on the spectacular side, such translations could compensate for this `loss' and turn into instructive, thought-provoking exercises of complex intercultural communica- tion, at various levels and between different protagonists. Here, we will refer to intercultural communication as relating to processes of interaction, translation, and mediation among people from differing cultural backgrounds. In the first section (I), we will set out to examine the various kinds of intercultural communication
ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). STYLISTICS Stylistics is the study of style. The very term "stylistics" came in more common use in English only some 45 years ago.
12. Special literary vocabulary 13. Special colloquial vocabulary 14. Metre in English poetry. Modifications of metre ("Rhythm and Text") 15. Typically English stanzas ("Rhythm and Text") 16. Rhythm in poetry and in prose ("Rhythm and Text") Study independently 17. Varieties of language (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 18. Emotive prose (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 19. Scientific prose style (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 20. Language of the drama (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 21. Publicistic style (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 22. The style of official documents (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 23. Newspaper style (I
Families put high expectations on academic achievements and they always compare their kids with other's kids. A minority in each community will be really dedicated to help their kids explore their horizons. It is true that we should re-think the fundamental principles in which we educate our children. Our task is to educate the children so that they can face this future. II 10 effective classroom management techniques. 1. Set and agree the house rules and class regulations with the class. 2. Choose class activities that encourage any good relationships. 3. Be dedicated and care for your students. 4. Accept and even celebrate individual differences. 5. Realise that people learn in different ways 6. Create more student-centred activities. 7. Provide a diverse lesson with a variety of activities 8. Be always prepared for the lesson. 9. Let learners know about your teaching style, the course content and your
1) Standard and non-standard varieties of English Standard varieties of English are the varieties of the English language that are considered to be a norm and are spoken and written by the minority (educated people). This is the optimum for educational purposes. The standard varieties of English are: BrEng (British), EngEng (English), NAmEng (North-America), USEng (United States), CanEng (Canada), AusEng (Australia), NZEng (New Zealand). Standard English (British English) is the most widely accepted and understood among native speakers, learned by foreigners. It is used in broadcasting, TV, news etc. It doesn't
One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style of symbolism, romanticism 3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres of human activity fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, official documents, business correspondenc etc. Style bears the stamp of indivual usage, that is every writer has a unique pattern/habit and abilities that form his style. This approach is best illustrated in the well-known victum of the french poet Georges-Louis
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they
The term ,,stylistics"came into more common use in English only some 35 years ago. It was recorded much earlier; in 1882 as "the study of literary style, the study of stylistic features" Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies principles of selecting different linguistic means for passing on thoughts and emotions. It studies: · Different functional styles, styles of genres, individual styles · Expressive, emotional features of different language units Stylist--a writer or a speaker skilled in a literary style Stylistition--a scholar who studies stylistics The word "style" is applied to many things. A linguistic style is a variety of subsystem of lg with its peculiar vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical and phonetic features that are used selectively and purposefully to express ideas in a given situation. The stylistics of language studies different styles, including registers, stylistic devices and shades of meaning.
