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The Death of the  Author
The Death 
the death of the author / roland barthes
of the Author
-
Roland Barthes
Source: UbuWeb | UbuWeb Papers 
1
The Death of the Author
The Death of the Author
In his story Sarrasine,  Balzac , speaking of a castrato disguised as a  woman , writes this 
sentence: “It was Woman, with her sudden fears, her irrational whims, her instinctive 
fears, her unprovoked bravado, her daring and her delicious delicacy of feeling” Who 
is speaking in this way? Is it the story’s hero, concerned to ignore the castrato con-
cealed beneath the woman? Is it the man Balzac, endowed by his personal experience 
with a  philosophy  of Woman? Is it the author Balzac, professing certain “ literary ” 
ideas of femininity? Is it universal wisdom? or romantic psychology? It will always 
be impossible to  know , for the  good  reason that all writing is itself this  special   voice
consisting of  several  indiscernible voices, and that  literature  is precisely the invention 
of this voice, to which we cannot assign a specific  origin : literature is that neuter, that 
composite , that oblique into which every  subject  escapes, the trap where all identity is 
lost, beginning with the very identity of the body that writes.

Probably this has always been the case: once an action is recounted, for intransitive 
ends, and no longer in  order  to act directly upon reality — that is, finally external to 
any function but the very exercise of the symbol — this disjunction occurs, the voice 
loses  its  origin,  the  author  enters  his  own  death,  writing  begins.  Nevertheless,  the 
feeling about this phenomenon has been variable; in primitive societies, narrative is 
never  undertaken by a  person , but by a mediator, shaman or speaker, whose “perfor-
mance” may be admired (that is, his mastery of the narrative code), but not his “ge-
nius” The author is a modern figure, produced no doubt by our society insofar as, at 
the end of the middle ages, with  English  empiricism, French rationalism and the per-
sonal faith of the Reformation, it discovered the prestige of the individual, or, to put it 
more nobly, of the “human person”  Hence  it is logical that with regard to literature it 
should be positivism, resume and the result of capitalist ideology, which has accorded 
the  greatest   importance  to the author’s “person” The author still rules in manuals of 
literary  history,  in  biographies  of  writers,  in  magazine  interviews,  and   even   in  the 
awareness of literary men, anxious to unite, by their private journals, their person and 
their  work ; the image of literature to be found in contemporary culture is tyrannically 
centered on the author, his person, his history, his tastes, his passions; criticism still 
consists , most of the time, in saying that Baudelaire’s work is the failure of the man 
Baudelaire, Van Gogh’s work his madness, Tchaikovsky’s his vice: the explanation of 
the work is always sought in the man who has produced it, as if, through the more or 
less transparent allegory of fiction, it was always finally the voice of one and the  same  
person, the author, which delivered his “confidence.”

