Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Piletid vastustega". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
current, voltage, transistor, diode, vice, device, circuit, signal, power, switch, base, gate, electron, bias, pass, than, gain, forward, collector, mosfet, diff, ratio, cause, characteristic, rate, resistance, devices, frequency, reverse, direct, there, ticket, value, biased, other, amplifier, band, filter, between, back, capacitor, turn, lower, layerCoolers 148 Fans 149 LEDs 151 7 Motors 161 Stepper Motors 161 DC Motors 180 Brushless DC Motors 184 Tradeoffs between Motors 198 Motor Torque 201 vi Contents 8 EMI 203 Ground Loops 203 ESD 208 9 High-Precision Applications 213 Input Offset Voltage 215 Input Resistance 216 Frequency Characteristics 217 Temperature Effects in Resistors 218 Voltage References 219 Temperature Effects in General 221 Noise and Grounding 222 Supply-Based References 227 10 Standard Interfaces 229 IEEE 1451.2 229 4-20 ma Current Loop 231 Appendix A: Opamp Basics 233 Four Opamp Configurations 233
· The induction machines are associated with the names of Dolivo-Dobrovolsky Tesla · One of the first eletrical motors has been built by Jacobi · Electromagnetic efficiency is measured in tesla · Time constants are measured by ms s hours · Who is the author of the first electrical motor Henry · Which rectifier cannot be built without a transformer 3-phase midpoint · Call the benefits of 3-phase rectifiers upon the 1-phase ones output voltage · Which rectifier has more diodes 3-phase bridge · In the case of high-pass filter before the load, what can you tell about the current higher · What is the difference between the construction and operation of a rectifier and an inverter input wave output wave · What are the advantages of a single-phase bridge inverter high efficiency high reliability · What kind of control provides the highest output power of the inverter block
purpose and under the specified conditions, especially in applications that can directly or indirectly affect human life. You must consult with your OMRON representative before applying a PC System to the above-mentioned applications. 3 Safety Precautions ! WARNING Do not attempt to take any Unit apart while the power is being supplied. Doing so may result in electric shock. ! WARNING Do not touch any of the terminals or terminal blocks while the power is being supplied. Doing so may result in electric shock. ! WARNING Do not attempt to disassemble, repair, or modify any Units. Any attempt to do so may result in malfunction, fire, or electric shock.
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics Report on Exercises 2 Diodes Student ******* Code ****96 Group AAVB41 Tallinn 2012 2.1. Diode rectifier VD f = 9 kHz U=6V U = 19.7 V R = 96 k Figure 1. Circuit diagram Figure 2. Timing diagram
Question 1 Define the following ADC terms: 1. SNR – (Signal to Noise Ratio) SNR is a calculated value that represents the ratio of RMS signal to RMS noise. 2. SINAD - (signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio) Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean value of the root-sum-square (RSS) 3. ENOB – (effective number of bits) The effective number-of-bits and relates to SINAD 4. THD - (total harmonic distortion) Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the RSS of its harmonics. 5. SFDR - (spurious free dynamic range) Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. 6
Question 1 (in wiki and in terminologies) 1. SNR is a calculated value that represents the ratio of root- mean-square (rms ) signal to rms noise. 2. SINAD stands for Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio. It is a measure of the quality of a signal from a communications device, often defined as: where is the average power of the signal, noise and distortion components. SINAD is usually expressed in dB. For examples to calculate the ratio of 1 kW (one kilowatt, or 1000 watts) to 1 W in decibels, use the formula 3. ENOB is the effective number-of-bits related to SINAD and the quality of a digitized signal. The 6.02 term in the divisor converts decibels (a log10) to bits (a log2) The 1.76 term comes from quantization error in an ideal ADC
Microcontroller homework for week 12 1. Three different stepper motors (illustrations on page 162-163): · permanent-magnet, · variablereluctance, · hybrid. The VR stepper has a soft iron rotor with teethand a wound stator. As current is applied to two opposing stator coils, the rotor is pulled into alignment with these twocoils. As the next pair of coils is energized, the rotor advances to the next position. The permanent magnet (PM) stepper has a rotor with alternating north and south. As the coils are energized, the rotor is pulled around. This figure shows a single coil to illustrate the concept, but a realstepper would have stator windings surrounding the rotor. The PM stepper
Week 4 homework. Question 1: 1. SNR – Ratio of root mean square signal to root mean square. 2. SINAD – Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean of value of the root sum square. 3. ENOB – The effective number of bits and relates to SINAD. 4. THD – Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of RSS of its harmonics. 5. SFDR – Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. 6. Channels – multiple analog signal inputs to the ADC that can be individually selected or selected through a multiplexor. 7. Linearity – Describes how an ADC conveter follows a linear function. 8. Operating temperature – A temperature at which the ADC functions optimally, usually given by the manufacturer. 9. Power dissipation – The proportion of power dissipated (through heat) when the ADC is working. Question 2: An 8 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 5V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 1.2V
Test VIII - cumulative test by Piigli, Mets, Parker, Kauler "Top delusion" question / answers are red. Test I The induction machines are associated with the names of Dolivo - Dobrovolsky, Tesla. The synchronous machines are associated with the name of Ferraris. The DC machines are associated with the names of Jacobi and Henry. The electromagnetic torque is born in air gap. The torque is proportional to the current in dc motor. Which equations are correct? P = sW; oomega = tuletis fii'st The angular frequency is 2*pi()*n / 60 ja 2*pi()f The motor torque is equal to TL + J * oomega tuletis aja järgi The inductor supplies the motor with flux. The leading companies in the world market of electrical drive engineering are: Mitsubishi. The energy balance is described by energy conservation law. The armature supplies the motor with current. The cheapest and the most reliable is induction motor.
