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Homework 2 Solution (0)

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Question 1 (in wiki and in terminologies) 
 
1. SNR  is  a  calculated   value   that  represents  the   ratio   of   root -
mean - square  (rms 
signal  to rms noise.  
 
2.  SINAD   stands  for Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio. It is a measure  of the  
 
 
 
 
 
quality  of a signal from a communications  device , often defined as: 
 
where   is the  average power  of the signal, noise and distortion  components
 
 
 
 
 
SINAD is  usually  expressed in dB. For  examples  to calculate the ratio of 
1 kW (one  kilowatt , or 1000  watts ) to 1 W in decibels, use the  formula  
 
 
 
3. ENOB  is  the  effective  number-of- bits   related  to  SINAD  and  the 
quality of a digitized signal.  
 
 
 
The 6.02  term  in the divisor converts decibels (a log10) 
to bits (a log2) 
 
The 1.76 term comes from quantization error  in an ideal ADC 
 
 
 
4. THD -  Total harmonic distortion is the ratio of the root-mean-square (rms) 
value of the  fundamental signal to the mean value of the root-sum-square 
of its harmonics (generally, only the first  5 harmonics are significant).  
 
 
 
5. SFDR-   Spurious   free   dynamic   range  is  the  ratio  of  the  rms  value  of 
the  signal  to  the  rms  value  of  the  worst  spurious  signal  (fake  signal) 
regardless of where it falls in the  frequency  spectrum.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6.  Channels   relate  to  the  inputs  of  the  ADC  can  either  be 
multiplexed or individually selected.  
 
7. Linearity  relates  to  how  well  a  ADC  follows  a   linear    function .  All 
ADCs are to a certain extend non-linear.  
 
8. All  ADC  are  depended  on  temperature,   operating   temperature  is 
defined as the temperature at which the ADC  functions  correctly.  
 
9. Power dissipation refers to the  amount  power dissipated when the 
ADC is operational.  
 
Question 2 
 
Output Code = 001111012 
 
Voltage  LSB = 0.0195 V 
 
Question 3 
 
1010111011011002 
Question 4 
 
VE = 0.01484375 V 
 
Question 5 
 
13 Bit ADC 
 
Question 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Question 7 
 
A) tU = 400 µs  
 
B) td = 1000 µs (1 ms)  
Question 8 
 
A) -85 dB  
 
B) -82 dB  
 
C) -84 dB  
 
Question 9 
 
A) Sparkle  codes  /  metastability,  high  power   consumption
large  size , expensive.  
 
B)  Speed limited to ~5Msps. May  require  anti-aliasing filter.  
 
C)  Slow   Conversion   rate .  High   precision   external  components 
required to achieve  accuracy .  
 
D)  Higher    order   (4th  order  or  higher)  -  multibit  ADC  and  multibit 
feedback DAC.  
 
Question 10 
 
A) SAR  
 
B) ± 0.4 LSB  
 
C) 1.4 ms  
 
D) 8.4 us  
 
Question 11 
 
VO = 3,925 V 
 
Question 12 
 
VO = 5,67 V 
 
Question 13 
 
Resolution = 65536 bits (64K) 
Question 14 
 
1.  Resolution  
 
2.  Offset Error  
 
3.   Gain  Error  
 
4.  Monotonicity  
 
5.  Relative Accuracy  
 
Question 15 
 
A) 5/4 = 1.25  
 
B) 25/8 = 3.125  
 
C) 15/8 = 1.875  
 
V R (4 2 )


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Question 16 
 
Pulse-Width  Modulation  (PWM)  is  a   commonly   used  technique  for   controlling  
power  to  inertial  electrical   devices   and  DC  motors.  The  PWM  switching 
frequency  has  to  be  much  faster   than   what  would   affect   the   load   on  the  DC 
motors. 
 
1.  Draw   the   motor   current  and  the  motor  voltage   characteristic    during   the 
operation with a constant PWM signal of 50% duty  cycle .  
 
2. Recommend  the   suitable   range  of  frequency  for  this  PWM  applied  in 
mictrocontrollers.  Analyze  the  advantages  and   disadvantages   of  PWM 
systems.  
 
 
Solution: 
 
1.  Draw the PWM signal of 50% duty cycle for the motor current and voltage: 
 
UMotor 
 
 
50% On & 50% Off 
UMotorMax   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
IMotor 
 
 
 
 
 
2.  Recommend: 
t  
  
 
Recommend the suitable range of PWM frequency: Since the human hearing 
range is from 20 Hz (cycles per second) to 20 kHz (20,000 Hz), the PWM for 
the DC motor is used the frequency about 25-30 kHz ( avoid  noises/discomfort 
to human). 
Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of PWM systems
 
First   advantage :  This  system  can   reach   a  very  high  efficiency   without   wasted 
heating loss. 
 
Second  advantage:  This  always  reaches  the   full   supply  voltage,  then  will 
produce  full  opening  torque  and  can  overcome  easily  the   internal   motor 
resistances, friction and loads. 
 
Third  advantage:  The  PWM   circuit   is  small,   cheap ,  can  be  used  to  control  a 
wide range of loads. It doesn’t need expensive variable electronic devices. 
 
Main  disadvantage:  PWM  circuit  is  more  complicated  with  high  level  of 
complexity
 
Second disadvantage: PWM  causes  vibration frequencies and interferes to  other  
radio signals, to other electronic devices as well as to the human comfort. 
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