Oxidation Numbers A short list Monatomic ions +1 all the alkali metals show the +1 oxidation state only Cu+1 copper (I) , cuprous H+1 hydrogen Au+1 gold (I) Li+1 lithium +1 Ag silver Na+1 sodium +1 Tl thallium (I) K+1 potassium +2 Hg2 mercury (I), mercurous Rb+1 rubidium Cs+1 cesium +2
While taking the reading your eyes have to be on the same plane as the water level, take the indication from the lowest point of the menisci arc. 6. With a sudden gesture drop the metal piece into the acid. Shake so that the paper would open up as much as possible and observe how the reaction starts and how the water level in the burettes changes. When the reaction has ended and the levels are no longer changing, then let the evolved hydrogen cool down to room temperature for about 2...3 minutes while also observing that the water -level stays approximately the same. If the level starts to change noticeably then the device is not hermetic and the experiment has to be done all over again. 7. Move the burettes up and down so that the water levels in both burettes are once again at the same plane judging by the eyes and mark from the same burette the new level reading (V2). NB
VESINIK Leidumine looduses Vesinik on kõige sagedasem element terves universumis, moodustades 75% universumi kogumassist. Maa massist moodustab umbes 0,12%. Maal on vesinik oma loomulikul, puhtal kujul haruldane, kuna on põhiliselt ühinenud mõne teise ainega, näiteks hapnikuga, moodustades vee molekule. Esineb looduses enamuselt vee koostises. Leidub nii ehedalt kui ka ühendites: Ehedalt: päikeses, atmosfääri ülemistes kihtides Füüsikalised omadused Värvitu, lõhnatu mittemetalliline gaasiline aine. Koosneb 1 prootonist ja elektronist. 2 stabiilset isotoopi Isotoopidel kuni 2 neutronit. Aatommass: 1.00794 Tihedus : 0.08988 g/dm33 Sulamistemperatuur : -259.14 °C Keemistemperatuur : -252.87 °C Keemilised omadused Tähis H Paikneb keemiliste elementide tabelis IA rühmas ja 1. perioodis. Aatomnumber on 1. Elektronegatiivsus on 2,1. Toimib p...
every ten and one-half hours (Kuhn 280-282). Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter is the only planet that is larger. The gas giant is 72 thousand miles in diameter, almost ten times the size of Earth. In spite of its huge size, though, Saturn weighs very little. It is a very light gas planet. Saturn is the least dense planet in the solar system-- so light, in fact, that it would float in water. This planet is mostly composed of hydrogen and helium, like Jupiter, but it is much less dense. The combination of its light weight and fast rotation causes Saturn to spread out, or oblate, its center. Since Saturn is a gas planet, it does not have a solid surface. Spacecraft are unable to land on this type of surface. The clouds that are seen when looking at Saturn are just the top layer of a very deep layer that covers a center of liquid hydrogen. The clouds are blown by constant winds that reach
This test was conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945,[4][5][6][7] [8] in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, · Castle Bravo nuclear test, 1954 In 1954 the United States conducted Operation Castle, a series of nuclear tests in the Marshall Islands; the goal was to test prototypes of the first weaponized thermonuclear weapons · Tsar Bomba (Russian: -) is the nickname for the AN602 hydrogen bomb, the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated it was tested on October 30, 1961, in the Novaya Zemlya archipelago.[2][3] Kasutatud kirjandus: A.Ainsaar füüsika 12.klassile lk 29-31. http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriitiline_mass http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuumaenergia
The last supernova in our own galaxy exploded in 1604, rivaling Jupiter's brightness in the night sky and deeply impressing Johannes Kepler, the pioneering astronomer. A nearby supernova--within a few light-years--would bathe the Earth in lethal radiation. Yet the legacy of supernovas is as close as our own bodies. The carbon in our cells, the oxygen in the air, the silicon in rocks and computer chips, the iron in our blood and our machines--just about every atom heavier than hydrogen and helium--was forged inside ancient stars and strewn across the universe when they exploded billions of years ago. Eager to understand our origins and, in some cases, simply wild about things that go bang, astronomers have been struggling for decades to understand why stars that shine peacefully for millions of years suddenly blow up. Lately they've had two big breaks. One is a revelation about potent blasts of high-energy gamma rays that come from distant points in the heavens