the boundaries between the individual zones. In 1940, D. Philpot suggested to use columns with a density gradient of buffer solutions, and in the 50s years the method has been refined and was developed the device for electrophoresis in density gradient. However, the method was deficient, because after switching off the electric current, formed during electrophoresis zones have "blurred". Subsequent achievements in electrophoresis associated with the stabilization establishment of zones in the solid support medium. So, in 1950, as a solid carrier scientists began to use a filter paper, in 1955 it was proposed to use
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering Report on laboratory work 1 on General Course of Electrical Drive SENSORLESS DRIVE POWER FLEX (ALLEN BRADLEY) Jüri Lina 666BMW Group M16 Variant 2 Tallinn 2014 1. Functional Diagram 2. Tables of observations Task Operation/Record Observation 1 Reverse the motor speed. How long Time to reverse was 16 does the motor reverse
· LLC Service Access Point the expiration of an idle-period timer, `11111' detected -> insert `0' flag pattern can never be present in frame data performed by transmit media) node's destination address precedes user data (payload) clock identifies a protocol or the administrative closing of the link. circuit at PISO output disabled during transmission of SOF, EOF · receive circuit: if `111110' synchronization achieved when sender transmits preamble allows other nodes to within the device having that hardware interface. LCP Frame types detected -> remove `0' prior to input into SIPO normally FCS data (prior EOF) subjected to same bit obtain bit synchronization. 3. scheme: bit-encoding violations ( also used w/ SAPs are 7b: shortage -> SNAP above LLC
microprocessor? b) Explain why this method results in higher resolution. Solution: a) 20 MHz divide by 10000 producing 2000 Hz or time length = 0.5 ms. Number of counts = 0.5ms/100ns=5000 counts 18 MHz divide by 10000 producing 1800 Hz or time length = 0.5555 ms. Number of counts = 0.555ms/100ns=5555 counts The difference is 555 counts. b) Because that the second method has increased the sampling rate. Question 3 (10 marks) Consider the following simple mixer circuit. a) Why do we require a low-pass filter when using this mixer circuit? b) Name another disadvantage of such a mixer circuit. Solution: a) Because the mixer outputs become four (4) including the two input frequencies, the sum and the difference of them. Actually we need only the difference output frequency (Offset – Input) and the lowpass filter will help to filter aways the higher three output frequencies. b) Name another disadvantage of such a mixer circuit (page 97-98)
Microcontroller homework for week 04 1. SNR - Ratio of RMS signal to RMS SINAD - Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean value of the root-sum-square (RSS) ENOB - The effective number-of-bits and relates to SINAD THD - Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the RSS of its harmonics. SFDR - Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. Channels related to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. Linearity relates to how a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend non-linearity. Temperature is measurement, which in optimal state for ADC-s, lets them function correctly. Power dissipation refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operating. 2. The output code is 001111012 and the voltage of the LSB is 0,0195V 3
............................................................................................27 SOLAR ENERGY..............................................................................................................27 8.1 Photovoltaic energy...................................................................................................... 28 8.2 Solar thermal heat.......................................................................................................29 8.3 Solar thermal power plants......................................................................................... 30 8.4 Solar energy and the environment..............................................................................30 WIND ENERGY.................................................................................................................31 9.1 The History of Wind ..................................................................................................31 9
On some ships, the machinery space may comprise more than one engine room, such as forward and aft, or port or starboard engine rooms, or may be simply numbered. 1.1)Main engine The engine room of a motor vessel typically contains several engines for different purposes. Main, or propulsion engines are used to turn the ship's propeller and move the ship through the water. They typically burn diesel oil or heavy fuel oil, and may be able to switch between the two. There are many propulsion arrangements for motor vessels, some including multiple engines, propellers, and gearboxes. Large engines drive electrical generators that provide power for the ship's electrical systems. Large ships typically have three or more synchronized generators to ensure smooth operation. The combined output of a ship's generators is well above the actual power requirement to accommodate maintenance or the loss of one generator. 1.1.1)Diesel engine
the advancement in spacecraft related research. The purpose of this essay is to explain what a railgun is and how it works along with a little history and the recent advancements in railgun related science. 3 1. What a railgun basically is A railgun is an electrically powered electromagnetic projectile launcher and a large electric circuit, made up of three parts: a power source, a pair of parallel rails and a moving armature. Along the pair of parallel conducting rails a sliding armature is accelerated by the electromagnetic effects of a current that flows down one rail, into the armature and then back along the other rail. Railguns have long existed as experimental technology but the mass, size and cost of the required power supplies have prevented railguns from becoming practical military weapons.
