As you start reading sources do it systematically: Go to library use books, published sources (they are published so they are reliable) use Internet at least. In library make separate card for every publication (author, year of publication, etc.). You start reading a book: think of your own topic and make notes (take a sheet of paper for a book: in the left hand margin you indicate the page, on the right hand write a quotation you wish to use, or "in pages 10 to 12 the author analyses .... and ......". You should use quotation marks when you take some author's ideas, but your own comment should be without quotation marks. THE MECHANICS: · font size 12 · lines double spaced · Times New Roman · margins (one left side margin should be 3cm, all other (up, down, and right) 1.5 cm) · the page number should be in the right hind corner (upside) NB! It should be within those 1.5 cm no special space. And no "p." letter!
children. Our task is to educate the children so that they can face this future. II 10 effective classroom management techniques. 1. Set and agree the house rules and class regulations with the class. 2. Choose class activities that encourage any good relationships. 3. Be dedicated and care for your students. 4. Accept and even celebrate individual differences. 5. Realise that people learn in different ways 6. Create more student-centred activities. 7. Provide a diverse lesson with a variety of activities 8. Be always prepared for the lesson. 9. Let learners know about your teaching style, the course content and your reasons for doing some activities.... 10. Offer feedback after oral or written assignments or pair-, group work. 1 References: Kahny, Jim
Tallinna Polütehnikum Automation Author: TomTom2 Group :AA-09 Instructor: Marina Zotikova Tallinn 2010 Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................3-4 Person Knowledge Technologies supports...................................................................
the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). STYLISTICS Stylistics is the study of style. The very term "stylistics" came in more common use in English only some 45 years ago. Stylistics is a part of style; it studies principles of selecting and using different linguistic means (grammatical and phonetic) that serve to render shades of meaning. The Stylistics of language studies stylistic devices and expressive shades of linguistic units (words, construction of phrases). The Stylistics of speech studies individual texts viewing the way the message or content is expressed. Literary Stylistics concentrates on artistic expressiveness that characterizes a literary work, a writer, or a whole time period.
Stylistician is a scholar (a student). Style is applied to many things: clothing, architecture, hairstyles, etc. A linguistic style (style in language) is a variety of subsystems of language with its peculiar vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical and phonetic features that are used selectively to express ideas in a given situation. Stylistics is a part of style; it studies principles of selecting and using different linguistic means (grammatical and phonetic) that serve to render shades of meaning. Stylistics studies different styles (4) and expressive emotional evaluative features of different linguistic units. Stylistics of language and of speech is not the same. The Stylistics of language studies different styles including registers, stylistic devices and expressive shades of linguistic units (words, construction of phrases)
forms. For instance in England the language of the ‘educated middle classes’ was considered the norm. Thus, it was the only language variety that really appeared in written texts and it was not uncommon that differences in the SL were levelled out into the standard language variety in English. A similar phenomenon in Estonia could be the use of German in official correspondence and writing in earlier centuries. However, as time has gone by, such notions of an accepted class related norm in languages has become subject of criticism. People are considered more equal and thus no language variety can be considered better than another. Sometimes ideology may also come into play with regard to the language of different social classes. For instance, in the target culture, the ruling ideology might not permit the use of any other language variety in literature than the standard dialect.
