Words standing for people may be coined out of a phrase (usually they are negative) (e.g. "Ms. what-her-name"). This type of word building compression is often used to coin new words (nonce words): nouns (e.g. "She greeted me with a pleasant-day-don't-you-think-so smile.") adjectives (e.g. "Move-away-or-I-will-kick-you attitude") In general, nonce words are very expressive, because they are fresh, strikingly new and unexpected. Words based on repetition and rhyme (e.g. helter skelter, riff raff, etc.) possess humorous and / or ironic overtones. The same applies to rhyming slang, which originates from Cockney (e.g. "joy of my life wife"). The expressiveness of the distorted words is humorous and proper understanding of these words is based on the fixed context (e.g. "I beg your pudding"). The same holds true for unusual shortenings (e.g. "bacon and e.").
Euphony Ellipsis Amphibrach Phonetic SD Aposiopesis Spondee Onomatopoeia Nominative sent. Pyrrhic Alliteration Asyndeton Rhythmic invers. Assonance Apokoinu Run-on line Rhyme: Gap-sentence link Stanza: Full Framing Heroic couplet Incomplete Anadiplosis Ballad stanza Vowel Tautology Spenserian stanza Consonant Polysyndeton Ottava rima Compound Inversion Sonnet:
(I was away for 768 years) · When numerals are used independently standing for a person then we speak of metonymy (she's a beautiful 16) 5. Expressiveness on the level of word-building Words may become expressive due to their morphological structure. · -ish+ adjective stem may give an emotionally neutral effect (brownish--a small quantity of brown) · -ish may form "tactful" words that are formed as nonce words if the speaker does not want to sound too categorical (dullish lecture, lateish) · Together with noun stems ish forms adjectives with negative, contemptuous colouring (doggish, womanish) · Negative colouring becomes stronger with compound stems (honeymoonish) (boyish, girlish have no negative evaluation) Suffixes may be added to proper names: · -ish adds a derogatory colouring (Dickensish) · -ien with names gives a high flown style (dickensien)
Phonology. Mid-term 2. Syllable - is a phonological unit consisting of one or more phonemes. In phonetics a syllable is a unit which consists of a centre, that has little or no obstruction to airflow; it is comparatively louder than other sounds. In phonology syllables are the possible combinations of phonemes. The syllable consists of - onset, nucleus, coda. (every syllable has a nucleus: vowel, syllabic l, or m, n). Rhyme/rime nucleus + coda; the nucleus and the coda constitute a sub-syllabic unit rhyme. Words rhyme, when their nucleus and coda are identical. (E.g 'cr-o-wn', 'd-o-wn'). The hierarchical structure of the syllable: Onset the beginning of the syllable Nucleus/peak the open part of a syllable, generally a vowel. Coda a consonant sound which ends the syllable. Open syllable - has no coda Closed syllable - has a coda!
kill slay Do in, make away begin commence Get going Stylistics is a very special signs because it has no fixed, single unit of study. Stylistics studies everything that makes the text expressive. Stylistics cuts right across all the basic linguistic sciences.e.g silent, sleepy streets. Stylistic point of view ,,s" sound, alliteration, drowsyness' effect. Morphology spoke and spake the truth. From the point of view of morphology, these are 2 variants of the past-tense. From the point of view of stylistics, they are 2 different modes of expression, because they carry different stylistic overtones. Spoke is archaic and so used either in elevated style or sometimes in everyday's speech for the sake of humour. Spoke is just the ordinary way of expressing this meaning. The structure of words e
performed them); 2) gleeman (travelled, mostly sang other peoples' songs, not their own songs; performers of scop songs) · The oldest known song Widsith (The Far Traveller/Wonderer); tells of a gleeman who travels in Europe, of his love of noble deeds, speaks of the shortness of life http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widsith · The other known song Deor's Lament. Can be called the first English lyrics, about 40 lines. Talks about a scop who is not happy with his life. · A-S poetry was fatalistic in its nature (fate controls you, not you it) · The greatest known A-S song, the epic Beowulf. The oldest epic poem in Europe. Composed at the end of the 7th century, the only manuscript that has survived is from the 10th century. Contains references to real people and real events. Scene of the poem: Denmark, southern Sweden (the A-S tribes came from these places). The poem
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF OLD ENGLISH - 15 monophtongs, (7 long, 7 short, 1 central), 4 diphtongs, 17 consonants. Free variaton of R, and it was pronounced everywhere. Very much Germanic in character. Quite some special consonants that no longer exist. About morphology: synthetic with numerous aglutinating tendencies. System of tenses Germanic, but with a reduction of tenses. Paradigmatic leveling; Stress shift; Word order; Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common. Adposition and podposition were both possible (eesliide ja tagaliide). About syntax: clauses were joined much simpler than nowadays, using and, then etc. Because of case syncretion the word order in a sentence became much more important to be able to tell the difference between
in England) should be called English English. 2. RP - Accent which is normally taught to students who are studying EngEng. Used natively by only 3-5% of the population of England. RP has a large number of diphthongs and not a particularly close relationship to English orthography. RP is a social accent, rather than regional, and is associated particularly with the upper-middle and upper classes. Some features: · The /i:/ of bee, rather than the // of be, occurs in the final syllable of very, many, etc. · The vowel // in unstressed syllables (in RP) often corresponds to // (in near-RP accents). · The consonant /t/ may be realized as a glottal stop [?]. · Most EngEng accents have lost the original contrast. · Some English accents are ,,rhotic" or ,,r-ful" and others are ,,non-rhotic" or ,,r-less". 3. Estuary English - a dialect of English widely spoken in South East England. IT is commong among young Londoners. Something between RP and Cockney.
