (`acronyms'). My cousin works for NATO. (NOT My cousin works for the NATO.) The money was given by UNESCO. (NOT ... by the UNESCO.) 46. Everybody is a singular word. Everybody was late. (NOT Everybody were late.) Is everybody ready? (NOT Are everybody ready?) 47. Use any, not some, in negative sentences. She hasn't got any money. (NOT She hasn't got some money.) I didn't see anybody. (NOT I didn't see somebody.) 48
create intimacy with the reader. Even in headings small letters tend to be used. E.g. under milk wood (by dylan thomas). The arrangement of lines on a page has become very significant in poetry. The so called figure poems have appeared. There are poems having shape of a figure (star, fly) depending on a context. Multiplication of letters, that is, letters are doubled to reflect the way they are pronounced. E.g. laaaaarge, ruuuuuuin. Hyphenation may split up a word into syllables or even letters, thus, emphesizing this very word. E.g. I des- pise him! Italics show that words are important in this very context or words are used in some special, ironic meaning. It is a tradition to italicize foreign words. Graphical stylistic devices Graphon is distorted spelling of a word. It renders phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation and occurs in prose
the study of Nature as the philosophy of Nature. According to the medieval world view, Nature was conceived [ kavandatud ] to be kept going from moment to moment by a miracle which was always new and forever renewed. It was God who ordered the universe through these miracles. This entire scheme depended not only upon God, but upon the individual's absolute and unwavering faith in God. If God pronounced it to be so, then it must be so. But after 1350, let's say, by the time of Petrarch (13041374), some men became more interested in the form of the miracle. Knowing that the cosmos was of divine origin and moved according to the will of God, some men embraced that Faustian spirit that wanted to know more. It was not enough to simply accept the existence of miracles the miracles now had to be explained. These men wanted to know what order, to what hierarchy the miracle conformed
256. in coflict with - vastuolus olema 256. law or other legislation seadus või muu õigusakt 257. violates the rights and freedoms rikub õigusi ja vabadusi 258. to declare invalid kuulutama kehtetuks 259. provisions and spirit of the Constitution põhiseaduse sätted ja vaim 260. court session kohtuistung 261. pursuant to the procedure provided by law vastavalt seaduses sätestatud protseduurile 262. a minor alaealine 263. a victim ohver 264. pronounced publicily kuulutatakse välja (kohtuotsuse puhul) 265. the spouse abikaasa 266. the right of recourse to the court regressiõigus 267. expropriated property sundvõõrandatud vara/omand 268. to contest vaidlustada 269. case is before the court asi on kohtu ees 270. a petition for taotlus 271. legislation õigusakt 272. to be declared unconstitutional kuulutama põhiseaduse vastaseks 273. tried menetletud 274. to be vested in kuuluma 275. to compose koosnema 276
and /ou/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/. An interesting morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. is pronounced [nasli], not [nsli]) this is called yakanye (). Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /t/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). Some of these features such as akanye and yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited //, a
comprehensive dictionary, An American Dictionary of the English Language, which would take twenty-seven years to complete. To supplement the documentation of the etymology of the words, Webster learned twenty-six languages, including Old English (Anglo-Saxon), German, Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, Hebrew, Arabic, and Sanskrit. Webster hoped to standardize American speech, since Americans in different parts of the country spelled, pronounced, and used words differently. The Romantic Traditions James Fenimore Cooper James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 September 14, 1851) was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. He is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel
Speaking (London, 1696): 'Tis an effect of the Wisdom of God, who created Man to be happy, that whatever is useful to his conversation (way of life) is agreeable to him . . . because all victual that conduces to nourishment is relishable, whereas other things that cannot be assimulated and be turned into our substance are insipid. A Discourse cannot be pleasant to the Hearer that is not easie to the Speaker; nor can it be easily pronounced unless it be heard with delight. Here is an equilibrium theory of human diet and expression such as even now we are only striving to work out again for media after centuries of fragmentation and specialism. Pope Pius XII was deeply concerned that there be Serious study of the media today. On February 17, 1950, he said: It is not an exaggeration to say that the future of modern society and the stability of its
maximize profits but, at best, benefits as perceived. (See only Falk 2003) They are not, and cannot act, the same everywhere; economic performance is culture-specific the homo oeconomicus does not exist. Yet, NPM reforms "represent assumptions that one style of managing (whether in the public or the private sector) is best, and indeed is the only acceptable way." (Peters 2001: 164) The similarities of New Public Management and standard textbook economics are particularly pronounced here. The Role of the State On the other hand, the state is neither dead nor incapacitated, as is usually implied in NPM-prone ideology, and as is perhaps more visible now than it was a decade or two ago. (Most readers will be familiar with the arguments in favor of the state, but for the argument's sake, I will describe them here, with a specific public administration perspective.) Globalization is a challenge to state structures widely understood as
In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today. [5] 3) Early Modern English (1500-1800) Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a 5 common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing
philistines. Set in London drawing rooms, dining rooms, etc. Elaborate language and elegant paradoxes. Wilde’s imprisonment. Gay – sent to prison for sodomy; remained for two years. Health greatly suffered; wrote De Profundis and The Ballad of Reading Gaol (pronounced jail). Every man kills the thing he loves. The death of Wilde is the end of decadence in English literature. Late Victorian novel, Thomas Hardy. Modernism, James Joyce. Realism continued to flourish in England throughout the second half of the 19th century. Late Victorian novel
Of course, we like when structurally testing our aircraft. and about 1.4 in compression, mak- this flexibility of fiberglass in our land- So far we have been looking only ing it somewhere around 1.5 in ing gears, but what about the wing at tensile forces. Compressive, bending. In composites there is no torsional stiffness at high speed and shearing, twisting, and bending loads pronounced yield point, no clear the safety against flutter? As a matter present, in principle, the same pic- elasticity limit. Where is that "safety of record - most modern high effi- ture that Figure 1 shows, although factor" of, say, 1.5? Suppose we ciency aircraft are sized with regard to because of additional effects such test load a composite wing to its the stiffness rather than simple
As the Saxons began to accept their Norman conquerors, however; language change became more rapid, with 10,000 Anglo-Norman words entering English before the 15th century. Vocabulary Change Of the 10,000 French words adopted during the Norman occupation, three-quarters of these are still in use. Currently, French vocabulary is found in all areas-government, law, art, and literature. More than one third of English words today are derived, directly or indirectly, from French. This is so pronounced, that without prior study, English speakers already know 15,000 French words. Pronunciation Change Much of current English pronunciation can be traced to definite French influence. Old English had many unvoiced, fricative sounds, while French introduced voiced counterparts. English French f v s z
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