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Lehekülgede arv dokumendis
2008-10-06
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Words standing for people may be coined out of a phrase (usually they are negative) (e.g. "Ms. what-her-name"). This type of word building compression is often used to coin new words (nonce words): nouns (e.g. "She greeted me with a pleasant-day-don't-you-think-so smile.") adjectives (e.g. "Move-away-or-I-will-kick-you attitude") In general, nonce words are very expressive, because they are fresh, strikingly new and unexpected. Words based on repetition and rhyme (e.g. helter skelter, riff raff, etc.) possess humorous and / or ironic overtones. The same applies to rhyming slang, which originates from Cockney (e.g. "joy of my life wife"). The expressiveness of the distorted words is humorous and proper understanding of these words is based on the fixed context (e.g. "I beg your pudding"). The same holds true for unusual shortenings (e.g. "bacon and e.").
Euphony Ellipsis Amphibrach Phonetic SD Aposiopesis Spondee Onomatopoeia Nominative sent. Pyrrhic Alliteration Asyndeton Rhythmic invers. Assonance Apokoinu Run-on line Rhyme: Gap-sentence link Stanza: Full Framing Heroic couplet Incomplete Anadiplosis Ballad stanza Vowel Tautology Spenserian stanza Consonant Polysyndeton Ottava rima Compound Inversion Sonnet:
· Compound nouns standing for people may form out of a phrase (sound contemptuous) (miss what's-her-name) · This type of word building is popular for coining nonce words (adjectives, nouns) (a move-away-or-I'll-kick-you attitude) In general, nonce words are very expressive, strikingly new, unexpected. · This is true for words with uncommon structure and those built according to conventional patterns (to eyebrow) · Words based on repetition and rhyme (hoity-toity, riff-raff) · Rhymy slang (wife-joy of life) · Distorted words are humorous. Proper understanding is based on fixed context (I beg your pudding) · Unusual shortenings are also humorous (bacon and e [eggs]) · Phrasal verbs being colloquial become even more expressive and colloquial when they appear as nouns (a walk-up--house with no elevator) 6. Phonetic expressive means Every work of literature is a certain sequence of sounds
In phonetics a syllable is a unit which consists of a centre, that has little or no obstruction to airflow; it is comparatively louder than other sounds. In phonology syllables are the possible combinations of phonemes. The syllable consists of - onset, nucleus, coda. (every syllable has a nucleus: vowel, syllabic l, or m, n). Rhyme/rime nucleus + coda; the nucleus and the coda constitute a sub-syllabic unit rhyme. Words rhyme, when their nucleus and coda are identical. (E.g 'cr-o-wn', 'd-o-wn'). The hierarchical structure of the syllable: Onset the beginning of the syllable Nucleus/peak the open part of a syllable, generally a vowel. Coda a consonant sound which ends the syllable. Open syllable - has no coda Closed syllable - has a coda! Texts: [t-e-k-s-t-s]- (Consonant, Vowel, Consonant, Consonant, Consonant, Consonant). Strong syllables - has as its nucleus one of the vowel phonemes but not "schwa"
instances comprise nonce coinages: The train choo-chooed to the station. Rrrr-umph! A devastating crash.. A jet whooshed into the sky. He tut-tutted his tongue. Punk, punk, punk, her needle broke the taut circle... Clop, -clop, -clop! Up the street came the delivery wagon. Alliteration The repetition of similar or identical consonants at the beginning of neighbouring words or stressed syllables: Most musical of mourners, weep again! This device goes back to Anglo-Saxon poetry that knew no rhyme and did not yet rely on metre. An example of this period: In a somer seson, when soft was the sonne, I shope me in shroudes, as I shepe were. (W.Langland) The importance of A. Is fully recognized by contemporary poets as well. They use it more sparingly, yet rather frequently and effectively. The complete alliteration of Anglo-Saxon poetry is sometimes used for humorous purposes: Susan Simpson strolled sedately, Stifling sobs, suppressing sighs. (Anon.)
1. English vowel system and its description: A vowel is a letter of the alphabet [a,e,i,o,u and sometimes y (happy)] that represents a speech sound created by the relatively free passage of breath through the larnyx and orav cavity. English has 5 vowels. Front vowels Central vowels Back vowels High/close /i:/ see /i/ sit /u:/ boot /ʊ/ book Mid /e/ bait /Ɛ:/ bird /ə/ sofa /3:/ bird /o/ boat /ɔː/ bought Low/open /æ/ bat /ʌ/ under /a:/ father /ɒ/ sock With front vowels tounge is pushed forward, with central vowels its neutral and with back vowels tongue is pushed back. High/close vowels tongue body is raised, mid vowels its intermediate and low/open tongue body is lowered. 2. English consonants, their description/classification based on (I) manner of articulation and (II) place of articulation: I English has 21 conso
A lot of religious poems and hymns. Caedmonian. · Cynewulf represents the essence of Christianity perfectly. The idea of the cycle of the Sun and the Moon, the movement of the waves, nature. · The subject matter of A-S poetry is actually centered on the three things that were most important in A-S lives: war, the sea that surrounded the British Isles and death. · Main qualities: somberness, awareness of inevitable death. Formal features of A-S poetry: 1. No rhyme, instead they used alliteration; A-S poetry is alliterative. (Alliteration the repetition of the same consonants in a line); 2. Every line contains a caesura a pause in the middle of a line; 3. In every half-line there are two stressed syllables, so all in all, 4 in a line; 4. The number of unstressed syllables is not fixed; 5. There is no rhyme; 6. There are very few similes (a direct comparison, i.e your hair is like gold), in Beowulf there are 5 similes; 7
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF OLD ENGLISH - 15 monophtongs, (7 long, 7 short, 1 central), 4 diphtongs, 17 consonants. Free variaton of R, and it was pronounced everywhere. Very much Germanic in character. Quite some special consonants that no longer exist. About morphology: synthetic with numerous aglutinating tendencies. System of tenses Germanic, but with a reduction of tenses. Paradigmatic leveling; Stress shift; Word order; Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common. Adposition and podposition were both possible (eesliide ja tagaliide). About syntax: clauses were joined much simpler than nowadays, using and, then etc. Because of case syncretion the word order in a sentence became much more important to be able to tell the difference between words. FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT (GRIMM'S LAW) Grimm's Law (also known as the First Germanic
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