Germanic *hailjan > Old English hælan TO HEAL Germanic *hailagaz > Old English halig HOLY Germanic *hailigon > Old English halgian to consecrate, to bless, halga sacred, a saint, Middle English halwe (see Prologue to the Canterbury Tales: ferne halwes distant shrines metonymic from the meaning "saint" TO HALLOW (as in "Our Father who art in heaven,hallowedbe thy name"), HALLOW meaning "saint" (the latter is a French loan (ALL HALLOWS' DAY, HALLOWEEN). The metonymic link between "being in one piece" and "being healthy" is fairly universal (cf. the two meanings of the Estonian word "terve" a Finno-Ugric, i.e. a non-Indo European word! or Russian "" (whole) and "" to heal (NB! Modern medicine uses "treat" and "cure" the latter when the result is positive, "heal" is generally used in alternative medicine as is "", cf also Healer and as names for Jesus). The use of a word denoting "health" in greetings and other ritual formulas ( as in HAIL!) is
Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Language: a Contemporary Introduction introduces the student to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics
NOMINATIVE SENTENCES are just a noun-sentence, containing a noun or a nominal-noun-phrase sentence. NOMINATIVE SENTENCES strengthen the dynamic nature of the narrative. NT: London. Parks. Horse rides. Noisy streets. Noisy traffic. Policeman. Such sentences evoke a more or less isolated idea of an object without any connection with other objects. These sentences appeal to reader's imagination, and thus makes the reader active. ASYNDETON ASYNDETON means intentional omission of conjunctions between parts of a sentence or between sentences, disregarding norms of the literary language. ASYNDETON is used mostly to describe an energetic (objectic?) activities us to show exession (succession) of minute immediately following each of the actions. Opening the story of chapter, A helps to give a laconic ... and at the same time detailed information into the action proper. NT: The motion of the camp at night was everywhere. People sang. People cried. People fought. People loved. People hated
LEXICOLOGY 1. Size of English vocabulary 1) Old English – 50,000 to 60,000 words Vocabulary of Shakespeare OE – homogeneous; 1/3 of the vocabulary has survived • 884,647 words of running text About 450 Latin loans (Amosova) • 29,000 different words (incl. work, working, Viking invasions added 2,000 worked, which are counted here as separate 2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot,
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as
Tallinna Mustamäe Humanitargümnaasium Valeria Jefremenkova ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE INGLISE KEEL KUI ÜLEMAAILMNE KEEL Research work Supervisor: Jevgenija Kozlova Tallinn 2016 1 Table of Contents СONTENT…………………………………………………………………………………...2 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………...3
- the ability to classify it (grouping ability); - the ability to describe the material ("some say this ..., they are not wrong, but other say that ...." Etc.); - the ability to draw conclusions (on theoretical and practical materials); - your personal contribution (do something that no one has done before); - talking about the material (as if you are speaking to the first year student avoid sophistication in language, that may sound unnatural). Comment on examples (from where the example is taken how it is used explain all). NB! Comments everywhere. You have right to: · Supervisor discusses and specifies the topic with you; · Supervisor gives a tutorial where the supervisor sets general directions for your paper and recommends a book (source) for your study; · Supervisor reads your rough sketch (and if necessary checks faults); BUT
upon Larkin. This is particularly important since Larkin denied being in any way influenced by what came from abroad. Today we have every reason to see this as a legend that he created about himself. The most significant point made by the two books by Regan is that whether one accepts the image of “provincial Larkin” or that of “modernist (even postmodernist) Larkin”, it is equally significant to make a distinction between the poet and the persona in his poems. He argues, furthermore, that a linguistic or stylistic approach is much more fruitful in the analysis of poetry in general, and Larkin’s poems in particular, than a thematic one. Regan quotes some authors who maintain the view that Larkin’s stylistic effects are based upon a combination of metaphoric (literary) and metonymic (colloquial) language. He, however, can fully accept the method based upon this
g., mechanics, style, organization) of IEA are not fixed, but rather are constructed as a function of the domains assessed in the rating rubric. The weights for prox variables associated with these domains are predicted based on human ratings, and then are combined with the score calculated for content. Reliability and Validity,Because AES models often formed by using more than two raters, studies that have evaluated inter-rater agreement have usually showed that the agreement coefficients between the computer and human raters is at least as high or higher than among human raters themselves (Elliot, 2003; Landauer et al., 2003; Page & Petersen, 1995). All AES engines have obtained exact agreements with humans as high as the mid-80's and adjacent agreements in the mid-high 90's--slightly higher than the agreement coefficients for trained human raters. Several validity studies have suggested that AES engines tap the same construct as that being evaluated by human raters
Letters Letters FORMAL, INFORMAL, TRANSACTIONAL TASK 1 Read the extracts and answer the questions. · Where are the extracts from? · What is the purpose of each letter? · How do they differ? · Which extracts are examples of formal letters? · How is the reader addressed in a formal letter? · What are the closing remarks for formal letters? · What is the salutation in a friendly letter? · How would you end extracts 1,2,3 ? · How would you begin the extracts 4 and 5? 1. Dear Mr Miller, I received your kind invitation to the reception. Unfortunately, owing to other commitments. I will be unable to attend ... 2. Dear Ralph, l just got your invitation to the company's event. l `m afraid I can't make it because I've a/ready made plans which l can "t change ... 3.