1879: Kontseptuaalne notatsioon ("Begriffsschrift") loob kaasaegse predikaatarvutuse Näide: Isa(Jaan,Mihkel). Isa(Jaan,Ants). Isa(Ants,Peeter). Iga x, y, z jaoks: Isa(x,y) & Isa(y,z) => Vanaisa(x,z). Tõesta, et eksisteerivad z, u nii et Vanaisa(z,u). Hollerith’i perfokaardid 1890: Herman Hollerith: perfokaartidega masin USA rahvaloenduse andmete töötlemiseks Firmast tekkis IBM Vaakumtorud Vacuum Tube (1906, Lee Deforest) Three elements device used as electronic switch and amplifier: two electrodes separated by a grid in a vacuum glass enclosure. Principle Cathode - emits electrons; Plate (anode) - receives the electrons; Grid - with negative bias voltage repels some of the electrons and prevents them from reaching the plate, resulting in less current flow. A changing negative charge on the grid modulates the plate current. Hulgateooria: Georg Cantor
Motherboard - the principle printed circuit board assembly in a computer; includes core logic (chipset), interface sockets and/or slots, and input/output (I/O) ports. Printed circuit board (PCB) - a thin, laminated sheet composed of a series of epoxy resin and copper layers and etched electronic circuits (signal, ground and power) Chipset (or core logic) - two or more integrated circuits which control the interfaces between the system processor, RAM, I/O devises, and adapter cards. Processor slot/socket - the slot or socket used to mount the system processor on the motherboard AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port - a high speed interface for video cards; runs at 1X
Used for ballistic calculations for the military & for calculations for the thermonuclear bomb. START OF PROJECT: 1943 COMPLETED: 1946 PROGRAMMED: plug board and switches SPEED: 5,000 operations per second INPUT/OUTPUT: cards, lights, switches, plugs FLOOR SPACE: 1,000 square feet PROJECT LEADERS: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. 1947 Three scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories, William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen demonstrate their new invention of the point-contact transistor amplifier. Kordamine: raadiolambi tööpõhimõte Vacuum Tube (1906, Lee Deforest) Three elements device used as Anood Võrk electronic switch and amplifier: two electrodes separated by a grid
st st M 0.45 0.5 1.2 1.4 Nominal [Nm] 5 5 torque 2,05 Nm increased by ~20%. Maximum torque increased by ~20% I [A] 0.75 0.8 2.6 2.8 Current in 1,7 / Y 1,0A both cases increased by ~10% U [V] 84 90 86 95 Voltage in 230V / Y both cases 400V increased by ~10% P2 [W] 35 40 60 75 Power 300 W
c. How can the above schem be modified with open sensor detection using
only one ADC and one digital input pin of the microcontroller?
Adding a comparator to Vsense. If Vsense
pressure fluctuations. If the oscillations are ‘in phase’ with already existing waves a furthermore in wave development occurs. If waves have reached a certain high, wind can attack them directly and causes an additional wave growth. Wave energy is a very dense form of indirect solar energy. To compare energy W densities: mean solar power density on earth (over a year) is about 250 . m2 kW Regarding waves this solar energy can be transferred up to 100 inside a wave mcrl per meter of crest length.
geothermal heat--which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generation),followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. While there are many large-scale renewable energy projects and production, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development.Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20100 watt) solar power systems sold per year.
