Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Mikrokontrollerid ja robootika kodutöö 3". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
step, steps, sensor, voltage, strain, assume, span, given, circuit, resistance, gain, characteristic, accuracy, below, homework, gauge, value, measure, safety, factor, plot, counts, before, sensors, precision, sensitivity, relative, hint, check, following, bridge, negative, draw, operating, constant, current, through, power, reference, chapter, sinceQuestion 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Solution: 1. Thershold. 2. Sensitivity. 3. Full Range. 4. Linearity. 5. Accuracy. 6. Precision. 7. Stability. 8. Hysteresis. 9. Noise. Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if RT = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. Solution: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at: http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 2 Week 04 Homework - Solutions Check Thermistor - Wikipedia.pdf at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor Calculate the Humidity Sensor resistance at 30°C T = 273.15°C +30°C = 303.15°C T0 = 273.15°C +25°C = 298.15°C R60% 30°C =25.5858 kΩ - Matlab code: 33*exp(4600*(1/303.15-1/298.15)) = 25.5858 Calculate the Humidity Sensor resistance at relative humidity 70%
Convert the decimal number 43.982 to (a) binary and (b) hex. Show all your calculations. a.) 101011.111110 b.) 2B.FB6 Question 2 Perform the calculation of 58 – 42 by first converting each decimal value to binary and then using the twos complement method. Show all your calculations 5810=001110102 4210=001010102 Converse to twos complement 4210=001010102=110101012+1=110101102 Then 58+(42) 001110102 +110101102 = 000100002 =1610 Question 3 Given the following bridge circuit for a strain gauge, determine the value of the strain gauge resistance {RS}. Let: VIN = 5V R3 = 100 Ω R2 = 50 Ω R1 = 100 Ω 2 Midterm Exam - Solutions a) Under no strain (VOUT = 0 V) b) When VOUT = 0,5 V {under strain}. Solution: a) Under no strain: R1 R3 R1R4 R2 R3 VOUT IN V VIN
Serial Interfaces 36 Multichannel ADCs 41 Internal Microcontroller ADCs 41 Codecs 42 Interrupt Rate 43 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers 43 Design Checklist 45 v 3 Sensors 47 Temperature Sensors 47 Optical Sensors 59 CCDs 72 Magnetic Sensors 82 Motion/Acceleration Sensors 86 Strain Gauge 90 4 Time-Based Measurements 93 Measuring Period versus Frequency 95 Mixing 97 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters 99 Clock Resolution 102 5 Output Control Methods 103 Open-Loop Control 103 Negative Feedback and Control 103 Microprocessor-Based Systems 104 On-Off Control 105 Proportional Control 108 PID Control 110 Motor Control 123
Read Chapter_6_Analog_Outputs.pdf and Chapter_8_EMI_ElectroMagnetic_Interference.pdf Question 1 Given the below open sensor detection: a. Derive equations for both outputs VO and Vsense as a function of VR, R1, Rth, RH, RL and RF. b. What value will appear on each output if the thermistor fails (becomes an open circuit)? c. How can the above schem be modified to implement temperature reading with open sensor detection using only one ADC and one digital input pin of the microcontroller? Solution: a. Derive equations for both outputs as a function of VR, R1, Rth, RH, RL and RF. Rth Writing the equation for V1 : V1 VSense VR th R R1 V0 V2 VR V2 V2
4. THD – Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of RSS of its harmonics. 5. SFDR – Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. 6. Channels – multiple analog signal inputs to the ADC that can be individually selected or selected through a multiplexor. 7. Linearity – Describes how an ADC conveter follows a linear function. 8. Operating temperature – A temperature at which the ADC functions optimally, usually given by the manufacturer. 9. Power dissipation – The proportion of power dissipated (through heat) when the ADC is working. Question 2: An 8 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 5V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 1.2V? 001111012 What is the voltage range corresponding to 1 LSB? 0,0195V Question 3. A 15 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 10V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 6.83V? 101011101101100 Question 4.