autoks üle kogu maailma. Kokku on müüdud Priust üle 1.6 mln eksemplari. Ka teised autotootjad on paisanud turule elektriautosid, nt Ford, Lexus, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Honda, Nissan, Dodge etc. Vesinikautod 2006. a septembris teatas autotootja BMW, et hakkab tootma vesinikkütusel sõitvat mudelit, mis valmib BMW Clean Energy programmi raames. BMW on esimene autotootja, mis valmistab kaksik-kütuse funktsiooniga mudeleid viimaks maailmaturule. Vesinikumootoriga BMW erimudel Hydrogen 7 suudab vesiniku jõul läbida kuni 200 kilomeetrit. Kui vesinik paagist lõpeb, saab juht lülitada auto lihtsa nupulevajutusega ümber bensiini kasutamisele ja sõit võib jätkuda vähemalt kuni 700 kilomeetri ulatuses. Vesiniku kasutamisel töötab auto 100% keskkonnaohutult, sest mootorist eraldub õhku sisuliselt vaid veeauru. 2008. aastal teatas autotootja Mazda, et toob 2009. aastal müüki vesinikauto, mudeli nimeks Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE, mille jõuseade koosneb
Environmental problems: acid rain Elza Lutt 10.a What is acid rain? • Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation(sademed) that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). What is it caused by? Wet deposition- niisked sademed Consequences of acid rains • forests, freshwaters(mageveekogud) and soils • Kills insect and aquatic life-forms • Paint peels off from buildings etc. • Corrosion(söövitus) of steel structures • human health What can be done to decrease acid rains • curbing the release of the pollutants(saasteained) References • https://en.wikipedia
Vesinikauto Referaat Tallinn 2010 Sissejuhatus Mina valisin teemaks vesinikauto, kuna see on maailma paremaks muutmise jaoks väga oluline uuendus. Ma olen väga huvitatud vesinikautost ja tahaks rohkem teada selle kohta ning sellepärast valisingi sellise teema. Vesinikauto on minu jaoks väga huvitav ning ma tahaks väga teada kuidas see töötab täpsemalt ja kuidas on see maailmale kasulikum kui tavaline bensiini või diisli auto. Samuti tahaks teada, kas on ka vesinikautol miinuseid, ehk kas on see ka kuidagi kahjulik. Auto tööpõhimõte Vesinikauto töötab üldiselt sisepõlemismootoriga, kus kasutatakse hapnikku vesiniku põletamiseks. Selle põlemise saaduseks on ainult vesi (veeauruna, samuti on saadusteks lämmastik, mis sisenes mootorisse õhust ja kuna lämmastik ei põle väljub seda samal hulgal [6] ) , seega on see väga keskkonnasõbralik ja ei saasta loodust üldsegi nii nagu seda...
On olemas kahte tüüpi mootoreid, ühel juhul kasutatakse vesinikku väga sarnaselt tavalisele põlemismootorile, teisel juhul aga toodab vesinik hapnikuga reageerides elektrienergiat, mis omakorda paneb auto liikuma. Mõlema kasutusel oleva vesinikmootori puhul on kõrvalproduktiks täiesti tavaline vesi. Esimene vesinikmootoriga auto Esimene firma, mis alustab vesinikumootoriga autode tootmist oli Honda Ka BMW on valmistanud mudeli Hydrogen 7, mis on kaksik-kütuse funktsiooniga ja võib vesiniku abil läbida 200 km ja ühe nupu vajutusega on võimalik auto bensiinile ümber seadistada. Vesinikauto mootor Vesinikauto Vesinikauto on 100% keskkonnasõbralik, sest mootorist eraldub õhku sisuliselt ainult veeauru. Turvalisuse ja mugavuse osas pole samuti mingisuguseid järeleandmisi tehtud. Kuid vesinikauto tippkiirus on elektrooniliselt piiratud 230 km/h. Vesinikautode tankimine
sustainable energy and the health of the environment. The basis for biogas is organic material such as food scraps and feces which are held in an anaerobic area, which can range from a storage tank which is not ventilated to a device which is specifically designed to produce gases. The conditions attract anaerobic bacteria, which start to break down the organic material, producing methane and carbon dioxide as a by-product. Another type of biogas which includes hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide can be obtained through the gasification of biomass such as wood or rice husks, a technique which is used to manufacture gas industrially. The gases produced through anaerobic fermentation or gasification are combustible in addition to having a strong smell which makes them stand out to the human nose. Methane leaks from landfills are an ongoing problem, as is the production of biogas in poorly maintained compost piles, manure lagoons, and outhouses
