Chipset (or core logic) - two or more integrated circuits which control the interfaces between the system processor, RAM, I/O devises, and adapter cards. Processor slot/socket - the slot or socket used to mount the system processor on the motherboard AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port - a high speed interface for video cards; runs at 1X (66MHz), 2X (133MHz), or 4X (266MHz). PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect - a high speed interface for video cards, sound cards, network interface cards, and modems; runs at 33MHz. ISA - Industry Standard Architecture - a relatively low speed interface primarily used for sound cards and modems; runs at approx. 8MHz. RAM - Random Access Memory - see System RAM Port (serial, parallel, PS/2, USB, sound, LAN, VGA, SCSI) - interface connectors for the associated types of devices Serial - a low speed interface typically used for mice and external modems Parallel - a low speed interface typically used for printers
Moreover, it provides a useful vehicle for communicating the architecture to non-technical audiences, such as management, marketing, and users. Logical Architecture In Logical Architecture, the externally visible properties of the components are made precise and unambiguous through well-defined interfaces and component specifications, and key architectural mechanisms are detailed. The Logical Architecture provides a detailed "blueprint" from which component developers and component users can work in relative independence. Logical Architecture. Model System Behavior Execution Architecture An Execution Architecture is created for distributed or concurrent systems. The process view shows the mapping of components onto the processes of the physical system, with attention being focused on such concerns as throughput and scalability. The deployment view shows the mapping of (physical) components in the executing system onto the nodes of the physical system. Architecture views 2
VoIP telephone adapters and services become available. In fact, today it is quite common for internet providers to provide their customers VoIP calls at very low cost, if any, in addition to standard xDSL connectivity. The VoIP uses Internet protocol (IP) to send digitized voice traffic over the Internet or private networks. An IP packet consists of a train of digits containing a control header and a data payload. The header provides network navigation information for the packet, and the payload contains the compressed voice data. While circuit-switched telephony deals with the entire message, VoIP-based data transmission is packet-based, so that chunks of data are packetized (separated into units for transmission), compressed, and sent across the network--and eventually re-assembled at the designated receiving end. The key point is that there is no need for a dedicated link between transmitter and receiver.
1950 Engineering Research Associates of Minneapolis built the ERA 1101, the first commercially produced computer; the company's first customer was the U.S. Navy. 1951 The UNIVAC I delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau was the first commercial computer to attract widespread public attention. Although manufactured by Remington Rand, the machine often was mistakenly referred to as the "IBM UNIVAC." Remington Rand eventually sold 46 machines at more than $1 million each. The first AI program to run in the U.S. was also a checkers program, written in 1952 by Arthur Samuel of IBM for the IBM 701. 1952 Heinz Nixdorf founded Nixdorf Computer Corp. in Germany. It remained an independent corporation until merging with Siemens in 1990. 1953 IBM shipped its first electronic computer, the 701 Speedcoding: John Backus. 1954 Texas Instruments announces the start of commercial production on silicon transistors.
Mõtestatud tekst koosneb kas (a) loogika ja matemaatika formaalsetest väidetest või (b) konkreetsete teadusharude fakte esitavatest lausetest. Igasugusel fakti esitaval väitel on sisu ainult siis, kui on võimalik öelda, kuidas selle väite kehtivust kontrollida. Metafüüsilised väited, mis ei lange punktide 1 ja 2 alla, on sisutud. Kõik moraali, esteetikat ja religiooni käsitlevad väited on mittekontrollitavad ja mõttetud. 1945 Konrad Zuse began work on Plankalkul (plan Calculus). The first algorithmic programming language, with an aim of creating the theoretical preconditions for the formulation of problems of a general nature. John von Neumann wrote "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC." Grace Hopper recorded the first actual computer "bug." 1946 In February, the public got its first glimpse of the ENIAC, a machine built by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert that improved by 1,000 times on the speed of its contemporaries.