selected. 7. Linearity - relates to how a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend nonlinearity. 8. Operating temperature - measurement, which in optimal state for ADC-s, lets them function correctly. 9. Power dissipation - refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operating. Question 2 An 8 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 5V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 1.2V? What is the voltage range corresponding to 1 LSB? 1,2𝑉 0,0195𝑉 = 61 ; 61 = 001111012 Digital output code for an input of 1.2V is 001111012. Voltage range corresponding to 1 LSB is U= 0,0195V. Question 3 A 15 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 10V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 6.83V? 15 bit = 32768 10V/ 32768 = 0,0003 V 6,83V / 0,0003 = 22767 22767 = 01011000 111011112
microprocessor? b) Explain why this method results in higher resolution. Solution: a) 20 MHz divide by 10000 producing 2000 Hz or time length = 0.5 ms. Number of counts = 0.5ms/100ns=5000 counts 18 MHz divide by 10000 producing 1800 Hz or time length = 0.5555 ms. Number of counts = 0.555ms/100ns=5555 counts The difference is 555 counts. b) Because that the second method has increased the sampling rate. Question 3 (10 marks) Consider the following simple mixer circuit. a) Why do we require a low-pass filter when using this mixer circuit? b) Name another disadvantage of such a mixer circuit. Solution: a) Because the mixer outputs become four (4) including the two input frequencies, the sum and the difference of them. Actually we need only the difference output frequency (Offset – Input) and the lowpass filter will help to filter aways the higher three output frequencies. b) Name another disadvantage of such a mixer circuit (page 97-98)
6. Channels relate to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. 7. Linearity relates to how well a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend non-linear. 8. All ADC are depended on temperature, operating temperature is defined as the temperature at which the ADC functions correctly. 9. Power dissipation refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operational. Question 2 Output Code = 001111012 Voltage LSB = 0.0195 V Question 3 1010111011011002 Question 4 VE = 0.01484375 V Question 5 13 Bit ADC Question 6 Question 7 A) tU = 400 µs B) td = 1000 µs (1 ms) Question 8 A) -85 dB B) -82 dB C) -84 dB Question 9 A) Sparkle codes / metastability, high power consumption, large size, expensive. B) Speed limited to ~5Msps. May require anti-aliasing filter. C) Slow Conversion rate. High precision external components required to achieve accuracy.
CX-Programmer Ver. 7.2 Operation Manual: Function Blocks/Structured Text (W447) provide details of operations for the WS02-CXPC1-E CX-Programmer. The CompoBus/S Operation Manual (W266) pro- vides CompoBus/S communications specifications and describes CompoBus/S application methods. Please read this manual carefully and be sure you understand the information provide before attempting to install and operate the CPM1A. Section 1 gives a brief overview of the steps involved in developing of a CPM1A System, describes the possible system configurations, and describes the CPM1A’s special features and functions. Section 2 provides the technical specifications of the Units that go together to create a CPM1A PC and describes the main components of the Units. Section 3 describes how to install and wire a CPM1A PC. Section 4 describes SSS capabilities, how to connect the Programming Console, and how to perform the
Therefore manufacturer's data sheet specifies the maximum forward current, that diode can withstand. This average current IF is the rate a diode can handle up to the forward direction when used as a rectifier. Another entry of interest in the data sheet is the forward voltade drop UF(max) when the maximum forward current occurs. An usual diode has this value 0.7-2.0V. Diode conducts easily when forward biased. Reverse biasing. The reverse current is a leakage current at the source rated voltage. Typically, silicon diodes have 1-10 microA and germanium 200-700 microA of leakage current. This value includes thermally produced current and surface leakage current. Only these currents take place, when a diode is reverse biased. At breakdown, the diode goes into avalanche where a number of carriers appear suddenly in the depletion layer. With a rectifier diode, breakdown is usually destructive. 4)Typical values: Uknee- approximatly 0.7V; UF 0.7-2.0V; leakage (IR) 1-10 microA/200-
[vaata | 1. Füüsikaliste suuruste mõisted, definitsioonid ja ühikud muuda] Voolu töö ja võimsus. Joule-Lenzi seadus. Potentsiaal ja pinge. Elektriväli, suund ja tugevus. Voolu tugevus ja tihedus. Takistus, selle sõltuvus juhi mõõtmetest. Eritakistus. Laeng ja mahtuvus. Induktiivsus. Vooliuallika elektromotoorjõud, lühisvool ja sisetakistus. Voolu töö ja võimsus. Voolu töö on võrdeline voolutugevusega I, pingega U juhi otstel ja ajaga t. [ J ] Võimsus on ajaühikus tehtud töö. [ W ] A p= t Joule-Lenzi seadus. Joule-Lenzi seadus : elektrivoolu toimel juhis eralduv soojushulk Q on võrdeline voolutugevuse I ruuduga, juhi takistusega R ja voolu kestusega t ning kus voolu töö on võrdelin