protsenti tuumapommi võimsusest kulus plahvatusele. Ülejäänud tuumaosakesed kadusid ahelreaktsiooni käigus laiali. Termotuumapommidel hakkasid kerged tuumad ühinema ning plahvatusel eralduv energia suurenes. Selleks reaktsiooniks oli vaja väga kõrget temepratuuri (ca 10-100 miljonit kraadi) selliseid reaktioone nimetakse termotuumareaktsioonideks. (Loide) Esimene termotuumapomm plahvatas 1. november 1952. Seda pommi katsetas USA (Nov. 1, 1952 | First Hydrogen Bomb Test, 2011). Vesinikupommi on maailmas katsetanud ainult kuus riiki: Venemaa, USA, Suurbritannia, Hiina, Prantsusmaa ning India. (Vaher, 2012) 1.2 Neutronipomm Erinevalt vesinikupommist on neutronipomm väikese võimsusega tuumarelv. Neutronpommi ametlik nimetus on suurendatud kiirgusjõuga relv. Pommi idee on tappa kõik elusolev, samalajal jätta linnad ja ehitised suhteliselt terveks. Neutronipommi erinevuseks teistest
1. Hapniku ja Vesiniku füüsikalised omadused Hapnik on värvitu, lõhnata, maitseta õhust raskem gaas. Hapnik on mittemetall, mis on keemiliselt küllaltki aktiivne. Hapnikul on kaks levinud allotroopset vormi: dihapnik ehk lihtsalt hapnik (O2) ja trihapnik ehk osoon(O3). Dihapnik on stabiilne gaas, mis temperatuuril 183° Celsiust kondenseerub siniseks vedelikuks. Ta moodustab mahuliselt umbes 21 % Maa atmosfäärist. Vesinik lihtainena on lõhnatu, värvitu ja maitsetu gaas. Kõige kergem gaas, mis on õhust 14,5 korda kergem. Keemis temperatuur on -253 oC. Ei lahustu hästi vees. Koosneb kaheatoomilisestest molekulidest. Vesiniku molekulide vaheline jõuda on väga nõrk. Kuigi molekulid suudavad kergelt igalt poolt läbi saada. 2. Suurem osa elusorganisme kasutavad hingamisel õhust saadavat hapnikku oma elutegevuses. Õhu hapnikusisaldus (21%) on elutegevuseks optimaalseim. Kui see väheneb 9%-ni, siis tekiva...
2008-01-09 6 SMAW - (Stick) - MMA Low-alloyed Description: Classification: P 4130 is a basic coated low hydrogen electrode for welding of high strength steel. AWS A5.5 ~E 10018-D2 The electrode is specially developed for welding of pipes and other equipment in base material AISI 4130 e.g high pressure mud piping for offshore work. The weld Approvals: metal retain high strength even after post- weld heat treatment. Applications: High preassure mud pipes. Note
lahendamata on probleem, kuidas vesinikku paakides hoida: vedelana peaks teda jahutama -250 kraadini, ent -260 kraadi juures muutub vesinik juba tahkeks. Gaasilise vesiniku kokkusurumine on aga väga kallis, samas ka ohtlik, kuna H2 on väga lenduv süsteemis valitseb suur rõhk - kuni 400 bari, mis seab paakidele ja torudele erinõuded puuduvad ühtsed lahendused ja standardid ohutuks tankimiseks väljastatav vesi jäätab meie kliimas teed Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999 ületas 207miili tunnis kiiruse (333 km/h) olles esimene vesinikku kasutav seeriaauto, mis suutis ületada 200mph kiiruse. Vesiniku põlemiskiirus on väga suur, see võimaldaks vesiniku kui põleva kütusega lennata lennukiga näiteks Londonist Sydneysse 61 minutiga,samas puuduvad meil veel tehnoloogiad, kuidas seda energiat rakendada. Elektrijaamad Vesiniku ei kasutata mitte ainult kütusena, vaid ka juba on hakatud ehitama esimesi
Nevertheless, those problems are not so significant than previous. One of the biggest problems in Estonia is air and water pollution. One example of air pollution is exhaust fumes. Today we have a lot of transport: cars and buses, in the main in our capital. Gases which are produced by cars contain carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide in the air causes global warming, which is the result of the green house effect. Furthermore, it will change our climate. In addition our air is polluted by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from plants and factors. Substantially, in Kohtla-Järve and Maardu. Our water is also polluted. We can't drink it, because there are a lot of chemical ingredients. In some cities water is chlorine a lot. As I know a lot of waste waters are putting out to see, near in the beach. In witness of it is appearance of blue seaweeds. In my opinion these thing is very dangerous and harmful for health. As I mentioned before we have also recycling problem
