Present Perfect Simple (1)

Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result .

Form of Present Perfect

 
Positive
Negative
Question
I / you / we / they
I have spoken.
I have not spoken.
Have I spoken?
he / she / it
He has spoken.
He has not spoken.
Has he spoken?
For irregular verbs , use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column ). For regular verbs, just add “ed”.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed
Example
after a final e only add d
love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit – admitted
travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i
hurry – hurried

Use of Present Perfect

• puts emphasis on the result
  

Example: She has written five letters .

• action that is still going on
  

Example: School has not started yet.

• action that stopped recently