provide enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), supply chain management (SCM), tax accounting, and general accounting for the small and medium-size enterprise. - Kõigile kättesaadav populaarne tarkvara, mis võimaldab luua ettevõtte ressurssi plaane, klientide suhete haldamist, varustuse haldamist, maksude üleskirjutamist ja muid võimalusi keskmisele ettevõttele. Concurrent Versions System (CVS) – Concurrent Versions System (CVS) is a program that lets a code developer save and retrieve different development versions of source code . - Programm, mis võimaldab koodikirjutajal salvestada ja saada erinevaid arendus versioone põhikoodist. CoreOS Linux – CoreOS Linux is an open source operating system (OS) that provides the functionality required to deploy and manage applications within software containers. Based on the Linux kernel. - Kõigile kättesaadav operatsioonisüsteem, mis võimaldab hallata tarkvararakendusi
formuleeritud, selgeid, algoritmilisi probleeme ei saa garanteeritult algoritmiga lahendada. 1. Lepime sellega, et mõnes olukorras ei õnnestu vastust leida 2. Valime vahel juhuslikult, ehk: teeme vahel vigu The five types of information that are the only types the computer commonly manipulates: Visual (pictures) Numeric (numbers) Character (text) Audio (sound) Instructions (programs) Modern computers work in a system of numbers called binary numbers Binary numbers: Similar to familiar decimal system. Uses only two symbols: 0 and 1. The choice of using binary numbers is dictated by cost and reliability. Binary circuits: Electronic circuits are cheapest and most reliable if they only assume two states or conditions.
: , , . . . : , , . . . , . , ( ..) . 4. Kihid, teenused, protokollid ja andmete liikumine läbi kihtide. , . , , . , , , . , , . : . , . (timing) , . 5. OSI mudel. Application- OSI ( ) Presentation ( ) Session , . Transport , , . Network . : , . Data link (link). , . Physical . , , . 6. TCP/IP mudel. Application layer (Mail services, File transfer and access, remote log-in, access to the WWW) Transport layer ( , , , ) Internet layer Network access layer ( ). ().
jooksvad programmid, kasutavad mälu, olek(registrid, jms), 2. processes can create other processes, child processes multitasking Eksam– EksamMitu programmi jookseb samaaegselt paralleeltöö Eksam- EksamParalleelselt jooksvad programmid vahetavad kiiresti oma korda CPUs wait/run Eksam– Eksamprogramm ootab oma korda kuni running process on ready/terminated/blocked interrupt Eksam– EksamCPU vastus, et vajab tarkvara tähelepanu. Tehakse kiire koopia program counterist ja registritest. OS üritab peita interrupte kasutajate eest virtuaalmälu Eksam– EksamOS mapib protsessikaupa reaalse mälu “näilikuks”, vabadesse mäluallikatesse ja aadressidele Tekstitöötlus: lihttekst Eksam– Eksamkogu Eksaminfo Eksamainult Eksamtekstina, võib sisaldada kujundusmärgendeid, lõppvarianti kubab mõni teine rakendus või seade
• Construct a control circuit so that power supply for the I/O circuits does not come ON before power supply for the Unit. If power supply for the I/O circuits comes ON before power supply for the Unit, normal operation may be tempo- rarily interrupted. • If the operating mode is changed from RUN or MONITOR mode to PROGRAM mode, with the IOM Hold Bit ON, the output will hold the most recent status. In such a case, ensure that the external load does not exceed specifications. (If operation is stopped because of an operation error (including FALS instruc- tions), the values in the internal memory of the CPU Unit will be saved, but the outputs will all turn OFF.)
VEEBIT EENUSED. KONT ROLLTÖÖ. SOA o A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an architectural pattern in computer software design in which application components provide services to other components via a communications protocol, typically over a network. The principles of service-orientation are independent of any vendor, product or technology. o Kasutab XMLi sõnumivahetuseks o Võimalus integreeride süsteeme Service-oriented architecture (SOA) Arhitektuur, mis kasutab – teenuseid organisatsiooni integrastiooni ehitusklotsidena – komponentide taaskasutust läbi nõrga seotuse. SOA: On arhitektuur Mingi hulga teenuste tegemine ei anna meile SOA-d.