thousand inhabitants, which is lower than European Union average, but this number is still high. Because cars produce gases that contain carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide in the air causes global warming, which is the result of the greenhouse effect. Tallinn wants to fight against it by offering public transportation for free, to Tallinn citizen. So that people would use more public transportation than their own car. Furthermore, it will change our climate. In addition our air is polluted by hydrogen sulfide from plants and factors (Especially in Kohtla- Järve and Maardu). Other big environment problem is garbage. Huge amount of waste is produced every day and it is all because of overconsumption. Although, in recent years peoples knowledge about recycling and using eco-friendly products have improved, there are more landfills in Estonia than ever before. The government should take some actions and instead of talking about
Acid Rain Acid rain is any precipitation that is unusually acidic. It possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions(it has low pH level). Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which react with water molecules. Distilled water(doesn't contain CO 2), has pH level 7. Liquids with pH level less than 7 are acidic, liquids with pH level greater than 7 are alkaline. Unpolluted rain has a pH level over 5.7, so it is slightly acidic. Affected areas
Zn+2 HCl ZnCl 2 + H 2 -¿ H 2 Oxidant is H: +¿+2 e ¿ 2 H¿ 2+ ¿ ¿ Reductant is Zn: -¿ Zn Zn 2 e ¿ Next, insert the copper wire into the same solution in the centrifuge tube, ensuring that it will not touch the zinc granule. Observe whether any hydrogen evolves on the copper surface? Explain, why copper did not react with diluted hydrochloric acid! Adding copper wire doesnt make H extract. Copper is less active than H. H starts to extract when connect copper wire to Zinc, because zinc corrodes when connected to more active metal. Now put the copper wire into contact with the zinc and observe whether hydrogen will evolve on the copper surface. By putting copper and zinc into contact with each other in the solution
Manual For Biofuels Koostas: Margus Mäe Introduction This book told me a lot of practical uses of solid biofuels and peat compustion technologies in estonia and baltic sea countries. The hole technological chain from production to flue gas cleaning is brought to reader ´s. Also the energy policy and reguierment for users is shown. Properties of boifuels and peat In the boiler plants of Baltic Sea countries a wide range of various woodbased fuels are burned. To some extent also straw and other biomass based fuels are used. All these fuels are considered as renewables and according to the international agreement the CO2 emitted by the combustion of these fuels is not listed as a greenhouse gas. Wood, in particular the shell of wood cells, consists mainly from cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose. Due to the high carbon and hydrogen content, the lignin has higher calorific value than cellu...
diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas. The lighter grades of crude oil produce the best yields of these products, but as the world's reserves of light and medium oil are depleted, oil refineries are increasingly having to process heavy oil and bitumen, and use more complex and expensive methods to produce the products required. Because heavier crude oils have too much carbon and not enough hydrogen, these processes generally involve removing carbon from or adding hydrogen to the molecules, and using fluid catalytic cracking to convert the longer, more complex molecules in the oil to the shorter, simpler ones in the fuels. Due to its high energy density, easy transportability and relative abundance, oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents,
" Chemically speaking, an electrolyte is any substance that ionizes, i.e. gains or loses an electron or electrons, when dissolved in a solvent like water. A classic example is table salt, chemical formula NaCl, which dissociates into a positively charge sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions when dissolved in water. Water just so happens to be the most versatile solvent there is, a property it owes to the arrangement of its hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Without getting too into the details, every H2O molecule possesses a partial negative charge near its oxygen atom and partial positive charge near its hydrogen atoms. The polar nature of water's structure allows it to dissolve more substances than any liquid on Earth (which explains why it's known in chemistry circles as "the universal solvent"), including electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, magnesium, and hydrogen phosphate