the medial gastrocnemius (used in humans physical act of contraction at the molecular for walking) has over a million muscle cells level. Current proteomic analysis estimates (Feinstein et al. 1955). Not only does the that over 65 proteins make up the structure number of cells influence muscle function of the sarcomere (Fraterman et al. 2007). and ultimately, meat quality, but also the Given that the sarcomere is the most basic structure of the muscle cells themselves unit of the cell and that the number quoted in has a profound effect on the function of this analysis did not take into account the living muscle and on the functionality of multiple isoforms of the proteins, this number meat. is quite high. Many of the proteins interact
14 Engine tuning decal 15 Cooling system expansion tank 16 Suspension strut top mounting 1 Engine and under bonnet component locations on 1986 RS Turbo models 1 Fuse and relay box 2 Windscreen wiper motor 3 Crankcase emission control filter 4 Engine oil dipstick 5 Throttle housing 6 Inlet manifold 7 Throttle position sensor 8 Charge air temperature sensor 9 Distributor 10 Brake master cylinder reservoir 11 Battery negative terminal 12 Ignition coil 13 Fuel filter 14 Washer reservoir 15 Air cleaner 16 Fuel distributor 17 Inlet air hose 18 Turbocharger 19 Vehicle identification plate 20 Engine tuning decal 21 Cooling system expansion tank 22 Suspension strut top mounting 1·6 Maintenance - Component location Engine and underbonnet components location on 1989 1
1. (a) (i) gene length of DNA; codes for a (specific), polypeptide / protein / RNA; max 1 allele alternative form of a gene; found at a, locus / particular position on, a chromosome; max 1 (ii) assume allele refers to coat colour allele (coat colour) gene / alleles, only on X chromosome; A no (coat colour), gene / allele, on Y chromosome male cats, XY / only have one X chromosome; males have only one (coat colour) allele / cannot have two (coat colour) alleles; need black and orange alleles for tortoiseshell colour; 2
· LLC Service Access Point the expiration of an idle-period timer, `11111' detected -> insert `0' flag pattern can never be present in frame data performed by transmit media) node's destination address precedes user data (payload) clock identifies a protocol or the administrative closing of the link. circuit at PISO output disabled during transmission of SOF, EOF · receive circuit: if `111110' synchronization achieved when sender transmits preamble allows other nodes to within the device having that hardware interface. LCP Frame types detected -> remove `0' prior to input into SIPO normally FCS data (prior EOF) subjected to same bit obtain bit synchronization. 3. scheme: bit-encoding violations ( also used w/ SAPs are 7b: shortage -> SNAP above LLC
Inspired by Bruce Carmichael's modifications have been made to .. some of which may be both unex- August and September 1976 Sport an existing design, and, of course, pected and quite surprising. By ALEX STROJNIK Otructural proof loading, while EAA 61006 in tension - but not until the strain not supplying all answers to all 2337 E. Manhattan Dr. reaches a huge value of some 0.12 or questions, will nevertheless tell the Tempe, AZ 85282 12%. This value of the strain is so far builder a great deal about the out to the right it does not even show strength and the structural integrity in Figure 1
of substances in an electric field. Principle of CE devices is very simple and is shown in Fig. 1. Analysis sequence is also very simple. Both ends of the capillary with electrodes immersed in the electrolyte container. The capillary is filled with buffer, to which the sample solution is applied on one side. Then, sample components are separated by an applied voltage, as they move in a buffer at different speeds. Fig. 1: Diagram of capillary electrophoresis system The principle of electrophoresis is strictly obeys Ohm's law. For the electrophoretic separation must be keeped a constant voltage. The buffer is needed to provide an electrolytic
A successful attempt followed. A group of eight engineers leaves Shockley Semiconductor to form Fairchild Semiconductors. Kenneth Olsen founds Digital Equipment Corporation. 1958 At Texas Instruments, Jack St. Clair Kilby comes up with the idea of creating a monolithic device (integrated circuit) on a single piece of silicon.Later (in 2000) Kilby receives Nobel price in physics. Jack Kilby completes building the first integrated circuit, containing five components on a piece of germanium half an inch long and thinner than a toothpick. SAGE -- Semi-Automatic Ground Environment -- linked hundreds of radar stations in the United States and Canada in the first large-scale computer communications network. 1959 Fairchild Semiconductor files a patent application for the planar process for manufacturing transistors. The process makes commercial production of transistors possible and leads
