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Homework -04  Solution  (100  marks
Read Chapter_4_Time_Based_Measurements.pdf 
 
Question 1 (10 marks) 
 
When converting an analogue value to a  frequencyconsider the  following  
diagram describing the system. 
 
 
The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at  
an interval of 2ms. How many  counts  does the microprocessor detect at, 
a) 20 MHz? 
b) 18 MHz? 
What  is  the   difference   in  terms  of  number  of  counts  detected  by  the 
microprocessor? 
 
Solution: 
1
1
a) Converse 20 MHz to time length: 

 0.00005ms  
f
20,000,000
2ms
Number of counts in 2ms:  
 40,000 
0.00005ms
1
1
b) Converse 18 MHz to time length: 

 0.000055556ms  
f
20,000,000
2ms
Number of counts in 2ms:  
 36,000 
0.000055556ms
18 MHz result  4000 counts less  than  20 MHz. 
 
 
 
 
Question 2 (10 marks) 
 
Consider the following diagram 
 
The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at 
an interval of 100ns. 
a)  What  is  the  difference  in  terms  of  number  of  counts  detected  by  the 
microprocessor? 
b) Explain  why this method  results  in  higher resolution. 
 
Solution: 
a) 20 MHz divide by 10000 producing 2000 Hz or time length = 0.5 ms. 
Number of counts = 0.5ms/100ns=5000 counts 
18 MHz divide by 10000 producing 1800 Hz or time length = 0. 5555  ms. 
Number of counts = 0.555ms/100ns=5555 counts 
The difference is 555 counts. 
b) Because that the second method has increased the sampling rate. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Question 3 (10 marks) 
 
Consider the following simple mixer circuit
 
a) Why do we require  a low- pass   filter when using this mixer circuit? 
b) Name another  disadvantage of such  a mixer circuit. 
 
Solution: 
 
a) Because the mixer outputs become four (4) including  the two input 
frequencies, the sum and the difference of them. Actually we need only the 
difference output frequency (Offset – Input) and the lowpass filter will help 
to filter aways the higher three output frequencies. 
 
b) Name another disadvantage of such a mixer circuit (page 97-98) 
- The mixer multiplies the wanted  frequency  shift   but also  other frequency 
shifts (origiral, sum, etc.). This includes noises and heating.  
-  If  the  input  frequency   comes   down  and  the  difference  frequency  will 
increases  up and may be filtered  aways by the low pass filter. 
- The design of the mixer is complecated. 
- The circuit may produce more ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI)  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Question 4 (10 marks) 
Consider the following circuit and input waveform. 
 
 
Draw  an equivalent output waveform. 
Solution: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Question 5 (20 marks) 
 
Consider the following LM231  voltage to frequency converter (see 
LM331.pdf). Assume Rs = 17 kΩ. 
 
Determine the output frequency (fOUT). 
a) Vin = 0.0836 V 
b) Vin = 0.418 V 
c) Vin = 0.836 V 
 
Solution: 
 
Determine the output frequency (fOUT). 
From the chart , Rs = 17 kΩ, RL = 100 kΩ, Rt = 6.8 kΩ, Ct = 0.01 µF. 
a) For Vin = 0.0836 V, fOUT= 100 Hz 
b) For Vin = 0.418 V, fOUT= 500 Hz 
c) For Vin = 0.836 V, fOUT= 1kHz 
 
Question 6 (10 marks) 
 
One  of  the   reasons   for  using  time/frequency   based   measurements  in 
microcontroller  systems  is  to  be  able  eliminate   ground   loops.  Explain  the 
unwanted ground  loop  that may  occur  in an  electrical  scheme with the help 
of a figure.  
 
Solution:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_loop_(electricity)  
In  an electrical system,  a ground  loop  usually   refers  to  a   current ,  almost 
always unwanted, in a conductor connecting two  points  that are  supposed  to 
be at the same  potential, often ground, but are actually at different potentials. 
Ground  loops  created  by  improperly  designed  or  improperly  installed 
equipment   are  a   major    cause   of noise and interference in  audio  and  video 
systems.  They  can  also  create  an  electric   shock  hazard ,  since  ostensibly 
"grounded" parts of the equipment, which are often accessible to  users , are 
not at ground potential. 
 
 
Thus  the  two  circuits  are  no  longer  isolated  from  each  other,  and  circuit  1 
can introduce interference into the output of circuit 2. If circuit 2 is an audio 
system,  and  circuit  1  has  large  AC  currents   flowing   in  it,  the  interference 
may be heard as a 50 or 60 Hz hum in the speakers. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Question 7 (20 marks) 
 
  
Assume we have a period based measurement system as shown in the  below  
figure.  Design  the  sample   clock   frequency  that  we  can   measure   the 
frequency input with the  change from 5 MHz to 5.0001 MHz in 50 counts. 
 
 
Solution: 
 
Frequency input at 5 MHz divided  by 10000 = 500 Hz. 
Frequency input at 5.0001 MHz divided by 10000 = 500.01 Hz. 
Fs
Counts read by  register  at 500 Hz = 
  1
500Hz
Fs
Counts read by proceessor at 500.01 Hz = 
  
2
500.01Hz
Fs
Fs
The difference is 50 counts, then    50 

 
1
2
500Hz
500.01Hz
Or the sample clock frequency:  Fs 1250025000Hz 1.25GHz  
In  this   case ,  the  clock  frequency  must  be  1.25GHz   in   order   to  achieve  50 
count  differences for a resolution of 0.0001 MHz at the input frequency of 5 
MHz. 
 
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