Internet Andra Oja What is Internet? The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. History of the Internet 1957:The United States Department of Defense formed a small agency called ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) to develop military science and technology.
LCP Frame types detected -> remove `0' prior to input into SIPO normally FCS data (prior EOF) subjected to same bit obtain bit synchronization. 3. scheme: bit-encoding violations ( also used w/ SAPs are 7b: shortage -> SNAP above LLC stuffing LANs) · 1.5 bit manchester (3 signal pulses) -> no transition in 1st bit · no signal Typical network protocol evolution: · extend one protocol by O Asynchronous Transmission Independent transmit & receive clocks. receiver explicitly transition -> illegal manchester code J: signal level remains same as previous for tacking on parts (in this caseanother protocol)
järeldus: mõni z on y. his system of keyboard, keypad, mouse, and windows at the Joint Computer Iga b on a Conference in San Francisco's Civic Center. He demonstrates use of a word Mitte ükski b pole a processor, a hypertext system, and remote collaborative work with Mõni b on a colleagues. Mõni b ei ole a 1969 - AT&T Bell Laboratories programmers Kenneth Thompson and Dennis süllogism on väitlus, kus mingitest etteantud väidetest (eeldustest) järeldub Ritchie developed the UNIX operating system on a spare DEC minicomputer.
Kui d on kahe ruuteri vaheline kaugus ja s edastuskiirus, siis viide on d/s. Millisekundites. 14. Arvutivõrkude ja interneti ajalugu * 1961 – 1972 – the development of packet switching. 1961 – Kleinrock – queuing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 – Baran – packet-switching in military nets 1967 – ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969 – first ARPAnet node operational 1972 – ARPAnet demonstrated publicly, first e-mail program * 1972 – 1980 – Internetworking, new and proprietary nets 1970 – ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii 1973 – Metcalfe’s PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974 – Cerf and Kahn – architecture for interconnecting networks * 1980 – 1990 – new protocols, a poliferation of networks 5 1982 – SMTP e-mail protocol 1983 – deployment of TCP/IP, DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation
The PlayStation 2 processor runs with a clock speed of 294 MHz, has 32Mb of RAM, and a separate graphics chip that can render about 66 million polygons per second. The small amount of RAM is an important constraint upon games wishing to use Java. The introduction of the Xbox changed the game rules (so to speak), with its Pentium III, 64Mb RAM, a 8Gb hard disk, and the ability to render 150-200 million polygons per second. Sony and Microsoft have recently released network adapters for their consoles, highlighting the growing importance of multiplayer games. Future console designs (e.g. the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 2) will bring PCs and consoles even closer, and further emphasize online gaming. The PlayStation 3 (slated to appear at the end of 2004) may use a 3GHz processor, 512Mb RAM, a 120Gb hard disk, and render 2 billion polygons per second. The Xbox 2 (due at the end of 2006) may employ a Pentium 4, a clock speed of 1GHz, 1Gb RAM, a 160Gb hard disk, and
Eriala: Informaatika Inglise keel Referaat «Trojan horse » Lektor S.Remmelg Üliõpilane A.Parts Rühm RDIR23 Kood 103373 Introduction Trojan (also - troyamn, troyamnets, troyamnsky horse Troma) - a program used by an attacker to gather information, its destruction or modification of, computer malfunction or use of its resources in the wrong purposes. According to the principle of distribution and of the Trojans is not a virus because it does not spread by self-reproduction. This Trojan is run by the user manually or automatically - the program or part of the operating system running on a victim computer (as a module or utility). For this program file (the name,
