ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). STYLISTICS Stylistics is the study of style. The very term "stylistics" came in more common use in English only some 45 years ago.
12. Special literary vocabulary 13. Special colloquial vocabulary 14. Metre in English poetry. Modifications of metre ("Rhythm and Text") 15. Typically English stanzas ("Rhythm and Text") 16. Rhythm in poetry and in prose ("Rhythm and Text") Study independently 17. Varieties of language (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 18. Emotive prose (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 19. Scientific prose style (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 20. Language of the drama (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 21. Publicistic style (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 22. The style of official documents (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 23. Newspaper style (I
Summary • Early history of translation studies – Cicero and St. Jerome (what did they do/how/why are they relevant to translation studies?) St. Jerome – Greek scholar, did some translation work. Lived during the 4th century. Jerome is best known as the translator of the Bible into Latin. A previous version (now called the Old Latin) existed, but Jerome's version far surpassed it in scholarship and in literary quality. Jerome was well versed in classical Latin (as well as Greek and Hebrew), but deliberately translated the Bible into the style of Latin that was actually spoken and written by the majority of persons in his own time. This kind of Latin is known as Vulgate Latin (meaning the Latin of the common
The term ,,stylistics"came into more common use in English only some 35 years ago. It was recorded much earlier; in 1882 as "the study of literary style, the study of stylistic features" Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies principles of selecting different linguistic means for passing on thoughts and emotions. It studies: · Different functional styles, styles of genres, individual styles · Expressive, emotional features of different language units Stylist--a writer or a speaker skilled in a literary style Stylistition--a scholar who studies stylistics The word "style" is applied to many things. A linguistic style is a variety of subsystem of lg with its peculiar vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical and phonetic features that are used selectively and purposefully to express ideas in a given situation. The stylistics of language studies different styles, including registers, stylistic devices and shades of meaning.
One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style of symbolism, romanticism 3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres of human activity fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, official documents, business correspondenc etc. Style bears the stamp of indivual usage, that is every writer has a unique pattern/habit and abilities that form his style. This approach is best illustrated in the well-known victum of the french poet Georges-Louis
Technical translation Technical translation Forms a part of specialised translation The other part is comprised by institutional translation (politics, commerce, finance, government, etc.) Can be considered somewhat culture-free (not really true?) Universal: not confines to one speech community Characteristic features: Terminology (5-10%), only that much, but it makes the text hard to translate Format: technical report, but also instructions, manuals, notices, publicity Grammatical features in English: passives, third persons, empty verbs, present tenses.
of the travel experiences and entail the blend of several cultural identities: the authors' complex ones, that of their audiences, as well as that of the characters in their narratives. The second section suggests interlingual translation scenarios sketched out for the purpose of undertaking the real translations of these books. One of the strategies that are pleaded for is that of `further foreignization'. By using it, translators may create effects of strangeness and defamiliarization for
Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Language: a Contemporary Introduction introduces the student to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics
NOMINATIVE SENTENCES strengthen the dynamic nature of the narrative. NT: London. Parks. Horse rides. Noisy streets. Noisy traffic. Policeman. Such sentences evoke a more or less isolated idea of an object without any connection with other objects. These sentences appeal to reader's imagination, and thus makes the reader active. ASYNDETON ASYNDETON means intentional omission of conjunctions between parts of a sentence or between sentences, disregarding norms of the literary language. ASYNDETON is used mostly to describe an energetic (objectic?) activities us to show exession (succession) of minute immediately following each of the actions. Opening the story of chapter, A helps to give a laconic ... and at the same time detailed information into the action proper. NT: The motion of the camp at night was everywhere. People sang. People cried. People fought. People loved. People hated. Some were sad. Others gay. Others with friends. Others lonely
References: Kahny, Jim. Classroom dynamics: An interview with Jill Hadfield. Available at http://ltprofessionals.com/journalpdfs/vol1no1/features/winter2000kahny.pdf accessed 27.12.2012 ESOL Teaching Skills TaskBook. Classroom dynamics: unit 1 a). Available at http://akoaotearoa.ac.nz/download/ng/file/group-4/n2431-esol-teaching-skills- taskbook-unit-1-a---classroom-dynamics.pdf accessed 27.12.2012 III Language teaching methods. · (Traditional: the grammar-translation method/ classical method.) · Traditional: the direct method Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiQvG-fvzLM Kids lesson (direct method) Language is primarily speech Reading skills are developed through practice with speaking Realia is used to convey the meaning Demonstration instead of translation or explanation Complete sentences instead of vocabulary lists The purpose of language learning is communication
English lexicology 1. Size of English vocabulary Vocabulary is a sum total of words used in a language by speakers or for dictionary-making. Active and passive vocabulary. The Old English vocabulary was homogenous. There were about 50 000 – 60 000 words, 1/3 of which have survived. o About 450 loans from Latin o About 2000 from the Viking invasions. The Middle-English vocabulary became a heterogeneous hybrid of Germanic and Romanic languages. 100 000 to 125 000 words.