My languages I love different languages. I mean, I really, really love different languages. I also believe and have been told that I pick them up rather easily. That might be true, although I did not pick any Greek up in Greece but that might have been because they spoke so damn fast that I could not tell if it was a word or an entire sentence. The first foreign language I learned was Russian. Considering I was ten when Estonia became a Republic, it makes sense. We began studying Russian in first grade, though it was simplified – "koška" instead of "kot", "medvešonok" instead of "medved", "saichik" etc. Did not make much sense and we mostly played some games in Russian (Tare-tareke etc). Learned as much playing outside, since we had Estonian-Russian kids around as well. Not that we played with them. It's sad
Linguistics teach a vast number of core courses to junior students, both offering major courses to senior students in all the divisions of the faculty. The Department of Theory of Literature teaches literature as a type of art, focusing on the genesis, structure, classification, and functioning of literary works, on stylistics and versification, as well as on the methodology of literary criticism, a number of major courses being offered in these specialist areas. The Division of the Russian Language and Literature unites the Department of the Russian Language, the Department of Russian Literature, the Department of Russian Literature of XX century, and the Department of Russian Folklore. The core curriculum includes courses in the history of Russian literature (from Kievan Rus times to the present) and folklore, modern Russian , Old Slavonic, the history of the Russian language and Russian dialectology, etc.
English lexicology 1. Size of English vocabulary Vocabulary is a sum total of words used in a language by speakers or for dictionary-making. Active and passive vocabulary. The Old English vocabulary was homogenous. There were about 50 000 – 60 000 words, 1/3 of which have survived. o About 450 loans from Latin o About 2000 from the Viking invasions. The Middle-English vocabulary became a heterogeneous hybrid of Germanic and Romanic languages. 100 000 to 125 000 words.
their contractual obligations. By reversing the order in which the two problems are described, the secretary ensures that this piece of information receives the maximum amount of emphasis, or focus, and thus leads logically into the recommendation. We will be looking again at the idea of linguistic focus in Unit 6. 3 Grammar, Spelling and Sentence Construction As well as reorganizing the information in the report the secretary also made a number of changes to the language which the writer had used. You probably noticed that Text 1 contained a number of grammatical and spelling mistakes. If not, look for them now before continuing with this Discussion section. Grammar `AMC's works have gone down' AMC's work has really gone down. (Work is a singular, uncountable noun.) `since five days' for five days (Since is used only with a
Its chief values were: Liberty, Democracy, Republicanism, Religious Tolerance. The movement gained momentum with the publication of landmark texts like Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason, and the Jefferson Bible, but the most influential thinker was undoubtedly John Locke, whose ideas spread to the colonies and across Europe. Main Ideas of the American Enlightenment: The Enlightenment caused a shift in the cultural and social attitudes of the people, bringing in some new and radical ideas. Republicanism: The doctrine of republicanism asserts a system of a government that is elected by the people of the nation. The roots of this ideology go back to ancient Greece, when the concept of a democratic government was examined by philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Individual Liberty: "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" developed as the motto of this era, which forms the cornerstone of the U.S
LEL 2E Notes on Vocabulary One of the key facts about the lexicon of any language is that it reflects in various ways the physical and cultural environment in which the language is spoken. A people unfamiliar with, say, horses is unlikely to have a word for `horse'; similarly with ploughs, printing presses, and internet porn sites. For the most part this is trivial it's hard to imagine how it could be otherwise, given the general nature of human language. People tend to make a great deal of the alleged fact (see Pullum 1989) that "the Eskimos have lots of words for snow", but it doesn't take much thought to realise that any language spoken in a given physical and cultural environment is likely to have efficient ways of referring to distinctions that are important in that environment. That doesn't mean that you can read very much into individual words and individual facts about the lexicon of a given language (this topic has
also an adjoining area south of the Thames. `Cockney' is also used to describe a strong London accent and it is associated with working-class origins. A feature of Cockney speech is rhyming slang : `wife' is referred to as `trouble and strife' and `stairs' as `apples and pears'. 6. Explain the following notions: snobbery, inverted snobbery, posh and being posh, blue/ white collar workers, underclass, social mobility. inverted snobbery middle-class people try to adopt working-class values and habits. posh of a class higher than the one I belong to; being posh being pretentious 7. In the early years of the twentieth century, the playwright and social commentator George Bernard Shaw remarked that an Englishman only had to open his mouth to make some other Englishman despise him. What was he talking about? Would he say the same thing today? 8
ition. However, the introduction of DVD in the audiovisual market at the end of the previous decade, together with digitalization of television broadcast and the rise of accessibility policies in Spain have helped consolidate subtitling as an al- most necessary tool to watch audiovisual content in our country. Many scholars have devoted their research efforts to subtitling, having most of them started back in the 1990s. It is not intended to make here a detailed review of all their contributions, since some of them like Díaz Cintas (2003) and Chaume (2004) have carried out this task with rigor and completeness. Instead, this pa- per is intended to focus on the viewer as the key element of subtitling reception, and more specifically, on the viewer's ability to read subtitles, which is usually ex- pressed by means of two different parameters: characters per second and words per minute.