1. OBJECT-ORIENTED PARADIGM The Model •The model defines an abstract view to the problem. This implies that the model focuses only on problem related stuff and that you try to define properties of the problem. These properties include: 1 •the data which are affected and 2 •the operations which are identified by the problem. Object-oriented Paradigm •Everything is an object •A program is a bunch of objects telling each other what to do by sending messages •Each object has its own memory made up of other objects •Every object has a type •All objects of a particular type can receive the same messages Domain Model •A domain model does not represent the entire domain as it is in the real world. It includes only the concepts that are needed to support the application. Object •Is a partitioned area of memory where object code is stored •The area of memory is protected
ABC computer 1939-1942 , Atanasoff-Berry esimene elektronarvuti Esimene transistor - 1947 EDSAC 1949, esimene praktiline stored-program arvuti, programmid olid aukudega peberiribadel ERA 1101 1950 ESIMENE KOMMERTS-TOOTMISES ARVUTI, hoidis bitte magneetilises trumlis, lõpuks suutsid kuni 4000 sõna hoida UNIVAC I 1951 Esimene kommerts-tootmises arvutis, mis äratas suurt tähelepanu, 46 masinat müüdi, 1 million dollarit tükk, Remington Rand tootis Prinz´s chess program -1951 Stratchey checkers program 1952 IBM saadab välja oma esimese elektroonilise arvuti 1953, nimi: (IBM) 701 Texas Instruments alustab silikon-transistoride kommerts-tootmist 1954 Shockley Semiconductor 1955 asutati Arthur Samuel 1955, õpetas Stratchey programmi põhjal tehtud programmi ise õppima, 1962 võitis see programm Connecticuti tsempionit ühe korra ja siis sai 6 korda järjest pähe. IBM toodab/arendab esimese kõvaketta 1956, 5MB mälu FORTRAN 1957, IBM
ever-evolving needs of the broadcast industry. The only aspect of Video Technics that surpasses its unparalleled products is its outstanding customer service. From the initial design of your customized solution, through implementation, training, and superior customer support, Video Technics builds relationships one customer at a time. From small to large facilities, Video Technics provides cost effective solutions that are scalable and built on an open architecture with interoperability to work seamlessly with existing hardware and software. When looking to optimize your return on investment and productivity for now and the future, look to the company that not only understands the unique challenges of the broadcast industry, but also aggressively meets those challenges with innovation and responsiveness. 1.2 Apella Proven IT-Centric Technology For over a decade, professional broadcasters have relied on cutting edge technology
.......................................................9 3.5. Outsourced Services .........................................................................................................9 3.6. Structure............................................................................................................................9 3.7. Management Process ......................................................................................................10 4. Development Program............................................................................................................10 4.1. Expenses .........................................................................................................................10 4.2. Outstanding Tasks and Projects ......................................................................................10 4.3. SWOT Analysis of the IT Department ...............................................................
parking lots that fast. Good system design depends on choosing the right tradeoffs between processor speed, system cost, and ease of manufacture. 12 Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors Digital-to-Analog Converters 2 Although this chapter is primarily about analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), an understanding of digital-to-analog converters (DACs) is important to understanding how ADCs work. Figure 2.1 shows a simple resistor ladder with three switches. The resistors are arranged in an R/2R configuration. The actual values of the resistors are unimportant; R could be 10K or 100K or almost any other value. Each switch, S0–S2, can switch one end of one 2R resistor between ground and the reference input voltage, VR. The figure shows what happens when switch S2 is ON (connected to VR) and S1 and S2 are OFF (connected to ground)