Ph.Aronstein, M.Deutschbein, I.Galperin. In the 50's and 60's of the previous century there was a rapid growth of interest in stylistics throughout the word. In the 70's and 80's, the methods of structural linguistics were very popular in stylistics. Present stylistic studies have become quite systematic. Computer-assisted stylistic analysis appears to be quite promising, e.g the study of cases of disputed authorship (I may claim I have written Othello) which may study the influence of one author to another. Although still somewhat chaotic stylistic is a vigorous, young science with vast prospects. Stylistician- a scholar who studies style. Stylist- a writer or speaker skilled in a literary style. Linguistic style Linguistic style is a variety of language with its peculiar vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical, phonetic features that are used selectively and purposefully to express ideas in a given situation. Linguostylistics or linguistic stylistics
19 Keep in touch. 20 You are cordially invited to attend... TASK 3 Read the two models and find out which model: 1. uses an impersonal style 2. uses examples of the Passive voice 3. uses short forms 4. includes only facts 5. includes examples of colloquial English 6. uses a short, zappy style 7. omits pronouns 8. includes formal language MODEL 1 Dear Madam, I'm writing on behalf of "World Travel" in response to your request for information on holidaying in the Caribbean. A two-week package to the peaceful island of St. Kitts is being offered by our agency for only L 3,000. this island satisfies all your requirements, as it is quiet and has little tourism. In addition, transport is available should you wish to explore other islands in the Caribbean. All travel plans can be arranged through our office. Please contact our agency immediately should you require more information. Yours faithfully, Jane Douglas MODEL 2 Dear Jane,
These are called functional styles or registers (fiction, newspaper) Stylistics is the study of style. However, for some reason, English stylistics is less developed than French, German or Russian. The term ,,stylistics"came into more common use in English only some 35 years ago. It was recorded much earlier; in 1882 as "the study of literary style, the study of stylistic features" Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies principles of selecting different linguistic means for passing on thoughts and emotions. It studies: · Different functional styles, styles of genres, individual styles · Expressive, emotional features of different language units Stylist--a writer or a speaker skilled in a literary style Stylistition--a scholar who studies stylistics The word "style" is applied to many things. A linguistic style is a variety of subsystem of lg with its peculiar vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical and phonetic features that are
How to Write a Design Report Summary A design report is the written record of the project and generally is the only record that lives once the design team disbands at the end of the project. The report has three sections. The first section describes the problem that was being solved and provides the background to the design. The second section describes the design and the third section evaluates how well the design worked by comparing its performance to the design requirements. The report starts with a short executive summary that contains a synopsis of the three sections. The body of the report is relatively short. Appendices to the report contain supporting information with the details needed by a reader who wishes to fully understand the design. While this document describes the general content and organization of a design report, some of the specifics (section headings, length, and format) may be determined by your project client. Before You Begin
be made. These will be discussed in greater detail in Unit 3 Developing a Style for Business Writing. For now, just note a few of the changes that the secretary made. Vocabulary Compare the choices of vocabulary made by the Transport Supervisor and his secretary. The Transport Supervisor has chosen vocabulary suitable to an informal conversational style. His secretary has chosen alternative words or phrases which have the same meaning, but which are either neutral or formal in style. Text 1 Text 2 got worse and worse deteriorated lots of a number of OK satisfactory doing nothing unavailable for use more than enough chance ample opportunity get in touch contact Abbreviations Text 1 uses a lot of abbreviations
length in the later paragraphs) In other words, the reader, having read the introduction, should know exactly what to expect in the body of the essay. DO NOT bring in any new thoughts later! Paragraph 5: Conclusion Final remark (significance, personal effect, etc) Strong, effective message the reader will remember. NO NEW IDEAS! Types: For-and-against essay For example: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of living in a foreign country. Package holidays: good or bad? Outline: Introduction- state topic Paragraph 2 – ALL the advantages/arguments for Paragraph 3 – ALL the disadvantages/arguments against Final paragraph – Give a balance consideration or your own opinion without using personal words or expressions Present the advantages and disadvantages in a fair way, discussing them objectively in equal detail. Do not use strong, emotional expressions (I know, I believe… Use words like: It seems that… It can be seen that…)
2 The main effect is to suggest the careless or uneducated nature of somebody's speech. NT: It was I was a father to you. NT: It is your unfairness disgusts me. NT: There is no one enjoys good food than he does. THE GAP-SENTENCE LINK THE GAP-SENTENCE LINK is seemingly illogical construction of a sentence that connects its parts in such a way that the reader himself must reconstruct the gap between them. The device is usually introduced by dots and followed by the conjunction "and" or "but". The function is to give subjective evaluation of facts to introduce an effect or some cause. NT: It was not Cape town, where people only frowned when they saw a black boy and a white girl... but. (here he loved her) SSD-s that are based on REDUNDANCY OF ELEMENTS OF SPEECH are: (Here belong devices based on repetition) FRAMING
Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Language: a Contemporary Introduction introduces the student to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics and Speech Acts, introduces the basic concepts of linguistic pragmatics, includes a detailed discussion of the problem of indirect force and surveys
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar
Brainstorming Selecting the essay topic Writing the essay Revising the essay Coming up with the final draft 1. BRAINSTORMING: Brainstorming is the process of coming up with ideas spontaneously from free flowing writing or talking. To brainstorm, you can simply sit down with a pen and jot down every idea that comes into your head. Another approach is to simply start writing and see where you end up. Record as much information as you can recall, such as schools attended, courses taken, jobs held, research projects undertaken. Work on taking yourself deeper into the introspection process by tackling more specific topics. Here are some questions you might want to consider: What am I like? How do my friends characterize me? What are my personality traits? Have I ever experienced a moment of epiphany? Why is (some color) my favorite color? Why is (some movie) my favorite movie? How have my favorites influenced my life? What have I done?