means of electronic waves. It is similar how electromagnetic light waves transfer light, which also means that the same laws apply. The most common example to characterize radiation is the way heat is transferred to Earth from the Sun. (Geankoplis, 1993) To be able to quantify the amount of heat exchanged with different heat transfer mechanisms or with all of them combined, many coefficients have developed according to characterize different material's ability to exchange heat. Fletcher has given some representative data on overall heat transfer coefficients that may be seen in agitated vessels. The range of these data shown in Table 1, illustrates some of the differences in heat transfer rates that may be experienced when using different types of heat exchangers. (Fletcher, 1987) To calculate the amount of heat transferred, two different approaches must be taken depending on the nature of the heat transfer. Steady state and unsteady state heat transfers have to be
to a well-balanced and well-practiced relay team. Such a team is more competitive when each player knows how to be positioned for the hand-off. The relationships are the strongest between players who directly pass the baton (stick), but the entire team needs to make a coordinated effort to win the race. Below is an example of a very simple supply chain for a single product, where raw material is procured from vendors, transformed into finished goods in a single step, and then transported to distribution centers, and ultimately, customers. Realistic supply chains have multiple end products with shared components, facilities and capacities. The flow of materials is not always along an arborescent network, various modes of transportation may be considered, and the bill of materials for the end items may be both deep and large. 1
in parallel, may be brief or substantial. For this reason the soft handover is perceived by network engineers as a state of the call, rather than a brief event. Soft handovers may involve using connections to more than two cells: connections to three, four or more cells can be maintained by one phone at the same time. When a call is in a state of soft handover, the signal of the best of all used channels can be used for the call at a given moment or all the signals can be combined to produce a clearer copy of the signal. The latter is more advantageous, and when such combining is performed both in the downlink (forward link) and the uplink (reverse link) the handover is termed as softer. Softer handovers are possible when the cells involved in the handovers have a single cell site. (umts – 3g, gsm – 2g) UMTS-is: Soft Handover – samaaegne, ühendus mitme kärjega
These details can often enhance your results but are not required reading. Such sections are boxed and labeled "Geek's Advantage" with a "GA" symbol. Even if you've been intimidated by science in the past, I encourage you to browse some of these GA sections--at least a few will o er some fun "holy sh*t!" moments and improve results 10% or so. If you ever feel overwhelmed, though, skip them, as they're not mandatory for the results you're after. RULE #3. PLEASE BE SKEPTICAL. Don't assume something is true because I say it is. As the legendary Timothy Noakes PhD, author or co-author of more than 400 published research papers, is fond of saying: "Fifty percent of what we know is wrong. The problem is that we do not know which 50% it is." Everything in this book works, but I have surely gotten some of the mechanisms completely wrong. In other words, I believe the how-to is 100% reliable, but some of the why-to will end up on the chopping block as we learn more. RULE #4
dictionary. What You Can Learn A dictionary gives you the information required to choose the best word for your needs. A typical dictionary entry contains the correct spelling of a word, followed by the word written in a phonetic alphabet, which shows how to pronounce it. The word is separated by syllables. These help you determine where to separate it at the end of a line when writing. Following the phonetic spelling of the word, its part of speech is indicated. The meanings of the word are given in a numerical order, sometimes followed by a sentence that shows the proper use of the word. While many modern dictionaries list the meanings of words from the most common and current meaning to the oldest meaning, some list their definitions from the earliest meaning to the latest meaning . Therefore, before you choose a definition, you should read all the meaning of the entry, then choose the one that meets your needs . Some dictionaries provide synonyms, or words with the same general