running concurrently with other operation modes, it produces most important information for navigator while sailing. Chart corrections Chart updates are provided using Notices to Mariners documentation within the respective countries. Chart updates are delivered to customers on-line on practically the same day as the information is released on that country's HO web site. Chart Update information for Transas charts in TX-97 format is updated via the Internet every two weeks and is readily available for all users of the company's electronic chart systems. Distribution system The professional distribution system used by the company, also enables customers to update the chart collection data whilst at sea, using specially developed CD ROMs, issued quarterly. Chart updates for TX-97 charts can also be received on floppy disk or downloaded on-line, using
Valisin oma töö ,,ODT vorming ja tarkvara" kirjutamiseks järgnevad allikad: 1. OpenDocument. 2013. [http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument] 3.11.2014. 2. OpenDocument. 2014. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument] 1.11.2014. 3. About OpenDocument Format. OpenDocument Format. [http://www.opendocumentformat.org/aboutODF/] 3.11.2014 4. Buchanon, J. 2008. What is File Extension ODT. [http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is- File-Extension-ODT&id=1484456] 1.11.2014 5. Open Document Format (ODF). [http://www.oxygenxml.com/xml_editor/open_document_odf.html? adw=true&gclid=CNTPrsSwhMECFSEcwwodSkYAJQ#open_document] 3.11.2014. Vormistada RTF (Rich Text Format) tüüpi dokument, milles oleks kirjeldatud teemat (valida tabelist)
Sissehelistamisühenduse puhul võib PPP ühenduse halva kvaliteedi korral selle katkestada ja uuesti helistada. Multilink PPP (lühendatult MLPPP, MPPP või MP) kasutamine võimaldab andmekiiruse suurendamiseks sillata (kokku ühendada) kaks modemit ja telefoniliini. ÜleISDN-ühenduse võib PPP kasutada üht 64 kbit/s B-kanalit ning MLPPP võimaldab B-kanaleid sillata. PPP kapseldab IP-paketid spetsiaalsetesse võrgujuhtimisprotokolli (NCP - Network Control Protocol) kaadritesse, mis baseeruvad HDLC/SDLC kadreerimismeetodil. PPP toetab ka teisi kõrgprotokolle nagu näit. IPX ja AppleTalk. Näiteks IPCP (IP over PPP) kapseldab TCP/IP pakette Interneti jaoks ning IPXCP (IPX over PPP) kapseldab IPX- pakette NetWare võrkudejaoks. PPP toetab ka muid kaadritüüpe, näit. ATM ja Ethernet DSL'i jaoks ja kaablimodemiskeeme (vt. PPPoA ja PPPoE). PPP tagab kakspunktahela, mis on võimeline multipleksima erinevaid protokolle üle ühe ja sama ahela
· Pildid 33 · Serveri operatsioonisüsteemid 34 · Linux 35 · Edubuntu 36 · Ubuntu 35 · Estobuntu 36 · Kubuntu 37 · Unix 38 · BSD 38 1.Operatsioonisüsteemid 1.1.Windows NT 3.1 oli esimeseks Microsoft Windows NT seeria operatsioonisüsteemiks, mille eesmärgiks oli rahuldada ettevõtete serveri ja töökohtade vajadusi. Windows NT 3.1 jõudis turule 27. juulil 1993. Versiooni numbriks sai valitud 3.1, et see sobiks Microsofti tolleks hetkeks väljalastud, ning ka sarnast kasutaja-liidest omava opereerimis-keskonnaga Windows 3.1-ga. Windows NT 3.1-st anti välja kaks varianti Windows NT 3.1 ja Windows NT Advanced Server 3.1. Windows NT 3.1-le järgnes 1994. aasta 21. septembril Windows NT 3
programm, mille tehnoloogia põhines vaakumtorudel 1950 ERA esimene avalikult esitletud arvuti 1951 UNIVAC I esimene arvuti, mis võitis avalikkuse tähelepanu 1962 võidab esimest korda programm inimest kabemängus. 1952 Heinz Nixdorf asutas Nixdorf Computer corp. Saksamaal hiljem 1990 ühines Siemensiga 1953 esimene elektrooniline arvuti 701 1954 Texas Instruments teatab silikoon transistorite tootmisest Logic Theorist is a computer program written in 1955 and 1956 by Allen Newell, Herbert Simon and J. C. Shaw.Newell, Simon and Shaw went on to construct the General Problem Solver, or GPS. The first version of GPS ran in 1957 1955 William Shockley leiutab Shockley pooljuhi 1956 IBM leiutab esimese kõvaketta RAMAC 305 5 MB 1956 valmib esimene transistorpõhine arvuti 1957 Fortran (Formula Translator) 1960 IBM avab masstootmishoone; AT&T esimene avalikult müüdav modem; COBOL üks vanimatest
INTRODUCTION OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT (SCM) A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of these finished products to customers. Supply chains exist in both service and manufacturing organizations, although the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and firm to firm. Supply chain management is typically viewed to lie between fully
