Opposition to abstract, untested theories &ideologies. Friedrich Nietzsche ,,God is dead"-through explaining and putting forward theories had killed Christian god. The essence of Freudian theory: the process in the human psyche Superego-society, conscience, morals, traditions, religion, a moral censor Ego-rational behavior, motivation, self-identification, conscious decisions Id-instincts, natural responses, the pleasure principle, aggressive instincts, the death wish Influence: In art and literature, Freud's theories influenced surrealism . Like psychoanalysis, surrealistic painting and writing explores the inner depths of the unconscious mind. Freudian ideas have provided subject matter for authors and artists. Critics often analyze art and literature in Freudian terms. 2. Literary Modernism and its sub-movements. The influence of Structuralism and psychoanalysis. Main characteristic features of Modernism. Denial of
say about anything; not part of the politics, usually from arts department...); cast nature as a reflection of divine truth; instead classicism, looking for sth essentially British; believed in artistic socialism art and morality closely linked; against mass production , emphasis on quality; preferred Gothic, medieval revival in architecture; he taught people to appreciate art and he said that things that are important to British should be from Britain (not from other countries around the world) · The more prominent artistic and cultural movements of Victoria Britain: The Arts and Crafts Movements, Anglican Oxford Movement, Public Health Act; (founding of the National Trust and National Arts Collections Fund and Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings); conservation movement · What were their aims/concerns? Main aims were to restore old things; make new things more like Gothic (old); displaying old things etc.
The making of a new nation. The Enlightenment in America. The emergence of the notion of the American Dream. The great Enlighteners: Crèvecoeur, Jefferson, Paine, Franklin. The American Enlightenment is the intellectual thriving period in the United States in the midtolate 18th century (17151789), especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion. American Enlightenment a gradual but powerful awakening that established the ideals of democracy, liberty, and religious tolerance in the people of America.
Ameerika Kirjandus 30.01.13 Naturalism · France, Emile Zola · Put down his theory in 1879: Le Roman Experimental, attempt to explain the development of human society throuch biological laws · Outlook is deterministic, pessimistic, fatalistic (fate or biology) · Man as an animal-clever than other beasts, still explainable within the framework · Man is not a free agent, is govern by something · Unable to determine his own faith · Hereditary · Naturalists tried to apply in fiction the processes of natural sciences · Writers task is to record facts, systems of behaviour, living conditions, never revealing any natural unbiased (completely natural) · Point of view: amoral-outside the category of morality, neither good or bad
money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction. Simone de Beauvoir most wellknown feminist. bell hooks multiplicity of experience, sex(male/female) vs gender(social/construct) Judith Butler performativity – gender is performed. Bloomsbury Group modernists (max 10 ppl) 5. Feminism and women’s roles during the Victorian Era. How were women disadvantages during this period? Some laws that helped changed the status of women. Women’s rights were extremely limited in this era, losing ownership of their wages, all of their physical property, excluding land property, and all other cash they generated once married. 1857: violence recognized as grounds for divorce 1870: women could keep money they earned
sent her to school in Paris. In 1834, Dickens became a political journalist, reporting on parliamentary debate and traveling across Britain by stagecoach to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronice. His journalism, in the form of sketches which appeared in periodicals from 1833, formed his first collection of pieces Sketches by Boz which were published in 1836 and led to the serialization of his first novel, The Pickwick Papers, in March 1836. On 2 April 1836, he married Catherine Thompson Hogarth (1816 1879), the daughter of George Hogarth, editor of the Evening Chronice. After a brief honeymoon in Chalk, Kent, they set up home in Bloomsbury, where they had ten children. On 9 June 1865, while returning from France with Ternan, Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash in which the first seven carriages of the train plunged off a cast iron bridge that was being repaired
the angles, to the saints and Virgin Mary. We are in Heaven that can only be Anglican, filled with deep inner piety which spoke of the anguish of heart in its search for God.Church resumed as holy place again, restoration, beautification, painting and sculpture aided liturgy. 7. 17th century philosophical writing (Burton, Browne, Hobbes) Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan – developed his political philosophy. Man by nature selfishly individualistic animal, constant war with other men. Fear of violent deat principle motive causes them to create state and submite to sovereign, whose power, though derived from people, is absolute and not subject to law. Though he favoured monarchy as the most effective form of sovereignty, theory could apply to parliament also. Led to investigations by other political theorists. Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy – on surface medical textbook, Burton applies his large and
