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The Death of the Author (0)

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Punktid
The Death of the  Author
The Death 
the death of the author / roland barthes
of the Author
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Roland Barthes
Source: UbuWeb | UbuWeb Papers 
1
The Death of the Author
The Death of the Author
In his story Sarrasine,  Balzac , speaking of a castrato disguised as a  woman , writes this 
sentence: “It was Woman, with her sudden fears, her irrational whims, her instinctive 
fears, her unprovoked bravado, her daring and her delicious delicacy of feeling” Who 
is speaking in this way? Is it the story’s hero, concerned to ignore the castrato con-
cealed beneath the woman? Is it the man Balzac, endowed by his personal experience 
with a  philosophy  of Woman? Is it the author Balzac, professing certain “ literary ” 
ideas of femininity? Is it universal wisdom? or romantic psychology? It will always 
be impossible to  know , for the  good  reason that all writing is itself this  special   voice
consisting of  several  indiscernible voices, and that  literature  is precisely the invention 
of this voice, to which we cannot assign a specific  origin : literature is that neuter, that 
composite , that oblique into which every  subject  escapes, the trap where all identity is 
lost, beginning with the very identity of the body that writes.

Probably this has always been the case: once an action is recounted, for intransitive 
ends, and no longer in  order  to act directly upon reality — that is, finally external to 
any function but the very exercise of the symbol — this disjunction occurs, the voice 
loses  its  origin,  the  author  enters  his  own  death,  writing  begins.  Nevertheless,  the 
feeling about this phenomenon has been variable; in primitive societies, narrative is 
never  undertaken by a  person , but by a mediator, shaman or speaker, whose “perfor-
mance” may be admired (that is, his mastery of the narrative code), but not his “ge-
nius” The author is a modern figure, produced no doubt by our society insofar as, at 
the end of the middle ages, with  English  empiricism, French rationalism and the per-
sonal faith of the Reformation, it discovered the prestige of the individual, or, to put it 
more nobly, of the “human person”  Hence  it is logical that with regard to literature it 
should be positivism, resume and the result of capitalist ideology, which has accorded 
the  greatest   importance  to the author’s “person” The author still rules in manuals of 
literary  history,  in  biographies  of  writers,  in  magazine  interviews,  and   even   in  the 
awareness of literary men, anxious to unite, by their private journals, their person and 
their  work ; the image of literature to be found in contemporary culture is tyrannically 
centered on the author, his person, his history, his tastes, his passions; criticism still 
consists , most of the time, in saying that Baudelaire’s work is the failure of the man 
Baudelaire, Van Gogh’s work his madness, Tchaikovsky’s his vice: the explanation of 
the work is always sought in the man who has produced it, as if, through the more or 
less transparent allegory of fiction, it was always finally the voice of one and the  same  
person, the author, which delivered his “confidence.”

2
The Death of the Author
Though the Author’s empire is still very  powerful  (recent criticism has often merely 
consolidated it), it is evident that for a long time now certain writers have attempted to 
topple it. In France, Mallarme was doubtless the first to see and foresee in its  full  extent 
the necessity of substituting  language  itself for the man who hitherto was supposed to 
own it; for Mallarme, as for us, it is  language  which speaks, not the author: to write is to 
reach, through a preexisting impersonality — never to be confused with the castrating 
objectivity of the realistic novelist — that point where language  alone  acts, “performs,” 
and not “oneself”: Mallarme’s entire poetics consists in suppressing the author for the 
sake of the writing (which is, as we shall see, to restore the  status  of the reader.) Valery, 
encumbered with a psychology of the Self, greatly edulcorated Mallarme’s theory, but, 
turning in a preference for classicism to the lessons of rhetoric, he unceasingly questio-
ned and mocked the Author, emphasized the  linguistic  and  almost  “chance” nature of 
his  activity , and throughout his prose  works  championed the essentially verbal condition 
of literature, in the face of which any recourse to the  writer ’s inferiority seemed to him 
pure superstition. It is clear that Proust  himself , despite the apparent psychological cha-
racter of what is called his analyses, undertook the responsibility of inexorably blurring, 
by an extreme subtilization, the relation of the writer and his characters: by  making  the 
narrator not the person who has  seen  or felt, nor even the person who writes, but the 
person who will write (the young man of the  novel  — but, in fact, how old is he, and 
who is he? — wants to write but cannot, and the novel ends when at last the writing 
becomes possible), Proust has given modern writing its epic: by a radical reversal, ins-
tead of putting his life into his novel, as we say so often, he makes his very life into a 
work for which his own book was in a sense the model, so that it is  quite  obvious to us 
that it is not Charlus who imitates Montesquiou, but that Montesquiou in his anecdo-
tal, historical reality is merely a secondary fragment, derived from Charlus. Surrealism 
lastly — to remain on the level of this prehistory of modernity — surrealism doubtless 
could not  accord  language a sovereign  place , since language is a system and since what 
the movement sought was, romantically, a direct subversion of all codes — an illusory 
subversion, moreover, for a code cannot be destroyed, it can only be “played with”; 
but  by  abruptly  violating  expected  meanings  (this  was  the   famous   surrealist  “jolt”), 
by entrusting to the  hand  the responsibility of writing as fast as possible what the head 
itself ignores (this was automatic writing), by accepting the principle and the experience 
of a collective writing, surrealism helped secularize the image of the Author. Finally, 
outside of literature itself (actually, these distinctions are being superseded), linguistics 
has just furnished the destruction of the Author with a precious analytic instrument by 
showing that utterance in its entirety is a void process, which functions perfectly  without  
requiring to be filled by the person of the interlocutors: linguistically, the author is never 
anything more  than  the man who writes, just as I is no more than the man who says I: 
language knows a “subject,” not a “person,” end this subject, void outside of the very 
utterance which defines it, suffices to make language “work,” that is, to exhaust it.
3
The Death of the Author
The Death of the Author