Esimene firma, mis üldse vesinikmootoreid looma hakkas on Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, 1959 aasta, Ameerika, Lõuna California. Paljud firmad kasutavad vesinikkütuse tootmiseks keemilisi aineid, kuid see firma kasutab teisi meetodeid- valgust ehk fotosünteesi. Kütuse tootmise protsessil on isegi olemas 3 staadiumi. Vesinikumootoriga automargid on näiteks Honda, Mazda, Ford, Oopel, Mercedes,Audi, Toyota,Volkaswagen ja BMW. Vesinikumootoriga BMW erimudel Hydrogen 7 suudab vesiniku jõul läbida kuni 200 kilomeetrit. Kui vesinik paagist lõpeb, saab juht lülitada auto lihtsa nupulevajutusega ümber bensiini kasutamisele ja sõit võib jätkuda vähemalt kuni 700 kilomeetri ulatuses. Vesiniku kasutamisel töötab auto 100% keskkonnaohutult, sest mootorist eraldub õhku sisuliselt vaid veeauru. Tarbija24, 19.aprill 2006 Siiski pole need imeautod müügile veel jõudnud ja kui olekski, siis vaevalt keegi neid ka ostaks
tärklis). Makromolekul kovalentsete sidemete abil lihtsatest molekulidest konstrueeritud biomolekul. Kui subühikuks on sama tüüpi monomeerid (aminohapped, nukleotiidid, lihtsuhkrud) on tegu biopolümeeridega. 2.Kirjeldage, millistel tingimustel saab vesinikside formeeruda. Otsustage, milliste alltoodud ühenditega võivad vee molekulid seostuda vesiniksidemetega ja näidake, kuidas see toimub a. CH3COOH (etaanhape) is capable of both donating and accepting hydrogen bonds, since it contains hydroxyl groups. CH3COOH has a strong hydrogen bonding, since it contains the strongly polar C=O carbonyl group as well. b. CH3(CH2)4CH3 (heksaan) ei moodusta vesiniksidemeid. Tegu on orgaanilise lahusega, puudub N, O ja F rühm, millega vesinik saaks ühineda. c. H2N-CO-NH2 (uurea) on võimeline moodustama vesiniksidemeid, sisaldab nii O ja N rühmi. Vesinikside on täiendav keemiline side, mille moodustab ühe molekuli negatiivse
VESINIK ÜLDINE · Aatomiehituselt kõige lihtsam element. · Aatomi elektronkattes ainult 1 elekron. · Võimalikud oksüdatsiooniastmed ühendites on I ja l. · Erinevalt teistest puudub tal vesinikioonil elektronkate. · Vesinikioon on ainult aatomituum e. Prooton. · Positiivse osalaenguga vesiniku aatomid saavad moodustada elektronegatiivse elementide aatomitega ka täiendava sideme vesiniksideme. LIHTAINE · Koosneb H2 molekulidest, allotroope ta ei moodusta. · Tavatingimustes värvitu ja lõhnatu gaas. · Kõige madalama sulamis- ja keemistemperatuuriga. · Vesiniku molekulid on erakordselt väikesed ja mittepolaarsed. · Lahustub vees väga vähe. · Füüsikalised jõud nõrgad. · Tihedus on väiksem kui heeliumil. LEVIK LOODUSES · Vesinik on üks levinumaid mittemetallilisi elemente maakoores. · Maailmaruumis on vesinik aga kõige levinum keemiline element. · Moodustab põhiosa Päikese massist. · Looduses lihtainena vesinikk...
Vesinik ehk hydrogenium Lisette Tammisto 10.klass Värska Gümnaasium 1 / 24 Üldiseloomustus ● Tähiseks on H. ● Hydrogenium- vett tekitav. ● Koosneb kaheaatomilistest molekulidest (H2). ● Perioodilisusetabelis 1. element. ● Tuumalaeng on 1. ● Tuumas on 1 prooton, elektronkattes 1 elektron. ● IA kui ka VIIA rühmas. ● Avastati 1766. a lord Henry Cavendishi poolt. 2 / 24 Üldiseloomustus Vesinikul on kolm isotoopi*: ● 1 H – prootium (harilik vesinik) ● 2 H – deuteerium (D) (raske vesinik) ● 3 H – triitium (T) (üliraske vesinik). * sama tuumalaengu, aga erineva massiarvuga. 3 / 24 Levik looduses ● Lihtainena maal enamjaolt ei leidu. ● Liitainena on Maal üsnagi levinud. ● Maakoores moodustab alla ühe massiprotsendi....
Aineregistri kasutamine (INDEX) Barium powder, pyrophoric 4,2 1383 Leida UN number, õige veonimetus, ohuklass(id), PG, SP, pakkimise eeskirjad, segregeerimine, kui on vaja kokku pakkida. Antud juhul tuleb pakitud kaaliumpermanganaat paigutada konteinerisse, milles juba on vaat metanooliga. Properties and Observations : Liable to ignite spontaneously in air. If shaken, may produce sparks. In contact with water, evolve hydrogen, a flammable gas. Kas veerus 16b kokkupakkimist sätestava tabeli 7.2.4 nõuetele täiendavaid piiranguid, segregeerimiskoode? Segregeerimiskood SG26-le. Lisaks: kui konteinerlaevade tekil asetsevad klassidesse 2.1 ja 3 kuuluvatelt kaupadelt, säilitatakse minimaalne vahemaht kahe mahuti ruumi kohta, säilitatakse ro-ro-laevadele paigutatud 6-meetrine rööpmevahe. 7.2.4 Segregeerimistabel Barium powder, pyrophoric ohuklass on 4.2 ja Ammonium bichromatel ohuklass on 5.1.