Philip Larkin’s Poetry: Themes, Form, Style, Imagery and Symbolism Author: Sandra Olivares González Tutor: Jesús Marín Calvarro Degree in English Studies, English Department, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Extremadura Cáceres, 29th January 2016 Philip Larkin’s Poetry: Themes, Form, Style, Imagery and Symbolism The aim of this work is to obtain some characteristics of the poetry of Philip
BOOKS (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other various material, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is called a leaf, and each side of a leaf is called a page. A book produced in electronic format is known as an electronic book (e-book). Books may also refer to works of literature, or a main division of such a work. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as magazines, journals or newspaper. The body of all written works including books is literature. In novels and sometimes other types of books (e.g. biographies), a book may be divided into several large sections, also called books (Book 1, Book 2, Book 3, etc.). A lover of books is usually referred to as a bibliophile, or, more informally, a bookworm.
never It is mostly realised by the -ly suffix added to an adjective. numeral arvsõna, numeraal one, ninety-eight, tenth pronoun asesõna, An item used to substitute for the reference to entities They are in the kitchen. pronoomen which lexical noun phrases indicate. The main sub- Your boxes of photos have been classification include personal (he, you), possessive delivered. Mine will arrive (his, yours), reflexive (himself, yourselves), reciprocal tomorrow. (each other, one another), relative (who, which, that), interrogative (who, what, which), demonstrative
REFERENCING STYLE The following recommendations have been taken from The Standing Committee on Publications of the British Psychological Society, Suggestions to Contributors, Leicester: BPS, 1979. You should always follow these recommendations in your written work. The BPS journals use the author-date method of citation, that is the surname of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point, for example: Rabbitt (1970) compared reaction times... Or In a recent study of reaction times, Rabbitt (1970) found... Or In 1970, Rabbitt compared.. These methods enable the reader to locate easily the citation in the reference list given at the end of the report. If a work has two authors, cite both names in the text every time, e.g. Smith & Jones (1974).
The Death of the Author The Death of the Author - Roland Barthes Source: UbuWeb | UbuWeb Papers 1 The Death of the Author In his story Sarrasine, Balzac, speaking of a castrato disguised as a woman, writes this sentence: “It was Woman, with her sudden fears, her irrational whims, her instinctive fears, her unprovoked bravado, her daring and her delicious delicacy of feeling” Who is speaking in this way? Is it the story’s hero, concerned to ignore the castrato con- cealed beneath the woman? Is it the man Balzac, endowed by his personal experience with a philosophy of Woman
same but the pronunciation varies between /s/ and /ez/. In the word man the shape of the word changes because its plurality is irregular men. So zero plurality is the allomorph of the plurality morpheme. Types of affixes → Affix is a morpheme that is attached to the root of a word. Prefixes – A morpheme that is attached in front of the stem of the word. For example: rearrange /re/ is a prefix. Suffixes – A morpheme that goes in the end of
English literature is one of the oldest literatures in Europe; dates back to the 6th century AD. Oral literature, i.e. not written down, spread from person to person. In 449 AD Anglo-‐Saxon tribes invaded England – beginning of the Anglo-‐Saxon period in English literature. The first form of literature was folklore, carried by scops and gleemen, who sang in alliterative verse (a kind of simple poetry). Prose developed much later. The first form of recorded English literature was the epic Beowulf, which was produced sometime near the end of the 7th and beginning �
exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content words. Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are usually grammatical words. Example ‘We flew over the mountains at dawn'. countable nouns Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We
States apply international regulations to national regulations and they have to be in accordance with each other, the states can always specify these regulations. Therefore, PIL regulates people indirectly. Another unique feature: domestic law sources have a clear pyramid (top to bottom: constitution, laws, individual contracts, they cannot contradict each other) and all sources are written. In PIL there is no such hierarchy, but there are primary sources (all are equally important) and secondary sources and all are not written. Primary sources: written documents (int treaties, conventions, declarations etc), international customary law (legally binding), fundamental principles (legally binding). PIL= system of (legally binding) norms and principles, written or customary, regulates the conduct of states and intergovernmental international organizations. Also known as International
language control techniques to connect your ideas logically and effectively. If you have a well documented list of techniques to connect your ideas effectively the writing process is less formidable. You will want to know how to join similarities, compare and contrast certain facts, introduce the next topic, offer a supporting idea, or refer to previously presented facts. You will also need to know how to present different shades of argument to produce logically a recommendation you wish to make. This requires an ability to emphasise certain facts and 'bury' others. However, all facts need to be linked to give a logical flow. This unit will give you language practice in this important aspect of producing written documents. Evaluation Exercise 1 Connectives Study the following two versions of the same text and decide which do you find easier to read and why? what is the difference between them?