The absence of the Author (with Brecht, we might  speak   here  of a  real  “alienation:’ 
the Author diminishing like a tiny figure at the far end of the literary stage) is not only 
a historical fact or an act of writing: it utterly transforms the modern text (or — what 
is the same  thing  — the text is henceforth written and read so that in it, on every le-
vel, the Author absents himself). Time, first of all, is no longer the same. The Author, 
when we believe in him, is always conceived as the past of his own book: the book 
and the author take their  places  of their own accord on the same line,  cast  as a  before  
and an after: the Author is supposed to feed the book — that is, he pre-exists it, thinks, 
suffers,  lives  for it; he maintains with his work the same relation of antecedence a 
father maintains with his child. Quite the contrary, the modern writer (scriptor) is born 
simultaneously with his text; he is in no way supplied with a being which precedes or 
transcends his writing, he is in no way the subject of which his book is the predicate; 
there  is no  other  time than that of the utterance, and every text is eternally written here 
and now. This is because (or: it follows that) to write can no longer designate an ope-
ration of recording, of observing, of representing, of “painting” (as the Classic writers 
put  it),  but  rather  what  the  linguisticians,  following  the  vocabulary  of  the  Oxford 
school,  call  a performative, a rare verbal form (exclusively given to the first person 
and to the  present ), in which utterance has no other content than the act by which it is 
uttered:  something  like the / Command of kings or the I  Sing  of the early bards; the 
modern writer, having buried the Author, can  therefore  no longer believe, according 
to the “ pathos ” of his predecessors, that his hand is too slow for his thought or his pas-
sion, and that in consequence, making a law out of necessity, he must accentuate this 
gap and endlessly “elaborate” his form; for him, on the contrary, his hand, detached 
from any voice, borne by a pure gesture of inscription (and not of expression), traces a 
field without origin — or which, at least, has no other origin than language itself, that 
is, the very thing which ceaselessly questions any origin.

We know that a text does not consist of a line of  words , releasing a  single  “theologi-
cal”  meaning  (the “message” of the Author-God), but is a  space  of many dimensions, 
in which are wedded and contested various kinds of writing, no one of which is ori-
ginal: the text is a tissue of citations, resulting from the thousand  sources  of culture. 
Like  Bouvard  and  Pecuchet,  those  eternal  copyists,   both   sublime  and  comical  and 
whose  profound  absurdity  precisely  designates  the  truth  of  writing,  the  writer  can 
only imitate a gesture forever anterior, never original; his only  power  is to combine 
the  different  kinds of writing, to oppose some by  others , so as never to sustain himself 
by just one of them; if he wants to express himself, at least he should know that the 
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The Death of the Author
internal “thing” he claims to “translate” is itself only a readymade dictionary whose 
words can be explained (defined) only by other words, and so on ad infinitum: an ex-
perience which occurred in an exemplary fashion to the young De Quincey, so gifted 
in Greek that in order to translate into that dead language certain absolutely modern 
ideas and images, Baudelaire tells us, “he created for it a standing dictionary much 
more complex and extensive than the one which results from the vulgar patience of 
purely literary themes” (Paradis Artificiels). succeeding the Author, the writer no lon-
ger contains within himself passions, humors, sentiments, impressions, but that enor-
mous dictionary, from which he derives a writing which can know no end or halt: life 
can only imitate the book, and the book itself is only a tissue of signs, a lost, infinitely 
remote imitation.