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar
(E.g 'cr-o-wn', 'd-o-wn'). The hierarchical structure of the syllable: Onset the beginning of the syllable Nucleus/peak the open part of a syllable, generally a vowel. Coda a consonant sound which ends the syllable. Open syllable - has no coda Closed syllable - has a coda! Texts: [t-e-k-s-t-s]- (Consonant, Vowel, Consonant, Consonant, Consonant, Consonant). Strong syllables - has as its nucleus one of the vowel phonemes but not "schwa" Weak syllables has 4 types of nucleus 1) the vowel ,,schwa" 2) a close front unrounded vowel in the general area of i: and ý 3) a close back unrounded vowel in the general area of u: and 4) a syllabic consonant Close front vowels occur in word-final weak syllables (as in happy), weak initial syllables (as in react) and in unstressed personal pronouns (be, the), when preceding a vowel. NB. i: or ý, as in ,,easy, busy", is transcribed as i
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they
Essay 200 (+/- 10%) words The text consists of 4-5 paragraphs discussing a specified topic. Usually the task contains points you have to discuss. Make sure they are all covered! Keep in mind! Formal language – no slang, so contracted forms, colloquialisms, try to avoid repetition of words. Indented lines! Clear paragraphs with one central idea. Avoid strong feelings 8everybody hates... it is absurd to believe...) and strong personal expressions Use generalization (children assume…), but do not use overgeneralizations (all children assume…) At least 2 linking words per paragraph (separate them from the rest of the sentence by commas!) that show the connection between paragraphs.
Philip Larkin’s Poetry: Themes, Form, Style, Imagery and Symbolism Author: Sandra Olivares González Tutor: Jesús Marín Calvarro Degree in English Studies, English Department, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Extremadura Cáceres, 29th January 2016 Philip Larkin’s Poetry: Themes, Form, Style, Imagery and Symbolism The aim of this work is to obtain some characteristics of the poetry of Philip
postposition tagasõna, postpositsioon adposition kaassõna, suhtesõna, adpositsioon conjunction, connector sidesõna, Refers to items used to mark logical relationships Mary felt ill and could not go to konjunktsioon between words, phrases, clauses and sentences. There school. are two types of conjunctions: coordinating and He failed the exam (main) although subordinating. Coordinating conjunctions he worked hard. (subordinate) (coordinators; and, but, or) join linguistic units with equal grammatical status. Subordinating conjunctions
Tallinna Polütehnikum Automation Author: TomTom2 Group :AA-09 Instructor: Marina Zotikova Tallinn 2010 Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................3-4 Person Knowledge Technologies supports...................................................................