result in Y. == 6. Y = X shl 3 // shifts left by 3 bits, filling the emply bits on the right with zeros (3 bits) == 7. You have two Boolean variables A and B. Write down a logic expression using only the operators AND, OR and NOT that will evaluate to true if A and B are equal and to false otherwise. == 7. (A and B) or ((not A) and (not B)) == 8. You have two strings stored in variables S1 and S2. Both strings are stored in ASCII format and contain 8 bits per character and 20 characters per string. Write pseudocode that will compare the strings without case sensitivity and return a Boolean result in variable Y indicating whether the strings match or not. == 8. Y = true for i from 1 to 20 for j from 1 to 8, excluding 3 // first bit is spared (omitted) and the second (third) bit for upper bitindex = j + (i-1)*8 if S1[bitindex] ≠ S2[bitindex] Y = false Exit loop end end end == CPU architecture 9
This avoids problems with scalability and performance if a thin-client two-tier model is chosen, or problems of system management if a fat-client model is used. N-Tier klient-server arhitektuuri eelised ja puudused Eelised: hallatavus skaleeritavus paindlikus kättesaadavus Puudused: So mainstream Peer-to-peer architectures Peer to peer (p2p) systems are decentralised systems where computations may be carried out by any node in the network. The overall system is designed to take advantage of the computational power and storage of a large number of networked computers. Most p2p systems have been personal systems but there is increasing business use of this technology. Torude ja filtrite arhitektuur Eelised: Easy to understand and supports transformation reuse. Workflow style matches the structure of many business processes. Evolution by adding transformations is straightforward
scenarios and explore the behaviour – simulations is to debug and investigate the system design – interactive for the simulation with single-step debugging– Automatic simulations with breakpoint setting. The concept of CPN modules(– based on a hierarchical structuring mechanism - allows a module to have sub-modules– allows module-composition into a new module – reuse of sub-modules in different model parts– allows modeller to work bottom-up & top-down) Visualization in CPN modules is important for(– presentation of design ideas & analysis results– discussion with people unfamiliar to CPN– abstractly visualizing a CPN module execution for an application context) Verification involves(– a mathematical formulation of a property– a computer-assisted proof that a model satisfies a property– verified properties must be those a system should possess– informal
- Stockfish, an open source chess engine [5]. - Deep Blue, an older chess-playing computer which beat Kasparov [6]. - OpenAI, an artificial intelligence research organization that aims to promote and develop friendly AI in such a way as to benefit humanity as a whole [7]. An example that mimics cognitive thinking: - CALO - Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes [8]. Other examples which show reasoning capabilities: - Microsoft Cortana, an intelligent personal assistant with a voice interface in Microsoft's various Windows 10 editions [9]. - Wolfram Alpha, an online service that answers queries by computing the answer from structured data [10]. Projects mentioned above all possess the same structure of having 4 primary stages [11][12]. - Data is collected, examined, cleaned, prepared, split by its origin and where it should be placed
Some flag states have developed their own training courses in ECDIS in order to be able to recognise the training certificates. Type specific ECDIS training is provided by equipment manufacturers. 18 Facts about chart carriage reguirements What are the ECDIS operational considerations? Navigating with ECDIS is fundamentally different from navigating with paper charts. The ECDIS changes the way work is done on the bridge of a vessel. This requires careful analysis of the facilities and specifications of the installed equipment, hereunder the navigational sensors and the data they acquire and of the rules and regulations applicable to the system and its use in navigation in particular. It requires that the need for new bridge procedures is analysed in view of the change of work processes introduced by the equipment and it requires an appreciation of the human element.
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