Unlike solar and wind energy, geothermal energy is always available, 365 days a year. It's relatively inexpensive. There are three types of geothermal power plants: dry steam, flash, and binary. Geothermal energy is generated in over 20 countries. The United States is the world's largest producer. In Iceland, many of the buildings and even swimming pools are heated with geothermal hot water. Negative aspects of geothermal energy The main concern is the release of hydrogen sulfide, a gas that smells like rotten egg at low concentrations. Another concern is the disposal of some geothermal fluids, which may contain low levels of toxic materials. Although geothermal sites are capable of providing heat for many decades, eventually specific locations may cool down. Biomass energy Biomass is any material that comes from plants or microorganisms that were recently living. Trees, branches, scraps of bark, and recycled paper
Lisaks kui uurida palju maksab praegu üks vesinikuauto-7.5 miljonit krooni.See on väga kallis ja kui vesinikuauto ei säästagi nii palju siis mina ei leia miks vesinikuiautot niipalju kiidetakse.Aga ilmselt kui massides hakataks tootma vesinikuautosi on ilmselge et hind odavneb aga kui palju ei oska öelda.Eestis kasutusele võtt on ilmselt võimatu, kuna tanklate ehitamine maksab palju ja see läheks riigile liiha kalliks. Foto nr.1 a.2007 BMW Hydrogen 7 ; viimati alla laetud:12.04.2010 Foto nr.2 Honda FCX Clarity 2008 a.; viimati alla laetud:12.04.2010 Foto nr.3 Pilt vesinikuauto ehitusest
United Kingdom AT115 Martin Pillai Early history • In 1066, the Normans invaded England from France • In 1603, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots, inherited the crowns of England and Ireland and moved his court from Edinburgh to London • In the mid-17th century, all three kingdoms were involved in a series of connected wars, which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the short-lived unitary republic of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. Acts of Union • On 1 May 1707, the united Kingdom of Great Britain came into being, the result of Acts of Union being passed by the parliaments of England and Scotland to ratify the 1706 Treaty of Union and so unite the two kingdoms • The term "United Kingdom" became officia...
Mürgisus organismidele toote kohta andmed puuduvad Valmistaja: OÜ FLORA KAUBANDUS 8 Tiina Ruven Puhastusvahendid Pesupulber BIOEST EFEKT Toote kirjeldus: Pesupulber Koostis: Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate 5 15 % Pentasodium triphosphate 5 15 % Disodium carbonate, copound with hydrogen peroxide (2.3) 5-15 % Tetradecan-1-ol, ethoxylated < 5 % Kasutamine ja omadused: Valgete ja värviliste riiete pesemiseks. Olemasolevatest andmetest lähtuvalt ei ole toode tervisele kahjulik. Pesupulbri tolm võib ärritada hingamiselundeid. Tundliku naha puhul võib pikemaajalisel kokkupuutel ärritada käenahka. Tundliku nahaga inimesel soovitav käsipesul kasutada kummikindaid. Põlemisel võib eralduda mürgist suitsu. Pesta käsi enne söömist ja pärast tööd
gl/9h4wB viimati vaadatud 05.10.11 6. Wikipedia [WWW-materjal] - http://goo.gl/akdu3 viimati vaadatud 05.10.11 7. Äripäev [WWW-materjal] - http://goo.gl/69sbA viimati vaadatud 05.10.11 8. Äripäev [WWW-materjal] - http://goo.gl/J01tz viimati vaadatud 06.10.11 9. Auto-Exotica [WWW-materjal] - http://goo.gl/NBQM8 viimati vaadatud 06.10.11 10. Hydrogen Car Info [WWW-materjal] - http://goo.gl/CZXfu viimati vaadatud 06.10.11 11. Wikipedia [WWW-materjal] - http://goo.gl/1XVN viimati vaadatud 06.10.11 12. Elmo [WWW-materjal] - http://goo.gl/zpiDZ viimati vaadatud 06.10.11 9
Väiksema molekulmassiga kui humiinhape. This organic matter is soluble in strong acid (pH = 1) and has the average chemical formula C135H182O95N5S2. One of two classes of natural acidic organic polymer that can be extracted from humus found in soil, sediment, or aquatic environments. Its name derives from Latin fulvus, indicating its yellow colour. Its structure is best characterized as a loose assembly of aromatic organic polymers with many carboxyl groups (COOH) that release hydrogen ions, resulting in species that have electric charges at various sites on the ion. It is especially reactive with metals, forming strong complexes with Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+ in particular and leading to their increased solubility in natural waters. Fulvic acid is believed to originate as a product of microbial metabolism, although it is not synthesized as a life- sustaining carbon or energy source.
Nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple like- charged atomic nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus. It is accompanied by the release or absorption of energy. Iron and nickel nuclei have the largest binding energies per nucleon of all nuclei. The fusion of two nuclei with lower mass than iron generally releases energy while the fusion of nuclei heavier than iron absorbs energy; vice- versa for the reverse process, nuclear fission. In the simplest case of hydrogen fusion, two protons have to be brought close enough for their mutual electric repulsion to be overcome by the nuclear force and the subsequent release of energy. Nuclear fusion occurs naturally in stars. Artificial fusion in human enterprises has also been achieved, although not yet completely controlled. Building upon the nuclear transmutation experiments of Ernest Rutherford done a few years earlier, fusion of light nuclei (hydrogen
source. Measuring the quantity of each different element is relatively easy, since the different charges of each nucleus give very different signatures. Harder to measure, but a better fingerprint, is the isotopic composition (nuclei of the same element but with different numbers of neutrons). To tell the isotopes apart involves, in effect, weighing each atomic nucleus that enters the cosmic ray detector. About 90% of the cosmic ray nuclei are hydrogen (protons), about 9% are helium (alpha particles), and all of the rest of the elements make up only 1%. Even in this one percent there are very rare elements and isotopes. These require large detectors to collect enough particles to say something meaningful about the "fingerprint" of their source. The HEAO Heavy Nuclei Experiment, launched in 1979, collected only about 100 cosmic rays between element 75 and element 87 (the group of
Photovoltaics are 85 times as efficient as growing corn for ethanol. On a 300 feet (91 m) by 300 feet (1 hectare) plot of land enough ethanol can be produced to drive a car 30,000 miles (48,000 km) per year or 2,500,000 miles (4,020,000 km) by covering the same land with photo cells. The deserts of the South Western United States could produce sufficient electricity to fulfill all of the electrical needs of the United States, and could use electrolysis to produce Hydrogen from water to power aircraft Hydroenergy Hydro energy is simply energy that is taken from water and converted to electricity. Hydro energy can be obtained by using many methods of capture. The most common method of using energy from water is a hydroelectric dam, where water coming down through an area causes turbines to rotate and the energy is captured to run a generator. Power can also be generated from the energy of tidal forces or wave power, which uses the energy created by waves.