2
The Death of the Author
Though the Author’s empire is still very  powerful  (recent criticism has often merely 
consolidated it), it is evident that for a long time now certain writers have attempted to 
topple it. In France, Mallarme was doubtless the first to see and foresee in its  full  extent 
the necessity of substituting  language  itself for the man who hitherto was supposed to 
own it; for Mallarme, as for us, it is  language  which speaks, not the author: to write is to 
reach, through a preexisting impersonality — never to be confused with the castrating 
objectivity of the realistic novelist — that point where language  alone  acts, “performs,” 
and not “oneself”: Mallarme’s entire poetics consists in suppressing the author for the 
sake of the writing (which is, as we shall see, to restore the  status  of the reader.) Valery, 
encumbered with a psychology of the Self, greatly edulcorated Mallarme’s theory, but, 
turning in a preference for classicism to the lessons of rhetoric, he unceasingly questio-
ned and mocked the Author, emphasized the  linguistic  and  almost  “chance” nature of 
his  activity , and throughout his prose  works  championed the essentially verbal condition 
of literature, in the face of which any recourse to the  writer ’s inferiority seemed to him 
pure superstition. It is clear that Proust  himself , despite the apparent psychological cha-
racter of what is called his analyses, undertook the responsibility of inexorably blurring, 
by an extreme subtilization, the relation of the writer and his characters: by  making  the 
narrator not the person who has  seen  or felt, nor even the person who writes, but the 
person who will write (the young man of the  novel  — but, in fact, how old is he, and 
who is he? — wants to write but cannot, and the novel ends when at last the writing 
becomes possible), Proust has given modern writing its epic: by a radical reversal, ins-
tead of putting his life into his novel, as we say so often, he makes his very life into a 
work for which his own book was in a sense the model, so that it is  quite  obvious to us 
that it is not Charlus who imitates Montesquiou, but that Montesquiou in his anecdo-
tal, historical reality is merely a secondary fragment, derived from Charlus. Surrealism 
lastly — to remain on the level of this prehistory of modernity — surrealism doubtless 
could not  accord  language a sovereign  place , since language is a system and since what 
the movement sought was, romantically, a direct subversion of all codes — an illusory 
subversion, moreover, for a code cannot be destroyed, it can only be “played with”; 
but  by  abruptly  violating  expected  meanings  (this  was  the   famous   surrealist  “jolt”), 
by entrusting to the  hand  the responsibility of writing as fast as possible what the head 
itself ignores (this was automatic writing), by accepting the principle and the experience 
of a collective writing, surrealism helped secularize the image of the Author. Finally, 
outside of literature itself (actually, these distinctions are being superseded), linguistics 
has just furnished the destruction of the Author with a precious analytic instrument by 
showing that utterance in its entirety is a void process, which functions perfectly  without  
requiring to be filled by the person of the interlocutors: linguistically, the author is never 
anything more  than  the man who writes, just as I is no more than the man who says I: 
language knows a “subject,” not a “person,” end this subject, void outside of the very 
utterance which defines it, suffices to make language “work,” that is, to exhaust it.
3
The Death of the Author
The Death of the Author

The absence of the Author (with Brecht, we might  speak   here  of a  real  “alienation:’ 
the Author diminishing like a tiny figure at the far end of the literary stage) is not only 
a historical fact or an act of writing: it utterly transforms the modern text (or — what 
is the same  thing  — the text is henceforth written and read so that in it, on every le-
vel, the Author absents himself). Time, first of all, is no longer the same. The Author, 
when we believe in him, is always conceived as the past of his own book: the book 
and the author take their  places  of their own accord on the same line,  cast  as a  before  
and an after: the Author is supposed to feed the book — that is, he pre-exists it, thinks, 
suffers,  lives  for it; he maintains with his work the same relation of antecedence a 
father maintains with his child. Quite the contrary, the modern writer (scriptor) is born 
simultaneously with his text; he is in no way supplied with a being which precedes or 
transcends his writing, he is in no way the subject of which his book is the predicate; 
there  is no  other  time than that of the utterance, and every text is eternally written here 
and now. This is because (or: it follows that) to write can no longer designate an ope-
ration of recording, of observing, of representing, of “painting” (as the Classic writers 
put  it),  but  rather  what  the  linguisticians,  following  the  vocabulary  of  the  Oxford 
school,  call  a performative, a rare verbal form (exclusively given to the first person 
and to the  present ), in which utterance has no other content than the act by which it is 
uttered:  something  like the / Command of kings or the I  Sing  of the early bards; the 
modern writer, having buried the Author, can  therefore  no longer believe, according 
to the “ pathos ” of his predecessors, that his hand is too slow for his thought or his pas-
sion, and that in consequence, making a law out of necessity, he must accentuate this 
gap and endlessly “elaborate” his form; for him, on the contrary, his hand, detached 
from any voice, borne by a pure gesture of inscription (and not of expression), traces a 
field without origin — or which, at least, has no other origin than language itself, that 
is, the very thing which ceaselessly questions any origin.

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