byt' est' hodit' idti shol, shla. horoshij luchij Essentially the same words suppletive in various languages, including non-related ones. The most common words (`good', `to be', `to go', `much', "people", etc). General principle: the more frequently used a word, the more one can "afford" it to be irregular/non-iconic. Suppletion perhaps the most drastic form of irregularity/iconicity), covers mainly the most frequent words Metathesis-Two sounds, at least one of which is a consonant, change places inside a word. When one of the sounds is a vowel,the other is usually /r/. Fyrst/first/frist a typical case of metathesis.Another case in the passage: beorht/briht.Metathesis present in many languages, a universal phenomenon. For Instance, Proto-Indo-European had tworoots *spek- and the metathetical *skep-, both with the basic meaning of "look, observe, examine". The first is behind Latin words that produced such English loans as spectacle, spectator, expect,
kitty-corner: the expression began as “cater-corner.” Cater was an English dialect word meaning “to set or move diagonally.” Cater is itself a folk etymology of the French word quatre, “four.” chaise lounge: The French expression chaise longue means “long chair.” To many unobservant readers the word longue computes to lounge. Hey, that makes sense. One lounges in a chair that lets you put your feet up. Now many lawn furniture departments advertise “chaise lounges.” 16. Archaisms A word or phrase (or a particular meaning of a word or phrase) that is considered extremely old fashioned and long out of common use. 19th-Century Archaisms "We do not have to go back as far as Elizabethan English or the Middle Ages to encounter archaisms. Here are some from the Victorian and Edwardian eras:
Finally it ment ,,tenant`s dwelling (elamine). To sack means when workers were dismissed, theiy took their tools in a sack and left. Intral words are connected with each other. New facts in the lg cause some change in the meaning of some words. (nt, autumn pushed harvest out, harvest tähendas nii sügist kui ka viljalõikust) 4. Motivation. Folk etymology. Motivation reflects some feature of an object in a word (nt, cucoo! Duck ducan (sukelduma)). Types of mot: a)phonetics- called sound imitation (onomatopoeia), (nt, murmur, bang, giggle, whistle). b)morphologial mot- the meaning of a word is motivated by the meaning of morphemes(separate elements), (nt, speak-er, ice-cream, beauty-ful) c)semantic mot is based on the coexistance of the direct and figurative meanings(nt, the nose of the boat) d)faded vs clear mot new words are always motivated. (nt, ööbik-nighttingale, knight ja singer). Time goes, motivation shanges
o Old English 31.8 % o French 45 % o Latin 16.7 % o Other Germanic languages 4.2 % o Other languages 2.3 % The core vocabulary is predominantly Germanic (the, I, you, etc.) Only 4 of the top-ranked one hundred words in the Brown Corpus are of foreign origin. o 64 state o 81 use v (Old French) o 93 people (Anglo-Norman, > Old French) o 100 just (> Old French) Core vocabulary and syllable structure: o 93 of the first one hundred words in the Brown Corpus are monosyllabic, and the remaining have two syllables (only, about, other, also, many even people) Core vocabulary – often short (monosyllabic) words of Germanic and Old Norse origin. 3. Native and foreign element. The native vocabulary has 3 strata Indo-European words - names of close relatives, names of natural objects, parts of the body, numerals.