There is diachronic (historical) L that studies origin and development; syncronic studies voc at a given historical period. There are general L (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular lg); special L (studies specific features of a separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns may carry a new meaning (nt, arms-weapons, looks-appearance, works-plant) b)connected with phonetics. The meaning of a word is expressed by sounds and it depends on the order of sounds(spoonerism) c)history of the lg helps to understand ahanges in the meanings of words (nt, legend ment a book
1. EPITHET 1. METAPHOR indicates individual 1. ZEUGMA 1. PERIPHRASIS 1. BATHOS based on similarity of 2 evaluation of sth. Logical "to join" w-d is use of longer spoiling the lofty effect. Function notions, hidden comparison attribute is non-evaluative in the same description instead of irony, humour. (dead (faded due to long use "green grass"; grammatical relation plain & short (Author mentions: elevated +down-
2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot, cosmopolitan language 4) Modern English – 500,000 words (OED) At present at least 1 billion lexical units 2. Core and periphery Core vocabulary – often short (monosyllabic) words of Germanic and Old Norse origin = ie core vocabulary of most frequent words, and vague fuzzy peripherial words. Core meaning is the meaning which is at the centre of the word.periphery – vague. Formal usage (often polysyllabic words) from Norman French (rank, courtliness,refinement).
when we contacted them. This happened despite the fact that their contract states that they will arrive within twentyfour hours of a call. When this deterioration in service became apparent, MCC mechanics made several inspections of their own, and have confirmed that these are not isolated instances but indications of generally unsatisfactory work. Frequent complaints have been made to the Autocheck Manager and he has had ample opportunity to explain the deterioration in the quality of Autocheck's services. However, he has failed to reply to our letters (copies of these are attached) and whenever one of our representatives attempts to contact him, either personally or by telephone, he is always unavailable. In view of this, it is recommended that the contract with AMC should be examined and that the legal department should be asked what action can be taken against them. Discussion 1
· salutation · Paragraph 1 reasons for writing · Paragraphs 2, 3 development · Final paragraph closing remarks · Name · Letters are divided into two categories, formal and informal. There are various types of formal and informal letters . · It is important to think about the person who you are writing to before you begin writing a letter. If the wrong style is used, the letter will look impolite, silly or odd. For example, if you used formal language to write to a close friend, the letter would look odd, or if you used informal language to write a letter to a company, the letter would look impolite. · There are certain characteristics which allow us to distinguish between formal and informal letters. These are: ~ The salutation (e.g. Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Bill) ~ The style or language (e.g. use of formal language for formal letters, or the use of slang and idioms for informal letters) ~ The closing remarks (e.g
5 Which invention made the rockets even more powerful and where did it lead to? 6 How did the Germans use rockets in the World War II? 7 Speak about the first steps in conquering the space. 8 How long have people explored the Mars and which invention enhanced the exploration? 9 Find the main points about the Mars One mission. 10 What is the difference between a cosmonaut, astronaut and taikonaut? 11 Explain the difference between the words corps and corpse? How do you pronounce these words? 12 Translate the italicized expressions and bold words in the text. Make sure that your translation is appropriate! 13 Derivation is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix. For example, from the word HAPPY we can derive the following words: happen, happily, happiness, unhappy, unhappiness.
Borrowings influence native words stilistically and semantically. If we have 2 words in the language: one native, other borrowed, then they become different in meaning and usage (nt, to meet or to encounter- meaning's the same, but stilistically different) Under the influence of borrowings native words narrowed their meaning (nt stool-iste, chair was borrowed, chair infuenced stool and it is now a taburet). Borrowings have influenced the English language a lot but native elements should not be disregarded or overlooked. Latin borrowings cheap, pepper, street, mile, butter, cheese, wine, inch, ounce, pound, kitchen, plum, cup, dish, mint, Leicester, Clocester, colonia, lincoln, fossbrok, mass, monk, nun, bishop, abbot, minster, apostle, pope, altar, hymn, democratic, juvenile, sophisticated, abortion, enthusiasm, permissions, imaginary, allusion, anachronism,
exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content words. Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are usually grammatical words. Example ‘We flew over the mountains at dawn'. countable nouns Countable nouns are easy to recognize