for, amino acids/protein/chlorophyll/DNA; for, new cells/mitosis/new leaves; max 2 (d) (i) chemoheterotrophic; 1 (ii) photoautotrophic; 1 (e) (i) carbon; R CO2 1 (ii) Desulfovibrio, uses sulphur (S)/makes hydrogen sulphide (H2S); green sulphur bacteria, use H2S/make S; colourless sulphur bacteria use H2S; max 2 (f) colourless sulphur bacteria; 1 (g) C. perfringens similar to C. difficile/AW; (bacteria) anaerobic; (tissue damage/poor blood supply) decreases oxygen available; conditions suitable for Clostridium to multiply;
LOOMAFÜSIOLOOGIA EKSAM 1. Lihtsa eluka närvisüsteem (selgrootutel) Madalamatel loomadel on närvisüsteem esindatud üksteisest eraldatud närvirakkude sünapside abil seotud võrguga. (meritäht, lameuss, meriroosiline) Neuronite kehad koores ja närvikiud ning sünapsid tuumas. Käsnad – puudub närvisüsteem pea täielikult. Neil pole üldse neuroneid, vaid mõned rakud talitlevad neuronitena. Ainuõõssetel ns algeline. Üle looma kogu keha paiknevad hajusalt närvirakud, mis oma pikkade jätketega moodustavad närvivõrgustiku. Rõngusside lihtne ns koosneb närvitänkudest, mis jätkeid pidi ühinedes moodustavad kõhtmise närviketi. Ümarusside piki keha kulgevad närvitüved, mida ühendavad rõngasjalt paiknevad närvikiud; närvitänkude süsteem (looma algeline aju). Õisloomadel hulk neuroneid, mis suudavad üsna kiiresti infot juhtida. Kammloomadel on iga kammplaati kontrollivad rütmikeskused. Lameussidel bilateraalsümmeetrilise ajuga närvisüsteem, neil 2 närv...
near the kidney. It produces and secretes noradrenaline and adrenaline for the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. It is implicated in stress response. AFFERENT – Carrying information towards a particular group of neurones (compare efferent*). AGONIST – A neurotransmitter or a drug which binds to a receptor and triggers a cascade of intracellular signalling leading to changes in the membrane potential. AMINO ACID – A chemical made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, which is a building unit of all proteins* and other biologically important substances. AMINO ACID NEUROTRANSMITTERS – A group of fast acting neurotransmitters* which includes glutamate (excitatory) and GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid, inhibitory). AMNESIA – Loss of memory. AMYGDALA – A structure in the forebrain which is a component of the limbic* system. It is implicated in control of emotions.