Russian , Old Slavonic, the history of the Russian language and Russian dialectology, etc. The Department of Russian Literature of XX century in Russian literature explore (from 1890s to the present), including works of Russian emigrants abroad and nonRussian writers in Russia proper. Curriculum at the Division of Russian as a Foreign Language is similar to the one of the Division of the Russian Language and Literature, with additional stress laid on foreign languages, the theory and methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language, and area studies. Division of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics aims at giving students profound knowledge in the field of linguistic theory. The core courses include mathematics (mathematical language, probability models, mathematical statistics, information theory and coding, algebra, logic, mathematical theory of grammar) and linguistics (the theory of language structure,
7) noun and preposition - the light from the window 8) adverb and verb - choose carefully 9) verb and verb - be free to choose 10) verb and preposition - choose between sth 11) verb and adjective - make/keep safe 12) adverb and adjective - perfectly/ not entirely safe 13) adjective and preposition - safe from attack 14) short phrases including the headword - the speed of light, pick and choose, safe and sound Idioms is a rendition of a combination of words that have a figurative meaning. The figurative meaning is comprehended in regard to a common use of the expression that is separate from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which it is made. Drop a line. Break a leg. Syntactic freezes (irreversible binomials, trinomials) refers to a pair or grouping of words that is used together as an idiomatic expression or collocation, usually conjoined by the words and or or
phenotype of a silver shaded. Rui's theory is that the amber gene invalidates the action on the non-agouti gene; wide-banding will further lighten the base colour giving a very pale cat with black nose and paws. Amber cats are basically black cats with a colour modifier that affects the deposition of pigment on the hair shaft, but not the skin colour. That is why in non-agouti cats the nose remains black and in agouti cats it remains pink. PLATINUM The platinum effect is found in some lines of Silver Persian/Chinchilla Longhair. In 1986/7, Cheryl Bennett reported in The Silver and Golden Persian Newsletter (ACFA) that one of her shaded silver females (Kelley Lane Contessa of WeANDE) had changed from pure silver to pale golden. Contessa’s parents were a shaded golden and a shaded silver; these were full siblings. At 10 – 12 months of age, Contessa began to “tarnish” i.e. show cream/reddish patches and by 3 years of age she was entirely pale golden
words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and the rules to combine them to form new sentences constitute the grammar of a language" Prescriptive grammar vs. Descriptive garmmar: Descriptive grammar: the systematic study and description of a language. Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it is actually used by speakers and writers. Prescriptive grammar: a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word
The Simple Present Tense 80 Period 150 Am, Is and Are 83 Comma 151 The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152 Have and Has 93 Question Mark 152 The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153 1 What is Grammar? Here's an old children's rhyme about the eight parts of speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what grammar is about. Read and remember it. Every name is called a noun, Pronoun As field and fountain, street and town. Noun In place of noun the pronoun stands, As he and she can clap their hands. The adjective describes a thing, As magic wand or bridal ring.
a. The greatest value assumed by a function over a given interval. b. The largest number in a set.— maximum adj. Abbr. max. 1. Having or being the greatest quantity or the highest degree that has been or can be attained: maximum temperature. 2. Of, relating to, or marking up a maximum: a maximum number in a series. [Latin, from neuter of maximus, greatest.] As we see, the entry is for the word maximum. By examining the word entry, we can determine that it contains three syllables, each syllable being separated by the mark • : max • i • mum. The word is followed by a phonetic spelling of the word inside parentheses, (mak' sa - ma m). At the bottom of every page of the dictionary, you will find a pronunciation key that will give you the speech sounds of the symbols. After the pronunciation, you will find a part of speech label. Here are the traditional speech labels found in most dictionaries. WORD LABELS abbr