REVISION QUESTIONS 2010 1. The main physiographic regions of Canada. Canada may be divided into seven physiographic regions: Arctic Lowlands, Cordilleran Region, Interior Plains, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canadian Shield (Forest Lands), St Lawrence Lowlands and Appalachian Region. Divisions are based on each area's relatively similar physical geography and landforms. Physiographic regionalization is defined here as the process by which regions with relatively homogeneous physical geography are determined 2. Who are the native people of Canada? Into which three groups can they be divided? Canada's constitution specifies three categories of aboriginal peoples: Indian (First Nations), Métis, Inuit. According to Canadian census 2011, 1.4 mln people of Aboriginal origin (4.3%): 852,000 First Nations persons, 452,000 Métis, 59,000 Inuit.
origin and development; syncronic studies voc at a given historical period. There are general L (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular lg); special L (studies specific features of a separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns may carry a new meaning (nt, arms-weapons, looks-appearance, works-plant) b)connected with phonetics. The meaning of a word is expressed by sounds and it depends on the order of sounds(spoonerism) c)history of the lg helps to understand ahanges in the meanings of words (nt, legend ment a book where a life of saints was described)
the fabliau (a comic, often anonymous tale that is characterised by an excess of sexual and other types of obscenity) and (3) literature on religious topics – either moralistic (teach right from wrong) or ecclesiastical (biblical subject). Middle ages – English becomes a literary language. Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400) – Father of English literature, The Canterbury Tales in English, increased the prestige of the language, provided a standardised form. The Canterbury Tales: frame story. Majority in verse, some prose. Intended to contain 124 stories, only finished 24
ages for the speech of communities whose lives, trade and occupations were determined by a river). To conclude, linguists argue that (1) London influence on English is not only apparent on the Thames estuary (Rosewarne himself wrote: "it seems to be the most influential accent in the south-east of England", not only in the Thames estuary), and (2) `Estuary English' is not a felicitous or adequate name. Nonetheless, it is now so solidly entrenched in the English language, particularly in the academic circles, that it would be unwise to struggle against it. 2. Historical background-a myth destroyed - Estuary English - a result of certain long-lasting processes People who have had a chance to read newspaper articles concerning Estuary English, might have had the impression that it is a relatively new Cockney influenced language variety making its way into various regions of the country at a rapid pace.
ENGLISH IDIOMS Nõmmik Vilian Apprentice 10 "A" class Ahtme Gymnasium Kohtla-Järve Relevance of the topic Ø The English language becomes the means of international communication, the language of trade, education, politics, and economics. People have to communicate with each other. It is very important for them to understand foreigners and be understood by them. Goal of my research work Ø Goal of my research work is to prove that idioms in the English language are integral part of it, which make our speech more colorful and authentically native. Tasks
American English Take-home exam 1) Discuss the significance of American English in the English-speaking world. English is one the most widely used languages in the world and globally acknowledged as the lingua franca. It is also the dominant business language. For these facts already, English has a great importance in the today’s world. As the United States of America is one of the leading countries of the world, American English has a certain authority as well. It is now an inescapable fact that America, through its worldwide influence and massive entertainment industry is the mighty power-house that drives the English language. Although British English is considered to be more sophisticated and prestigious than
Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common. Adposition and podposition were both possible (eesliide ja tagaliide). About syntax: clauses were joined much simpler than nowadays, using and, then etc. Because of case syncretion the word order in a sentence became much more important to be able to tell the difference between words. FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT (GRIMM'S LAW) Grimm's Law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or Rask's rule) is a set of statements named after Jakob Grimm describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic (the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo- European family) in the 1st millennium BC. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between
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