their activity in soil. The availability of N, P and K required for plants as well as microbes in soil determines the fertility level of soil. On the other hand soil micro flora has greater influence on the soil fertility level. 3. Soil moisture: It is one of the important factors influencing the microbial population & their activity in soil. Water (soil moisture) is useful to the microorganisms in two ways i.e. it serve as source of nutrients and supplies hydrogen / oxygen to the organisms and it serve as solvent and carrier of other food nutrients to the microorganisms. Microbial activity & population proliferate best in the moisture range of 20% to 60%. Under excess moisture conditions / water logged conditions due to lack of soil aeration (Oxygen) anaerobic microflora become active and the aerobes get suppressed. While in the absence of adequate moisture in soil, some
analüüs: Võrreldes eri bioomide baktereid võib kindlaks teha spetsialiseerunud geeniperekonnad kindlas elupaigas eksisteerimiseks ning "kodukorra" geenid. 26. Organellide päritolu. Mitokondriaalse genoomi päritolu: Proto-eukarüoodi ja prokarüoodi endosümbioos, geeniülekanne. Eukarüootse raku päritolu teooriad: Seeriaviisilise endosümbioosi idee, synthropic hypothesis, (kaks endosümbioosi juhust arhe + G- bakter, seejärel mt eellane), Vesiniku hüpotees, hydrogen hypothesis, (üks endosümbioosi juhus arhe + mt eellane). Plastiidide teke endosümbioosi käigus: tsüanobakteri ja eukarüoodi primaarne endosümbioos, seejärel puna-, rohe- ja liitvetikad, siis sekundaarne endosümbioos eukarüoodiga, mõnel juhul ka tertsiaarne endosümbioos, parasitism, fotosünteesivõime kaotus. 27. Eukarüootide genoomide evolutsiooni eripärad. Selgroogsete genoom on arenenud läbi ploidsuse kasvu duplikatsioonide teel: Enamik tänapäevaseid liike
The positive charge of the protons is equal to the negative charge of the electrons. Opposite charges attract each other. When an atom is in balance, it has an equal number of protons and electrons. The neutrons carry no charge and their number can vary. The number of protons in an atom determines the kind of atom, or element, it is. An element is a substance in which all of the atoms are identical (the Periodic Table shows all the known elements). Every atom of hydrogen, for example, has one proton and one electron, with no neutrons. Every atom of carbon has six protons, six electrons, and six neutrons. The number of protons determines which element it is. Electrons usually remain a constant distance from the nucleus in precise shells. The shell closest to the nucleus can hold two electrons. The next shell can hold up to eight. The outer shells cans hold even more. Some atoms with many protons can have as many as seven shells with electrons in them.
seni kuni oled saavutanud soovitud heledusastme, kuid mitte rohkem kui 35 minutit! Tähtis! Kasuta ühekordseid kaitsekindaid! Hoia toodet nahale ja silma sattumast! Kui toode satub silma, loputa viivitamatult rohke veega ja pöördu arsti poole kui ärritus ei möödu! Ära hinga toodet sisse! Ära kasuta kulmude ja ripsmete blondeerimiseks! Hoia lastele kättesaamatus kohas! · Inebrya Blue Dust-Free Lightening Powder Täitepakend 500g · Inebrya Hydrogen peroxide Vesinikemulsioon piimaproteiinidega 150ml ja 1000ml 10- vol 3% 20- vol 6% 30- vol 9% 40- vol 12% Juuksevärvid: · Inebrya Color Professionaalne juuksevärv linaseemneõli ja Aloe Veraga. Efektiivne ja mitmekülgne juuksevärv võimaldab luua erinevaid toone, olles juuksurile inspiratsiooniallikaks ja vastates kliendi nõudmistele. Usaldusväärsus on
Intragenomic Profiling Using Multicopy Genes: The rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences of the Freshwater Sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis Liisi Karlep, To~nu Reintamm, Merike Kelve* Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia Abstract Multicopy genes, like ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA), are widely used to describe and distinguish individuals. Despite concerted evolution that homogenizes a large number of rDNA gene copies, the presence of different gene variants within a genome has been reported. Characterization of an organism by defining every single variant of tens to thousands of rDNA repeat units present in a eukaryotic genome would be quite unreasonable. Here we provide an alternative approach for the characterization of a set of internal transcribed spacer sequences found within every rDNA repeat unit by implementing direct sequencing methodology. The promi...
teins in postmortem muscle (Xiong and handling of carcasses, etc. In fact, there have Decker 1995). In living muscle, the redox been reports of differences between animals state of muscle can influence carbohydrate and between muscles in the activity of some metabolism by directly affecting enzymes in enzymes involved in the oxidative defense the glycolytic pathway. Oxidizing agents can system of muscle (Daun et al. 2001). also influence glucose transport. Hydrogen Therefore, there may be genetic differences peroxide (H2O2) can mimic insulin and stim- in susceptibility to oxidation that could be ulate glucose transport in exercising muscle. capitalized on to improve meat quality. It is H2O2 is increased after exercise, and thus oxi- reasonable to hypothesize that differences in dation systems may play a role in signaling the antioxidant defense system between in skeletal muscle (Balon and Yerneni 2001)
elude v. to escape in a tricky way adj. elusive Syn. evade n. elusiveness The criminal has eluded the police for months. Success has been elusive for the team. Evident adj. easy to see, usually because of some proof adv. evidently Syn. apparent n. evidence It is evident that you are not feeling. All the evidences point to the presence of hydrogen. exhaust v. to use completely; to expend all energy; adv. exhaustively very thorough adj. exhaustive Syn. deplete adj. exhausting adj. exhausted n. exhaustion They exhausted their energy in 10 minutes. The exhaustive report was acclaimed by everyone. extensive adj. large in area or number adv. extensively *to offer; to make longer. v. extend* ** an extending; an additional part
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