The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at an interval of 100ns. a) What is the difference in terms of number of counts detected by the microprocessor? 10 MHz 10 MHz =5000 =5555,555 2000 Hz 1800 Hz Between 20MHz and 18MHz are 555,555 counts. b) Explain why this method results in higher resolution. Higher resolution gained by increased sampling rate. Question 3 Consider the following simple mixer circuit. a) Why do we require a low-pass filter when using this mixer circuit? Mixer needs more parts b) Name another disadvantage of such a mixer circuit. The mixer approach multiplies the frequency shift you want to measure, but also any other frequency shift. This includes drift caused by component heating, noise, etc. Question 4 Consider the following circuit and input waveform. Question 3 Draw an equivalent output waveform. Question 3 Question 5
a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 3. a) 006B b) FFB5 === Logic and arithmetic 4. Using two’s complement arithmetic, calculate the following (choose a suitable number of bits for the representation): a) 121 – 185 b) -70 – 88 == 4. Convert back to verify answer == 5. Calculate the following without converting the number base. Show calculations. a) 3A916 + 24D16 == 5. 5F616 == 6. Variable X contains the number of bytes to be read from an external device. Using a binary shift, write one line of pseudocode to calculate the number of bits to be read and store the result in Y. == 6. Y = X shl 3 // shifts left by 3 bits, filling the emply bits on the right with zeros (3 bits) == 7. You have two Boolean variables A and B. Write down a logic expression using only the operators AND, OR and NOT that will evaluate to true if A and B are equal and to false otherwise. == 7. (A and B) or ((not A) and (not B)) == 8
ABIOS Advanced BIOS ABIST Automatic Built-In Self-Test [IBM] ABLE Adaptive Battery Life Extender + Agent Building and Learning Environment [IBM] ABM Asynchronous Balanced Mode ABR Available Bit Rate ABRD Automatic Baud Rate Detection ABRS Automated Book Request System [British Library] ABS Address Book Synchronization [IBM] + Absolute ABT Abort ABTS ASCII Block Terminal Services AC Autocheck + Automatic Computer + Alternating Current ACAP Application Configuration Access Protocol ACC Accumulator ACCMAIL Accessing the Internet Via Email ACD Automatic Call Distribution ACDI Asynchronous Communications Device Interface ACE Access Control Encryption/Entry + Adobe Certified Expert + Advanced Composition Explorer [JHUAPL] + Advanced Computing Environment [SCO] + Adverse Channel Enhancements [Microcom] + * Automatic Computing Engine ACF Access Control Field +
(240/2; 375/5) Total contribution margin for 600 Mhz 72000 45000 (600*120; 600*75) Adding or dropping costumers or business segments/branches, relevant-revenue and relevant-cost analysis, page 403. Equipment replacement decisions - book value and depreciation of old machine is irrelevant, loss on disposal that is the difference between book value and disposal value of old machine is irrelevant, relevant are current disposal value of old machine and cost of new machine. Keep Replace Difference (1-2) Operating costs 1600000 920000 680000 Current disposal value of old machine - (40000) 40000
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Treshold, noise, range, stability, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, hysteresis Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if R T = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. R70 30 c =R H =9,2 kV RH 9,2 k V O= ∙ V DD= ∙ 2,5 = 0,388 V (R T + R H ) ( 50 k +9,2 k ) Hint: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 2 Week 04 Homework Question 3
Compare the differences and the advantages between the “bang-bang“ control and Proportional control: (page 105) “Bang-Bang“ control or ON-OFF control is the simplest control system. It turns ON when the system needs more INPUT and tuns OFF if the system doesn’t need INPUT any more. The INPUT is similar to the PWM square wave (running ON and OFF during the length of the needed INPUT). Bang-Bang control is similar to the PWM input signal Proportional control: Bang-Bang control and Proportional control So that: ON-Off Control: When error = 0, turn OFF, when error ≠ 0, turn ON (Gain not changed). Proportional Control: Output = G x e. If e great -> G great, e small -> G small (Gain changes upon the value of error, so better). Functions of Integral and Derivative terms in the PID equation: (page 113-114) D for derivative, reduce overshoot and ocillation, error is rising fast, D
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Solution: 1. Thershold. 2. Sensitivity. 3. Full Range. 4. Linearity. 5. Accuracy. 6. Precision. 7. Stability. 8. Hysteresis. 9. Noise. Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if RT = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. Solution: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at: http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 2 Week 04 Homework - Solutions Check Thermistor - Wikipedia.pdf at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor Calculate the Humidity Sensor resistance at 30°C T = 273.15°C +30°C = 303.15°C T0 = 273.15°C +25°C = 298.15°C R60% 30°C =25.5858 kΩ
13 Exhaust manifold shield 14 Alternator 15 Coolant thermostat and fan thermal switch 16 Coolant expansion tank 17 Spark plug HT leads 18 Engine oil dipstick 19 Throttle cable
The system can work in two modes, automatic and manual, the latter of which can also work in two separate sub- modes that must be selected for each crosswalk individually. DESCRIPTION The control system consists of 2 Mitsubishi AL2 controllers. Each controller has: 8 buttons to navigate in the menu 1 display 3 switches used to change the mode 1 switch to turn controller on and off See the image below. The model consists of three streets Main Street, which, as the name suggests, has the de-facto right of way. It is crossed by Second Street and Third Street, and also has a pedestrian crosswalk crossing it with a button to prompt the light switching. Third Street has a parking lot at the end of it. The system keeps track of cars entering and exiting the lot, and a traffic light will inform the driver when the lot is available.
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