SYMPHONISM. XXVIII. THE PERFORMANCES OF SYMPHONIC MUSIC: THE ORCHESTRAS OF TARTU AND TALLINN. XXIX. ESTONIAN SYMPHONISTS ABOUT CREATIVITY. CONCLUSION APPENDIXES APPENDIX A. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS ON ESTONIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE IN GENERAL. APPENDIX B. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ESTONIAN SYMPHONIC MUSIC APPENDIX C. RECORDINGS OF SYMPHONIC MUSIC. APPENDIX D. SCORES OF SYMPHONIC MUSIC PUBLISHED. APPENDIX E. CHRONOLOGY OF ESTONIAN SYMPHONIES. APPENDIX F. SOUND TAPES OF ESTONIAN SYMPHONIES IN THE ESTONIAN MUSIC INFORMATION CENTRE AT THE COMPOSERS UNION. APPENDIX G. SOME PROGRAMMES WITH ESTONIAN MUSIC AND CONDUCTORS. APPENDIX H. INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. APPENDIX I. SELECTION OF PHOTOGRAPHS. APPENDIX J. MUSICAL EXAMPLES. PIANO ARRANGEMENTS AND SCORE SAMPLES. APPENDIX K. USEFUL ADDRESSES. ABOUT THE AUTHOR ESTONIA AND THE ESTONIANS Estonia is situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland, between the Baltic Sea and Lake Peipsi
English literature is one of the oldest literatures in Europe; dates back to the 6th century AD. Oral literature, i.e. not written down, spread from person to person. In 449 AD Anglo-‐Saxon tribes invaded England – beginning of the Anglo-‐Saxon period in English literature. The first form of literature was folklore, carried by scops and gleemen, who sang in alliterative verse (a kind of simple poetry). Prose developed much later. The first form of recorded English literature was the epic Beowulf, which was produced sometime near the end of the 7th and beginning �
Typical of a gothic story gloomy, dark, murky. The feeling of intolerable loneliness. One such story is "The Man of the Crowd" the secret of a man who seems to be strangely alienated from human fellowship, the narrator chases the man, still the man remains a mystery. The narrator's feverish in the man's identity symbolises human desire for selfdiscovery. Poe adored the idea of the Doppelganger, uses this motif to stress the complexity of human nature. Another Poe's favourite topic is the impossibility for the artist to escape from the practical world "William Wilson", something haunts the narrator to chase him from country to country, he's been haunted by himself. The theme of Death fascinated Poe. He's interested in death with all its horrors. "Berenice" a man digs out the body of his dead pride, pulls out her teeth. Metempsychosis the belief in the transmigration of the soul
ing-through" jammed radar) radar echoes) This book employs certain typographic conventions for simplicity and economy. Plaintext is always set lower case; when it occurs in the running text (as opposed to its occurrence in the diagrams), it is also in italics. Cipher-text or codetext is set in SMALL CAPS in the text, keys in LARGE CAPS. They are distinguished in the diagrams by labels. Cleartext and translations of foreign-language plaintext are in roman within quotation marks. The sound of a letter or syllable or word, as distinguished from its written form, is placed within diagonals, according to the convention widely followed in linguistics; thus /t/ refers to the unvoiced stop normally represented by that letter and not to the graphic symbol t. D. K. 1. One Day of Magic: I AT1:28 on the morning of December 7, 1941, the big ear of the Navy's
IMPROVING SEX Conventional Missionary and Improved-Angle Missionary Improved-Pressure Missionary Conventional Cowgirl and Improved-Pressure Cowgirl The Clitoris The 15-Minute Female Orgasm The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testosterone Axis (HPTA) The Menstrual Cycle PERFECTING SLEEP FitBit Sleep Analysis WakeMate Sleep Analysis Zeo--Good Sleep Example Zeo--Bad Sleep Example Monophasic Sleep and Polyphasic Sleep REVERSING INJURIES Barefoot Walker's Feet and Modern Man's Feet Static Back Static Extension Position on Elbows Shoulder Bridge with Pillow Active Bridges with Pillow Supine Groin Progressive in Tower Alternative: Supine Groin on Chair Air Bench ART, Before and After Thoraco-dorsal Fascia The Chop and Lift Full and Half-Kneeling Ideal Placement on One Line Tricep Rope Attachment Single-Leg Flexibility Assessment Down-Left Chop Ideal Placement Down-Left Chop Ideal Placement Turkish Get-Up
professor, for example.) Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. If the words refer to a woman or are spoken by a woman, then the final o changes to a: encantada, cansada, enferma, and aburrida In Spain, as well as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, the Spanish language is called castellano instead of español. 2. Pronunciation Spanish Letter English Sound a ah e ay i ee o oh u oo ll y b at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 v vowels ñ ny (as in canyon) r almost like a d when in between 2 vowels
run) Descriptive grammar → Underlies the actual usage of speakers of the language. Grammar also has many components: Phonetics → The study of the acoustic detail of speech sounds and how they are articulated. Phone is a smallest unit of sound in human speech. Phones can be represented with IPA symbols (International Phonectic Alphabeth). Phonology- The subfield of linguistics that studies the structure and systematic patterning of sounds in human language.
