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W05 Homework3 Solutions (0)

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Question 1 
 
Name 9 characteristic  parameters of sensors
 
Solution
1. Thershold. 
2. Sensitivity. 
3.  Full  Range. 
4. Linearity. 
5. Accuracy. 
6.  Precision
7. Stability. 
8. Hysteresis. 
9. Noise. 
 
Question 2 
Given  the circuit   below  (using a SYH-2R humidity  sensor ) determine the 
output  voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if RT = 50 kΩ and 
VDD= 2.5 V. 
 
Solution: 
Check  specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at: 
http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 
 

Week 04  Homework  -  Solutions  
 
 
 
Check Thermistor - Wikipedia.pdf at 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor 
Calculate the Humidity Sensor  resistance at 30°C 
 
 
T = 273.15°C +30°C = 303.15°C 
T = 273.15°C +25°C = 298.15°C

 
R60% 30°C =25.5858 kΩ  
-   Matlab   code : 33*exp(4600*(1/303.15-1/298.15)) =   25.5858 
Calculate the Humidity Sensor resistance at relative humidity 70% 
See the above   graphic for the standard resistance: 
Exercises  - Solutions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

R60% 25°C =33 kΩ, R70% 25°C =12 kΩ  
R70% 30°C=( R60% 30°C * R70% 25°C =)/ R60% 25°C =9.2 kΩ 
Or RH = 9.2 kΩ, give RT = 50 kΩ 
VO = RH/(RT+RH)*2.5V = 0.388 V 
 
Question 3 
 
Given the following  bridge circuit for a  strain  gauge, determine the  value of 
the strain . 
 
 
Let:   VIN = 5V 
R3 = 200 Ω 
R2 = 50 Ω 
R1 = 100 Ω 
a) Under no strain. 
b) When VOUT = 0.5 V {under strain}. 
 
Solution: 
a)  Under no strain: 
 R
R


R R  R R

1
3
1
4
2
3
V


V

 
OUT

 IN 

 R
 R
( )( )
IN
 1
2
3
4 
 1
2
3
4

With zero output V
 0, the balanced bridge will be: 
OUT
Mechatronics Systems in Automotive Engineering  

Week 04 Homework - Solutions 
R R
50 * 200
R R  R R , then 
2
3
 

100 
2
4
1
3
4
S
R
100
1
b)  When VOUT = 0,5 V {under strain},  
 R
R

1
3
V


 
OUT

 IN
 R
 R
 1
2
3
4 
 100
200

0,5

5V


 
100  50
200  R

4 
 153  
4
S
 
 
 
Question 4 
 
You  want  to  measure  temperature  ranging  from  -10  °C  to  50  °C  using  a 
negative  temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. You are using the circuit 
given below. 
 
 
 
 
 
 

R
R
V R
V
V
(1
F
F


R
F

 
OUT
Sensor
R
R
R
L
H
H
Exercises - Solutions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Solution: 
a) Draw  the resistance-temperature characteristic for the thermistor over the 
specified operating range. < 
Check  chapter  3: Sensor Analog_Interfacing_to_Embedded_Microprocessors.pdf 
See page 51 for the Rth 
resistance value over Temperature 0C 
T
Rth 
-10°C 
44.6 kΩ 
0°C 
28.1 kΩ 
10°C 
18.2 kΩ 
20°C 
12.1 kΩ 
25°C 
10 kΩ 
30°C 
8.27 kΩ 
40°C 
6.4 kΩ 
50°C 
5.7 kΩ 
 
Draw the chart  from -10 °C to 50 °C: 
45
40
35
m
h
o(  thR 30
 
e
c
n
ats 25
i
s
er rot 20
si
mreh 15
T
10
5
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temparature 0C
 
 
Mechatronics Systems in Automotive Engineering 

Week 04 Homework - Solutions 
% Matlab  drawing  graphic  program  OK 
X = [-10 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 ]; 
Y = [44.6 28.1 18.2 12.1 10 8.27 6.4 5.7]; 
X0 = 0;  
n = 100;  
f = 0.1;  
x = linspace(min(X),max(X),n);  
y = interp1(X,Y,x,'spline');  
xt = X0+(0.1*(max(X)-min(X))*[-1 0 1]); 
m =  diff (y)./diff(x); 
m = [m, m(end)]; % so just add one at the end 
k = min([ find (x >= X0,1,' first '), length (x)]); 
yt = y(k) + m(k)*(0.1*(max(X)-min(X))*[-1 0 1]); 
plot (X,Y,'ro', x,y,'-b',xt,yt,'--g'); 
xlabel('Temparature ^0C'); 
ylabel('Thermistor  (ohm)'); 
 
b)  Assume  VR  =  5V.  You  are  designing  for  a  measurement  accuracy  of 
±0.5°C. 
Formular to calculate the self-heating dissipation P
 
where, D.C.=Dissipation Constant=1mw/°C,  Required  accuracy = ±0.5°C 
P=1mw/°C*0.5°C=0.5mw
We need to use the  safety   factor  of 2 or  divide  the above amount by 2  giving  
0.5mw/2=0.25mw
Check R50°C=5.758 kΩ=5758 Ω 
The thermistor voltage drop  at this dissipation is: 
 