Once the Author is gone, the claim to “decipher” a text becomes quite useless. To give 
an Author to a text is to impose upon that text a stop clause, to furnish it with a final 
signification,  to  close  the  writing.  This  conception  perfectly  suits  criticism,  which 
can then take as its  major  task the  discovery  of the Author (or his hypostases: society, 
history, the psyche, freedom) beneath the work: once the Author is discovered, the 
text is “explained:’ the  critic  has conquered; hence it is scarcely surprising not only 
that, historically, the reign of the Author should also have been that of the Critic, but 
that criticism (even “new criticism”) should be overthrown along with the Author. In 
a multiple writing, indeed, everything is to be distinguished, but  nothing  deciphered; 
structure can be followed, “threaded” (like a stocking that has run) in all its recurren-
ces and all its stages, but there is no underlying ground; the space of the writing is to 
be traversed, not penetrated: writing ceaselessly posits meaning but always in order 
to evaporate it: it proceeds to a systematic exemption of meaning. Thus literature (it 
would be better, henceforth, to say writing), by refusing to assign to the text (and to 
the world as text) a “secret:’ that is, an ultimate meaning, liberates an activity which 
we might call counter-theological, properly revolutionary, for to refuse to arrest mea-
ning is finally to refuse God and his hypostases, reason, science, the law.

Let us return to Balzac’s sentence: no one (that is, no “person”) utters it: its source, 
its voice is not to be located; and yet it is perfectly read; this is because the true locus 
of writing is reading. Another very specific example can make this understood: recent 
investigations (J. P. Vernant) have shed  light  upon the constitutively ambiguous nature 
of Greek tragedy, the text of which is woven with words that have double meanings, 
each   character   understanding  them  unilaterally  (this  perpetual  misunderstanding  is 
5
The Death of the Author
The Death of the Author
precisely what is meant by “the tragic”); yet there is someone who understands each 
word  in  its  duplicity,  and  understands  further,  one  might  say,  the  very  deafness  of 
the characters speaking in front of him: this someone is precisely the reader (or here 
the spectator). In this way is revealed the whole being of writing: a text consists of 
multiple writings, issuing from several  cultures  and entering into dialogue with each 
other, into parody, into contestation; but there is one place where this multiplicity is 
collected, united, and this place is not the author, as we have hitherto said it was, but 
the reader: the reader is the very space in which are inscribed, without any being lost, 
all the citations a writing consists of; the unity of a text is not in its origin, it is in its 
destination; but this destination can no longer be personal: the reader is a man without 
history, without biography, without psychology; he is only that someone who holds 
gathered into a single field all the paths of which the text is constituted. This is why it 
is absurd to hear the new writing condemned in the name of a humanism which hypo-
critically appoints itself the champion of the reader’s rights. The reader has never been 
the  concern  of classical criticism; for it, there is no other man in literature but the one 
who writes. We are now beginning to be the dupes no longer of  such  antiphrases, by 
which our society proudly champions precisely what it dismisses, ignores, smothers 
or destroys; we know that to restore to writing its future, we must reverse its myth: the 
birth of the reader must be ransomed by the death of the Author.
— translated by Richard Howard
6
Vasakule Paremale
The Death of the Author #1 The Death of the Author #2 The Death of the Author #3 The Death of the Author #4 The Death of the Author #5 The Death of the Author #6
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Ameerika kirjandus alates I maailmasõjast kuni tänapäevani.

New direction, influenced by all influences of social revolution and so on, returnts to social problems, was conserned with corruption and society. Perhaps the most famous piece is ,,The winter of our discontent". The novel that helped him receive the nobel prize for literature. He did not receive it for this novel alone but all the work. The very end of his life, in the 1960's he wrote non fiction. ,,Travels with Charlie"-his puudle. Very uneven author. Elements of style. Unlike naturalists his style is more poetic, he uses some of the devices of folk tales. Such as repetition. Description of nature are terse-charged with imagery. Ancient greek tragedy, his characters are not kings, warrior , gods, his characters are simple people. Even humble, poor, illiterate people may have their own personal tragedys. You dont have to be king to experience tragedy. His books are very muc based on dialogue. The situation of the

Ameerika kirjandus




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