sequence variants from 12 clones of the same specimen V2. When Figure 3. Schematic representation of heterogeneities found in ITS1 and ITS2 revealed by cloning from 5 specimens. Red and blue rectangles mark the locations of indels and substitutions, respectively. The heterogenous positions (accompanied by a few surrounding nucleotides) found in those locations are given in the boxes below. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066601.g003 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 5 June 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 6 | e66601 Intragenomic Profiling Using Multicopy Genes Table 1. Percentages of ITS1 sequences of different length Table 2. Percentages of ITS1 sequences of different length
unimportant in driving our decisions. Nor does it come from any evidence that I have that compli- ance professionals ignore the power of this rule. Quite the opposite: in my investigations, 1 frequently saw practitioners use (sometimes honestly, sometimes not) the compelling "1 can give you a good deal" approach. I chose not to treat the material self-interest rule separately in this book because 1 see it as a motivational given, as a goes-without-saying factor that deserves acknowledgment, but not ex- tensive description. CHAPTER Weapons of Influence Civilization advances by extending the number of operations we can perform without thinking about them. -Alfred North Whitehead _ Chapter 1 WEAPONS OF INFLUENCE I GOT A PHONE CALL ONE DAY FROM A FRIEND WHO HAD recently opened an Indian jewelry store in Arizona
locating pla ces 2. measuring di stance 3. finding directi on 4. read ing m ap sym bols Locating Places To find pla ces in thi s a tlas, you can begin with th e subject of th e map or ma ps you are look in g th e index. To find Dalla s follow th ese steps . at. The ligh t blue ta bs tell you the subjects of the CUlCO, Peru 78 13'3 2'5 71'S6'W 1. Look up Dallas in th e index a t th e sur ro un ding m ap spreads. If, for example, you Cyclades,Islands 85 37'OO'N 2S'OO'E Cyprus,country, 96 3S'OO'N 33' OO'E en d of thi s book. are loo king at the World Clim ate map and would Cyprus, Island 97 3S'OO'N 33'OO'E
are marked on the ENC display with an additional orange indicator. 2 IMO Resolution A817(19) as amended (1.9 and Annex 7) 12 Facts about chart carriage reguirements How do I check that all updates have been applied to the official ENC? Updates to official ENCs are sequential, and the sequence is unique to each ENC. A standard ECDIS functionality is the verification that all updates in the sequence have been applied. Thus an indication will be given if an update to a specific ENC has been missed and updating is no longer possible until this missed update is added to the sequence. Verification of the application of updates can be found in the list of updates already applied, which the ECDIS is required to keep. Should all available ENCs show the same date for the latest update, it is likely that they have not been updated regularly, and the distributor should be contacted for verification. Furthermore it is possible to use
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In the first chapter of the "BIM Handbook" (Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks, Liston 2008), the authors gave a critical assessment of existing DB and DBB contractual models and finally proposed the kind of model which would best support the implementation of BIM. The two major benefits of the DBB model are competitive bidding to achieve the lowest possible price and less political pressure when selecting a given contractor, while the benefits of using DB are the fact that the responsibility for design and construction is consolidated into a single contracting entity and the simplification of the administration of tasks for the owner (Beard et al. 2005). These benefits aside, there are disadvantages connected with DBB and DB as well, as shown in the figure below. Design-Build versus Design-Bid-Build: Advantages and disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages
history of the universe has anyone ever written or uttered that particular sentence, until I did. Nor did you understand (1) by having seen a very similar sentence, since I doubt that anyone has ever produced a sentence even remotely similar to (1). You may say that you understood (1) because you speak English and (1) is an English sentence. That is true so far as it goes, but it only pushes the mystery to arm's length. How is it that you are able to "speak English," given that speaking English involves being able to produce and understand, not only elementary expressions like "I'm thirsty," "Shut up," and "More gravy," but novel sentences as complex as (1)? That ability is truly amazing, and much harder to explain than how you breathe or how you eat or how you walk, each of which abilities is already well understood by physiologists. One clue is fairly obvious upon reflection: (1) is a string of words, English words, that you understand individually
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