 PR  0.25*5.758 1.1998(the voltage on sensor) 
Current   through  thermistor = 1.1998V/5758Ω = 208µA 
Voltage needed in pullup = 5V-1.2V=3.8V 
Resistance needed in pullup = 3.8V/208µA=18.269kΩ 
Then, the pullup resistor R1=18.3 kΩ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exercises - Solutions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

c) Assume R1 is selected as 22 kΩ. Plot the output voltage V0 against 
temperature. In this case, assum V1=V
R
V =V  5
th
V
0
1
  
1
th
 
 
 
 
 
T
Rth 
R
V1=V
-10°C 
44.6 kΩ 
22 kΩ 
3.35Volt 
0°C 
28.1 kΩ 
22 kΩ 
2.80 Volt 
10°C 
18.2 kΩ 
22 kΩ 
2.26 Volt 
20°C 
12.1 kΩ 
22 kΩ 
1.77 Volt 
25°C 
10 kΩ 
22 kΩ 
1.56 Volt 
30°C 
8.27 kΩ 
22 kΩ 
1.36 Volt 
40°C 
6.4 kΩ 
22 kΩ 
1.12 Volt 
50°C 
5.7 kΩ 
22 kΩ 
 
 1.02 Volt 
3.5
3
)tlov( e 2.5
g
atlov rotsi 2mrehT
1.5
1
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temparature 0C
 
Mechatronics Systems in Automotive Engineering 

Week 04 Homework - Solutions 
% Matlab drawing graphic program OK 
X = [-10 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 ]; 
Y = [3.35 2.80 2.26 1.77 1.56 1.36 1.12 1.02]; 
X0 = 0;  
n = 100;  
f = 0.1;  
x = linspace(min(X),max(X),n);  
y = interp1(X,Y,x,'spline');  
xt = X0+(0.1*(max(X)-min(X))*[-1 0 1]); 
m = diff(y)./diff(x); 
m = [m, m(end)]; % so just add one at the end 
k = min([find(x >= X0,1,'first'), length(x)]); 
yt = y(k) + m(k)*(0.1*(max(X)-min(X))*[-1 0 1]); 
plot(X,Y,'ro', x,y,'-b',xt,yt,'--g'); 
xlabel('Temparature ^0C'); 
ylabel('Thermistor voltage (volt)'); 
 
 
d) Plot the thermistor power dissipation against temperature: 
 
0.3
0.28
) 0.26
W
m( no 0.24
itapissid 0.22
 rotsimr 0.2
e
h
T
0.18
0.16
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temparature 0C
 
 
Exercises - Solutions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

% Matlab drawing graphic program OK 
X = [-10 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 ]; 
Y = [0.25 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.18]; 
X0 = 0;  
n = 100;  
f = 0.1;  
x = linspace(min(X),max(X),n);  
y = interp1(X,Y,x,'spline');  
xt = X0+(0.1*(max(X)-min(X))*[-1 0 1]); 
m = diff(y)./diff(x); 
m = [m, m(end)]; % so just add one at the end 
k = min([find(x >= X0,1,'first'), length(x)]); 
yt = y(k) + m(k)*(0.1*(max(X)-min(X))*[-1 0 1]); 
plot(X,Y,'ro', x,y,'-b',xt,yt,'--g'); 
xlabel('Temparature ^0C'); 
ylabel('Thermistor dissipation (mW)'); 
 
 
e) The output  at  V0  now is connected to an 8-bit ADC with reference voltage of   5  V. 
Design RF, RH and RL for optimal temperature resolution. Use the range 0.5 – 4.5 V as 
in Ball Chapter 3. 
Since we have 8 bit = 28=256 step resolutions 
3.35V
-10°C corresponds to 
256  171 
5V
1.02V
50°C corresponds to 
256  52  
5V
8 bit ADC steps of 171-52=119 counts  for 500C to -100C = 600C span 
119counts
Therefore, the resolution is 
1. 8
9  steps 
60span
We have: 
R
R
V R
V
V
(1
F
F


R
F

 
OUT
Sensor
R
R
R
L
H
H
R
R
V R
where  (1
F
F


)  is the  gain and  R F is the offset.  
R
R
R
L
H
H
We want the -10°C to 50°C falling between 0.5V to 4.5V on the ADC: 
This caling will give 8bit ADC range of 204 counts over 600C span. 
204counts
Therefore, the new resolution is 
 3.4 steps 
60span
Before scaling, the output V0 span is 3.35V-1.02V=2.33V 
After scaling, the output V0 span will be 4.5V-0.5V=4.0V 
4.0V
The gain (amplification) for this will be 
1.7 
2.33V
Mechatronics Systems in Automotive Engineering 
10 
Week 04 Homework - Solutions 
R
R
Then the gain,  (1
F
F


)  1.7  
R
R
L
H
The outputs will be: 3.35V*1.7=5.695V and 1.02V*1.7=1.73V. 
V R
The offset will be 1.73V-0.5V=1.23V or  R F  1.23  
RH
We have VR=5V, let selecting RF=10kΩ.  
V R
5*10
Then, 
R
F


 40.7k  
H
1.23
1.23
R
 /(1.7 1
F

)  22.2k  
L
F
RH
 
f) What is the temperature resolution that could have been achieved without scaling? 
Before scaling: 1.98 steps/°C. After scaling: 3.4 steps/°C 
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