The electricity flows from the electric wire through the light and back into the wire. When we flip the switch off, we open the circuit. No electricity flows to the light. When we turn a light switch on, electricity flows through a tiny wire in the bulb. The wire gets very hot. It makes the gas in the bulb glow. When the bulb burns out, the tiny wire has broken. The path through the bulb is gone. When we turn on the TV, electricity flows through wires inside the set, producing pictures and sound. Sometimes electricity runs motors--in washers or mixers. Electricity does a lot of work for us. We use it many times each day. 7.6 How electricity is generated A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire.
is the subject or predicate. NT: Where is the man I'm going to marry? - Out in the garden. (no subject) What is he doing out there? - Annoying father. Here, in the dialogue, ellipsis creates the colloquial tone of the utterance. It also renders realistically the way the characters speak. The elliptical sentences convoy/render carelessness, familiarity, harshness. It makes the utterance tens and emotional or helps to stress most important elements. NT: I went to Oxford, as one goes to exile; she to London. APOSIOPESIS (Greek - silence) it is called break-in-the-narrative. APOSIOPESIS is an unfinished sentence where the speaker or writer suddenly stops in the middle, as if unable or unwilling to proceed. A indicates strong emotions, paralyzing the speaker or his desire to conceal part of information. NT: she must leave or better yet drown herself make away with herself at some way or
12 or questions, will nevertheless tell the Tempe, AZ 85282 12%. This value of the strain is so far builder a great deal about the out to the right it does not even show strength and the structural integrity in Figure 1. Similar behavior can be of his aircraft. It will also contribue straight lines). Twice the stress, twice observed on a tensile specimen of a to his peace of mind. the strain. The behavior of the certified spruce (yield point around Let us start by pausing briefly to stretched aluminum alloy (20 24 -T3), 5.3 ksi, ultimate strength about 9.4 consider a peculiar mechanical prop- spruce, or 4130 steel (not shown) is, ksi), or a low carbon steel, or CrMo erty of composite materials. Figure 1 however, quite different
raised, cholesterol/LDL, levels in blood; R intake fatty substances deposited in artery walls/atherosclerosis; coronary arteries; narrows lumen; reduces, blood/oxygen, delivered to heart muscle; CHD/heart attack/angina; thrombosis/clot; raised blood pressure/hypertension; stroke; stress on liver; stress on kidney; due to excess protein/amino acids/urea; AVP; AVP; e.g. deposition of subcutaneous fat/AW obesity stress on joints anorexia/bulimia/obsession on diet constipation bowel cancer hypoglycaemia giddiness
resemblance between my dad and me. I can't see it myself, not facially anyway 3 Well, she would keep driving too 2 1 bring about 5 go ahead although there are certain similarities fast in the town. 2 fall through 6 go down with in our physical build. I also seem to 4 Well, he would keep misbehaving 3 tip off 7 come to have inherited his big feet, unluckily in class. 4 come up with 8 mistake for for me. It was the first thing my parents 5 Well, you would keep eating too noticed when I was born! 3 1 Laura was offered a place at much.
1. The Jacobean masque Elizabethan one nation culture, now cultural polarisation between the new courtly culture and the rest of the country. Court in cultural isolation. Ben Jonson. King and courtiers were close to universally recognised ideal types (conflict with the reality). Mysticism. Emergence of perspective view, stage machinery, artificial light, revolution. The stage cast the monarch in the focal point (the lines of perspective of the stage met there. Inigo Jones. Masque an educative vehicle, towards classical antiquity and architecture. Tide towards absolute monarchy. Masque – linked poetry and moral philosophy into art. Music, dance, poetry, lavish illusionistic scenic display to express the doctrines of divine kingship. Great impact. Like gods come down to earth. 2. The Caroline masque Charles decided on subject matter, and acted and danced in masques. Now the regal divinity even more obvious
Soundness An argument might be valid even when some or all its premises are false and/or its conclusion is false. No Human is mortal Aristotle is a human Therefore, Aristotle is not mortal. The validity of an argument does not guarantee the truth of its conclusion. An argument is Sound if it is valid and has (all non-superflous) true premises. Sound = Valid + (all) true premises It is important to remember the difference between valid and sound argument. A sound argument must have a true conclusion! Typology of deductive arguments The form of an argument The form of an argument is its structure of pattern of reasoning. All Birds are Animals A=Birds All A are B All Swans are Birds B=Animals All C are A Therefore, All Swans are Animals C=Swans Therefore, All C are B In this example, the form of the argument was obtained
cat's sitting on some mat, presumably in virtue of "The cat" designating that cat, "the mat" designating the mat in question, and "sat on" denoting (if you like) the relation of sitting on. Sentences thus mirror the states of affairs they describe, and that is how they get to mean those things. For the most part, of course, words are arbitrarily associated with the things they refer to; some- one simply decided that Hitler was to be called "Adolf," and the inscription or sound "dog" could have been used to mean anything. This Referential Theory of Linguistic Meaning would explain the sig- nificance of all expressions in terms of their having been conventionally associated with things or states of affairs in the world, and it would explain a human being's understanding a sentence in terms of that person's knowing what the sentence's component words refer to. It is a natural and appealing view. Indeed it may seem obviously correct, at least so far as it goes
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