It is, in a sense, paradoxical to translate travel narratives for the target readers who actually inhabit the cultural and geographical spaces that these books deal with. However, through the analysis of two such accounts on Romania, Dervla Murphy's Transylvania and Beyond (1992) and Eva Hoffman's (ample chapter on Romania in) Exit into History (1999) this paper aims to show that such translations, if undertaken, may turn into complex exercises of intercultural
1 1 rubbish 8 as a sense of service to wider society. wolf has had been having difficulty 2 well-drawn 9 series 4 They were horrified by it. getting enough to eat because 3 story-lines 10 half 5 Both attack the `American the shepherds in the area were 4 unlike 11 set Dream' as a way of life with its particularly vigilant. One day he was 5 such as 12 unwind overemphasis on making money. coming came across a sheep's fleece 6 portrayed 13 slushy which a sheep shearer had been 7 like 5 1 protagonist 4 livelihood throwing thrown on the floor and 2 exonerated 5 integrity forgotten. It had given gave the wolf
Given that the construction industry does not have a particularly good reputation among the public, the first part of this thesis focuses mainly on this problem and its sources. It is the reason why we need new and better business models, like LC and BIM, or even an integration of the two models. Both LC and BIM have been shown to have a profound impact on improving construction processes and therefore, project outcomes, as discussed in the third and the fourth chapters. Different studies and practical experience show that a combination of these originally independent approaches can ensure even better processes. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), which is discussed in the fifth chapter, is an example of this. In conclusion, a recommendation supported by research is made for improving the Estonian construction industrys performance. Key words: Lean Construction (LC), Building Information Modelling (BIM), Integrated Project
Present the facts in a logical, organized way. Use subheadings, if you prefer, to make it clearer. Group similar points under headings. Don’t include too many points in the report: choose 3-4 major points and develop them fully. Conclusion: According to the report type, either make recommendation or assessment/state the final result/give comments. If you are asked to give your opinion, do so in the conclusion. Different report types and their outlines Analyzing a survey Introduction – aim, status, source Main body – information summarized under suitable sub-headings Conclusion – recommendations or general conclusion made Style: formal, with sub-headings Either: state the fact and make a generalization (e.g. 64% of the population now holiday abroad. This suggests/implies/indicates that people are generally better off than they were ten years ago) OR Make a generalization and then state the facts (e.g
•Objects that are created from a given class are called instances of that class •Encapsulation means that the properties and methods of an object are not directly accessible to the outside world. •Inheritance is the ability to create new classes based on an existing class. The new class inherits all the properties and methods and events of the base class, and can be customized with additional properties and methods. •Polymorphism is the ability of different classes to define properties or methods with the same name. Polymorphism is essential to object-oriented programming because it allows you to call methods with the same names, no matter what type of object is in use at the moment. 2. COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY – THE PROBLEM The Problem •Today, anything and anyone must be net-enabled. •Automated business processes, products, and software systems need to evolve in „e-Time“. •Everything must be changeable, extensible, adaptable.
botanic gardens national library shea stadium 3 Nouns Common Nouns Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns are words for people, animals, places, or things. These are words for people. They are common nouns. artist Word File Here are more words for people: actor lawyer aunt judge baby man baker nurse cook police officer acrobat dentist singer clown doctor soldier giant teacher astronaut you kn id o D Another word for astronaut is w ?
· That's just about it for now. I'll get back to you later. · Is that everything? · Have we covered everything? Leaving a message · Can/Could I leave a message? · Can/Could you take a message? · Could you tell him/her I called? · Shall I ask him to call you back? · Can/Could I give him/her a message? 9 Other key phrases · Would you hold the line a moment, please? · Would you wait a moment, please? · Could you call back later? · I'm sorry the line is engaged/busy. · I'm sorry. He's not answering at the moment. · Thank you/Thanks for calling. Complete the expressions with these words. moment hold wrong engaged answer can extension keep try message through hang speak 1 How ............
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