Outstanding figures in British literature Eva Martina Põder 11.b British literature Refers to all literature produced by British authors from the United Kingdom, which includes England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man Includes early works written in Gaelic, Welsh, and Latin, works in Old, Middle, and Modern English, each of which represents a different period Full of great works British works in Latin Venerable Bede He lived between 673 and 735 AD The greatest of all the AngloSaxon scholars
Russian philology The meaning of the word "philology" is "love for word". This is love that unites teachers and researchers of modern and Classical languages and literature, interpreters and diplomats, journalists and publishers, writers and poets. Russian philologis are highly demanded in various spheres of scholarly research and education, in the mass media, in civil service at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in archives, libraries, museums, in travel agencies, as well as Russian and international companies. Curriculum within in philological faculty includes courses of Russian and European
As a scientist, he was a major figure in the Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He formed both the first public lending library in America and first fire department in Pennsylvania. He was an early proponent of colonial unity, and as a political writer and activist he supported the idea of an American nation.As a diplomat during the American Revolution he secured the French alliance that helped to make independence of the United States possible. A year after Benjamin Franklin's death, his autobiography, entitled "Memoires De La Vie Privee," was published in Paris in March of 1791. The first English translation, "The Private Life of the Late Benjamin Franklin, LL.D. Originally Written By Himself, And Now Translated From The French," was published in London in 1793
colonisation to Englishmen back in the homeland. An example of this form of writing is John Smith's A True Relation of Virginia, which is widely recognized to be the first example of Am lit. The early years of colonisation produced a mass of utilitarian writings including biographies, accounts of voyages, diaries, sermons, pamphlets. Much of the material addressed the problems of Church and State. There were few examples of fiction, poetry or drama. Anne Bradstreet of Massachusetts published some lyrical poems of high literary quality (1650) and Edward Taylor, who was born in England but lived in Boston, wrote some poetry in the style of John Donne and the metaphysical poets. All 17 th cent Am writings were, both in content and form, similar to English lit of the same period. The great literary figures of the 18th cent were Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), Thomas Paine (1737-1809) and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826).
1. Beowulf. The dating of Beowulf is still controversial. The poem is one of the earliest and greatest monuments of the Germanic literatures. The main stories of the poem (the fights of B.) are versions of common folk-tales, but the poet also introduces many incidental stories, some of which belong to the world of ancient Germanic legend. He writes his folk-tales and legends in a web of other events, mainly set in the Baltic Kingdoms. He shows a very rich and leisurely portrayal of this Baltic world, providing many customs like the close relationship between lord and man in the war-band and others. All this encouraged the supposition that the unknown author of the poem was himself a bard of the ancient type portrayed within the poem (a lord's scoop). However, many people propose that the author could be
During this period a new class called bourgeoeisie came into being. This is the period when monarchies based on nationality were estabilished. The Renaessance started in Italy In the 14th century. Then it spread all over Europe, reached England in 16th century. The struggle for power culminated in a war called The War of Roses. It was a civil war between two dynasties, families. They had different emblems on one side the Yorks (white rose) other Lancasters (red). They couldn't decide who gets the throne. War ended 1485. A new dynasty came to throne, Tudor, the first king in this dynasty was Henry Vll. When he came to throne a period of stability followed because he built a nation based state. He was good at diplomacy.He could avoid quarrels and wars with neigbouring countries. France, Spain - greatest enemies.So he could save much money and thus laid a good economic basis for his state. Besides that he built a