The meaning of sacredness as in halig > HOLY is related to magic/religion linked with healing and being healthy (cf. Healer above). nu now (NOW). Spelling changed in the Middle English period (French scribes used ou or ow for /u:/). Pronunciation changed during the Great Vowel Shift (14th- 16th century, possibly also later) when long /u:/ > /au/ The re-emergence of English: Starting with the 14th century. A relatively unique phenomenon: conquerors do not leave but the language of the conquered returns. In the case of English peasants as the Black Death killed off so many of them, the nobility did not have enough people to till the land and generally work for them. Peasants had been serfs, tied to their land: whenever they tried to escape from a lord who treated them badly, they had nowhere to go (except towns) another lord would have "extradited" them at once. Not so after the Black Death all lords were happy to receive new working hands
Slumdog Milionaire Robi Kivi LGA18 Describe at least ONE idea that was worth learning about in the text. Explain why the idea was worth learning about in the text as a whole, using examples of visual and / or oral language features to support your ideas. In Slumdog Millionaire directed by Danny Boyle "Love conquers all" is an idea worth learning about. Boyle uses cinematography, dialogue & gesture and flashbacks to show this. Love conquers all is an idea worth learning about because you may come across it in many texts, it's a universal idea and it's appealing to us as an audience. Love conquers all is the common theme in the texts, especially those which feature young love. Other
the fabliau (a comic, often anonymous tale that is characterised by an excess of sexual and other types of obscenity) and (3) literature on religious topics – either moralistic (teach right from wrong) or ecclesiastical (biblical subject). Middle ages – English becomes a literary language. Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400) – Father of English literature, The Canterbury Tales in English, increased the prestige of the language, provided a standardised form. The Canterbury Tales: frame story. Majority in verse, some prose. Intended to contain 124 stories, only finished 24
publishers or through the Copyright Clearance Center (for USA: www.copyright.com). Please contact [email protected] or consult our website: www.benjamins.com Tables of Contents, abstracts and guidelines are available at www.benjamins.com Subtitle reading speed A new tool for its estimation José Luis Martí Ferriol Universitat Jaume I 1.Introduction Subtitling, together with dubbing, is the audiovisual translation mode most widely used worldwide. The number of publications devoted to assess which one of both is better when viewing audiovisual material is large, and have been thoroughly summarized for example by Chaume (2004). The conclusion, however, is that this discussion is somewhat useless, in the sense that both cover different needs and are preferred in certain countries or regions depending on a number of econom- ical, historical and sociological reasons. Bearing this is mind, we can state that
- Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirated stops become voiced stops or fricatives (as allophones). Grimm himself already noticed that there were many words that had different consonants from what his law predicted. These exceptions defied linguists for a few decades, but eventually received explanation from Danish linguist Karl Verner in the form of Verner's law. VERNER'S LAW Verner's law, stated by Karl Verner in 1875, describes a historical sound change in the Proto- Germanic language whereby voiceless fricatives *f, *, *s, *h, *h, when immediately following an unstressed syllable in the same word, underwent voicing and became respectively the fricatives[1] *b, *d, *z, *g, *g. Significance: Karl Verner published his discovery in the article "Eine Ausnahme der ersten Lautverschiebung" (an exception to the first sound shift) in Kuhn's Journal of Comparative Linguistic Research in 1876,
Y no lo juzgues por eso por flaco, que el amor impervio todas las cosas vence. Y sabe, si no sabes, que dos conclusiones son verdaderas. La primera, que es forzoso el hombre amar a la mujer y la mujer al hombre. La segunda, que el que verdaderamente ama es necesario que `se turbe con la dulzura del soberano deleite, que por el Hacedor de las cosas fue puesto, porque el linaje de los hombres `se perpetuase, sin lo cual perescería. (Finch p 36) Literal Translation You know, Pármeno, that Calisto is lovesick°. And you shouldn't judge him for being weaker than it; undaunted° love conquers all things. And know that, if you don't know already, that two conclusions are true. The first, that a man is forced to love a woman and the woman love a man. The second, that he that truly loves must be bothered by the sweetness of natural delight, which the Maker of things put onto us, for the lineage of men to
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Our environment is constantly changing. However, as our environment changes, so does the need to become increasingly aware of the problems that surround it. With a massive influx of natural disasters people need to be aware of what types of environmental problems our planet is facing. Current environmental problems make us vulnerable to disasters and tragedies, now and in the future. Unless we address the various issues seriously we are surely doomed for disaster. Current environmental problems require urgent attention. 1. Pollution: Pollution of air, water and soil require millions of years to recoup. Industry and motor vehicle exhaust are the number one pollutants
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