Literature of the 14th century The highpoint of medieval literature, the best writer of late medieval lived then. William Langland 1332-1376 the last important poet of alliterative verse. His masterpiece "The Vision of Piers Ploughman" how important working hard is, the labour of peasants is the base of the welfare of the people. A passionate protest against social injustice. A time when peasants were slowly rising against their feudal lords. Descriptions of different social classes. Religious mysticism. Two great principles: 1) all men are equal before God; 2) honest labour is dignified. It is a dream allegory
the Jutes and the Frisians invaded Britain. During this time English was called Anglo- Saxon or Old English. In the chronicles of Roman history (composed in Latin) is said that Britain makes its first appearance in written language when Romans invade the England. BEOWULF most important poem, surviving in a 10th-cent manuscript. The historical period of the poem's events can be dated in the 6th to 8th century. Much of the material of the poem is legendary and paralleled in other Germanic historical-mythological literature in Norse, Old English, and German. GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340-1400) Politician and writer, fought in France during the 100 years war. He visited Genoa and Florence where he became acquainted with Italian literature and in particular with the works of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. The French period (up to 1370). early works were based mostly on French models. The Italian period (up to c. 1387)
In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). STYLISTICS Stylistics is the study of style. The very term "stylistics" came in more common use in English only some 45 years ago. Stylistics is a part of style; it studies principles of selecting and using different linguistic means (grammatical and phonetic) that serve to render shades of meaning.
In the first part King Hroghtgar, king of Danes built a palace Hereot near a lake. He disturbed the lake monsters sleep with his racuous parties. Grendel then goes to the castle every night and kidnaps a man. This went on for 12 years. Beowulf, a young viking, decides to put an end to it. He chooses 14 men to join him and sails across the strait with no weapns, mind you, because Grendel fought unarmed and Beowulf was an idiot however according to the rules of fiction he defeats Grendel. To reward him the king gave Beowulf armour of precious metals. At night Grendel's mother come for revenge at night, Beowulf defeats her as well with a magic sword. At the beginning of part II 50 years have passed. Beowulf is a wise king of Jutland when a fire dragon comes to exact revenge for the theft of its precious cup. B. summons his men to battle the dragon, but only one man shows up. Despite that Beowulf manages to defeat the dragon.
1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron). 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period (e.g. symbolism, romanticism, renaissance). 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). These are called functional styles or registers. Stylistics is the study of style. In spite of the variety of styles English Stylistics has not been discussed on the same scale as French or German stylistics; it has not been discussed thoroughly. The very term "stylistics" came in more common use in English only some 45 years ago.
Romantic ideal is the organic world. Romanticism: · Returns to nature and belief in the goodness of mankind · Exaltation of the senses and emotion overcome reason and intellect is the time when novels became more important · Imagination is very important, it is a God-like creator (W. Blake: "I know that this world is a World of Imagination and Vision") 3. Romantic image of the poet The poet was a learned man who also knew how to appreciate nature. He was in spiritual marriage between the mind and the external world. Poets believed that emotions were universal and almost inexpressible. They were always looking for smth. new, but also fought against previous literary styles and argued with philosophers from the 18th c and earlier. Romantic poet keeps the image of a nation alive and is: · A visionary · A free spirit whose most important sense was seeing
History of English literature Periods: 1. Anglo-saxon or early literature (499 - 1066) 2. Second or Norman or late Medieval period (1066 - 13/14 century) 3. Renaissance or Modern period (13-14 century present) Anglo-Saxon period · All of the literature had its roots in folklore · Texts were orally transmitted, the anglosaxons had no written language · Two types of singers: 1) scop (attached to the royal court, wrote poetry and songs, performed them); 2) gleeman (travelled, mostly sang other peoples' songs, not their own songs; performers of scop songs) · The oldest known song Widsith (The Far Traveller/Wonderer); tells of a gleeman who travels in Europe, of his love of noble deeds, speaks of the shortness of life
A survey of the development of stylistic studies: It is a relatively new branch in philology; yet, its roots go back as far as ancient Greek and Rome where the rhetoricians cultivated the art of clear and elegant use of language. 18th cent--emerged an individualistic-psychological view on style and stylistics. According to that, style bears the stamps of individual usage: every writer has a unique pattern of habits and abilities that form his style. Fr. Poet Buffon: "Style is the man himself." Late 19th, early 20th century--appeared a utilitarian approach to style remotely linked with ancient rhetoric. It became important to improve the style of a text and show the author how better express his thoughts. (Vallins, Lucas) There was also another tendency in that time--to regard style as a study of form separated from content. (Saintsbury, Bally, Marouseau, Aronstein, Deutchbein) 50s, 60s--rapid growth of interest in stylistics
2. Chapter II 11 2.1 Expressing Himself 11 3. Conclussion 15 4. References 16 INTRODUCTION Philip Larkin is one of the most important English poets of the new Era, due to the interest of he owns, more and more readers get to know about the two Philip Larkin’s the man and the poet. Since the publication of the three most widely used sources (the Collected Poems in 1988, the Selected Letters in 1992, and Andrew Motion’s authorized biography in 1993) numerous further books, essays and articles have contributed to Larkin studies. These include publications of Larkin’s texts (such as Further Requirements in 2001, Trouble at Willow Gables in 2002, and Early Poems and Juvenilia in 2005),
vivacious woman about whom a future Viceroy of India would say, "Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room."[3] Father - John Lockwood Kipling. Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor, an illustrator, museum curator and pottery designer, was the principal and professor of architectural sculpture at the newly- founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art and Industry in Bombay. Later in life Kipling illustrated many of Rudyard Kipling's books, and other works. Kipling also remained editor of the Journal of Indian Art and Industry, which carried drawing works from the students of the Mayo School. COUPLE named their son after the place they had first met Rudyard Lake. Alice Kipling Fleming - Sister of British author Rudyard Kipling who became a well-known psychic, producing automatic writing under the name "Mrs. Holland." Born June 11, 1868, Alice Kipling was privately educated
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In the opening years of the 14th century, there began to develop in Italy and increasing interest in the manuscripts that had survived from ancient Greece and Rome. Italy fell under the spell of the intellectual movement we've come to call the Renaissance the rebirth of scholarship based on classical learning and philosophy. 3. Why did the Renaissance focus on the human spirit? Stimulated by the discovery that the men and women of ancient Greece and Rome were intelligent, cultured, and creative, the Renaissance gradually became also the rebirth of the human spirit, a realization of the human potential for development. 4. What kind of ideas and beliefs did the Renaissance develop? Stimulated by the discovery that the men and women of ancient Greece and Rome were intelligent, cultured, and creative, the Renaissance gradually became also the rebirth of
is speaking in this way? Is it the story’s hero, concerned to ignore the castrato con- cealed beneath the woman? Is it the man Balzac, endowed by his personal experience with a philosophy of Woman? Is it the author Balzac, professing certain “literary” ideas of femininity? Is it universal wisdom? or romantic psychology? It will always be impossible to know, for the good reason that all writing is itself this special voice, consisting of several indiscernible voices, and that literature is precisely the invention of this voice, to which we cannot assign a specific origin: literature is that neuter, that composite, that oblique into which every subject escapes, the trap where all identity is lost, beginning with the very identity of the body that writes. — Probably this has always been the case: once an action is recounted, for intransitive
One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style of symbolism, romanticism 3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres of human activity fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, official documents, business correspondenc etc. Style bears the stamp of indivual usage, that is every writer has a unique pattern/habit and abilities that form his style. This approach is best illustrated in the well-known victum of the french poet Georges-Louis de Buffon ,,Style is the man himself." Stylistics
The speaker's strong emotions therefore inability to finish. NT: And it was so unlikely that she had stolen his wallet that... well. NOMINATIVE SENTENCES NOMINATIVE SENTENCES are just a noun-sentence, containing a noun or a nominal-noun-phrase sentence. NOMINATIVE SENTENCES strengthen the dynamic nature of the narrative. NT: London. Parks. Horse rides. Noisy streets. Noisy traffic. Policeman. Such sentences evoke a more or less isolated idea of an object without any connection with other objects. These sentences appeal to reader's imagination, and thus makes the reader active. ASYNDETON ASYNDETON means intentional omission of conjunctions between parts of a sentence or between sentences, disregarding norms of the literary language. ASYNDETON is used mostly to describe an energetic (objectic?) activities us to show exession (succession) of minute immediately following each of the actions. Opening the story of chapter, A helps to give a laconic ..
The maritime climate is temperate, summers are warm and winters mildly cold, the average annual temperature is 5 degrees Celsius and the average annual precipitation is 550 millimetres. The most important assets of the soil are oil shale, phosphorite and peat. The designation “Aestii” was first mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus in “Germania” (98 AD). By the end of the first millennium the people of Western Europe referred to the land of our ancestors with the name Estonia (derived from Germanic languages and means East). The Estonians, our Finno-Ugric forefathers settled here in approximately 5,000 BC from northern Russia and the Urals, as fishermen and hunters. They called themselves “rural people”, the term “Estonians” started to spread three centuries ago, taking firm root in the middle of the 19th century. From the 13th century onwards the ancient Estonians had to continually fight
Revision questions for the test on Old English and Medieval Literature. 1.) How is literature analysed and studied? What is the difference between the diachronic and synchronic view? Literature is studied and analysed by reading the piece of work profoundly and work on all the aspects of the piece. Diachronic is development in history Synchronic is particular state at any given moment 2.) Give a general overview of Celtic Britain, Roman invasion in 55-54 BC, Anglo-Saxon invasion and the second Roman "invasion" of Great Britain, who were the leaders, what
They took Dante's possessions and sentenced him to be permanently banished from Florence, threatening the death penalty upon him if he returned. Dante spent most of his time in exile writing new pieces of literature. It is believed that around 1307 he interrupts his unfinished work, Convivio, a reflection of his love poetry philosophy of the Roman tradition, to begin The Comedy (later known as The Divine Comedy). He writes a book called De Vulgari Eloquentia explaining his idea to combine a number of Italian dialects to create a new national language. In 1310 he writes De Monarchia presenting Dante's case for a one-ruler world order. Among his works, his reputation rests on his last work, The Divine Comedy. He began writing it somewhere between 1307-1314 and finished it only a short while before his death in 1321, while in exile. In this work, Dante introduces his invention of the terza rima, or three-line stanza as well as himself as a character.
To have the effect of glowing colours they invented a new method called "wet white". It was very difficult and wasn't used a lot (except Hunt). The technique was to apply colour on a wet brilliant white ground. For inspiration the brotherhood turned to the bible because they wanted to portray significant themes. They applied much original thought to their subjects, and this made them excellent illustrators. Only Hunt stayed true to the ideals of the PRB. Other two soon replaced the biblical inspiration with the medieval world- the plays of Shakespeare. Their paintings were very realistic which drew a lot of negative attention on them from various critics, for example Charles Dickens. The critics didn't appreciate the honesty that showed Christ`s father as a working man with dirty fingernails and the Virgin as an ordinary young girl. They were accused to be
• Martin Luther – his role in the history of translation studies. Lived during the 15th century. He was a priest, theologian & translator. During that time, the Bible’s were only available in either Latin or Hebrew, which made it very difficult for common people to understand. He came out with a radical plan to translate the Bible into local languages (the first language was German – translated by Martin Luther). This inspired many other translators during that period. • What happened in the 19th and 20th century in translation studies? When and who created the term ‘translation studies’? Translation Studies – James S. Holmes - 1972 Ferdinand de Saussure – Lived during the 19th and 20th century. He was a Swiss linguist and a semiotician. He is widely considered one of the fathers of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major fathers (together with Charles Sanders Peirce) of semiotics/semiology
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