Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Microcontroller homework 4". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
ground, counts, cause, loop, between, caused, frequency, shift, component, potential, equipment, homework, 40000, 36000, difference, higher, rate, needs, components, approach, measure, other, drift, electrical, usually, refers, current, almost, connecting, points, supposed, same, often, different, designed, major, electronics, occurs, there, thanRead Chapter_4_Time_Based_Measurements.pdf Question 1 When converting an analogue value to a frequency, consider the following diagram describing the system. The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at an interval of 2ms. How many counts does the microprocessor detect at, 2ms a) 20 MHz? =40000 counts 50 ns 2ms b) 18 MHz? =36 000 counts 55,55 ns What is the difference in terms of number of counts detected by the microprocessor? Between 20MHz and 18MHz are 4000 counts. Question 2 Consider the following diagram The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at an interval of 100ns. a) What is the difference in terms of number of counts detected by the microprocessor? 10 MHz 10 MHz =5000 =5555,555 2000 Hz 1800 Hz
Homework-04 Solution (100 marks) Read Chapter_4_Time_Based_Measurements.pdf Question 1 (10 marks) When converting an analogue value to a frequency, consider the following diagram describing the system. The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at an interval of 2ms. How many counts does the microprocessor detect at, a) 20 MHz? b) 18 MHz? What is the difference in terms of number of counts detected by the microprocessor? Solution: 1 1 a) Converse 20 MHz to time length: T 0.00005ms f 20,000,000 2ms Number of counts in 2ms: N 40,000 0.00005ms 1 1 b) Converse 18 MHz to time length: T 0.000055556ms
Interrupt Rate 43 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers 43 Design Checklist 45 v 3 Sensors 47 Temperature Sensors 47 Optical Sensors 59 CCDs 72 Magnetic Sensors 82 Motion/Acceleration Sensors 86 Strain Gauge 90 4 Time-Based Measurements 93 Measuring Period versus Frequency 95 Mixing 97 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters 99 Clock Resolution 102 5 Output Control Methods 103 Open-Loop Control 103 Negative Feedback and Control 103 Microprocessor-Based Systems 104 On-Off Control 105 Proportional Control 108 PID Control 110 Motor Control 123 Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops 130 6 Solenoids, Relays, and Other Analog Outputs 137
The following are some examples of applications for which particular attention must be given. This is not ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ intended to be an exhaustive list of all possible uses of the products, nor is it intended to imply that the uses listed may be suitable for the products: ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ • Outdoor use, uses involving potential chemical contamination or electrical interference, or conditions ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ or uses not described in this manual. ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ • Nuclear energy control systems, combustion systems, railroad systems, aviation systems, medical ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
for SOF & EOF frame read on 8 bit boundaries until EOF detected reception `01111110' ii) fixed header follows with address & length of data iii) receiver > Functionality of SAP and SNAP · MAC address identifies link quality failure, terminated. - ensure flag pattern isn't in frame data -> bit stuffing · transmitter inserts stuff bits: if counts number of bytes to determine EOF · used in LANs (broadcast transmission a hardware interface ("station"). · LLC Service Access Point the expiration of an idle-period timer,
Ticket No1 1)The characteristic is called output characteristic or volt-ampere charateristic of a Rectifier Diode. 2)Rectifier Diode. 3) A is called Anode and C is called Cathode. An Anode has positive potential and therefore collects electrons in the device. Cathode has negative potential and therefore emits electrons to anode. The symbol looks like an arrow that ponts from the anode to the cathode, and reminds that conventional current flows easily from the p side(anode) to the n side(cathode). BIASING. Forward biasing. If the current in a diode is too large, excessive heat will destroy the device. Even approaching the burnout current value without reaching it can shorten its life. Therefore
for each energy consumption activity. The spreadsheet converted their energy consumption to show them the amount of money it costs for each energy consumption activity. In the end, they were shocked to see how much money Jules' energy using habits cost compared to Les' habits. USES OF ENERGY The United States is a highly developed and industrialized society. We use a lot of energy - in our homes, in businesses, inindustry, and for traveling between all these different places. The industrial sector uses almost one-third of the total energy. The residential and commercial sectors combined use 39 percent of all energy. These two sectors include all 4 types of buildings, such as houses, offices, stores, restaurants, and places of worship. Energy used for transportation accounts for more than a quarter of all energy. Picture 2.1
76 term comes from quantization error in an ideal ADC 4. THD - Total harmonic distortion is the ratio of the root-mean-square (rms) value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the root-sum-square of its harmonics (generally, only the first 5 harmonics are significant). 5. SFDR- Spurious free dynamic range is the ratio of the rms value of the signal to the rms value of the worst spurious signal (fake signal) regardless of where it falls in the frequency spectrum. 6. Channels relate to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. 7. Linearity relates to how well a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend non-linear. 8. All ADC are depended on temperature, operating temperature is defined as the temperature at which the ADC functions correctly. 9. Power dissipation refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operational. Question 2 Output Code = 001111012
ELEKTROENERGEETIKA INSTITUUT Referaat Taastvad Energiaallikad Esitamise tähtaeg 14.04.2009 Õppejõud: Hannes Agabus Tudeng: Sergei Belosapko Nikita Naumov Tallinn 2009 Contents: 1. Renewable energy 1.1. Costs................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Potential future utilization..............................................................................4 1.3. Why Don't We Use More Renewable Energy? ...........................................5 2. Energy Types 2.1. Wind Energy.......................................................................................................6 2.1.1. Annual Generation........................................................................................7 2.1.2. Growth and cost trends................................
Pertaining to computer networks, a downlink is a connection from data communications equipment towards data terminal equipment. This is also known as a downstream connection. The uplink port is used to connect a device or smaller local network to a larger network, or connect to the next "higher" device in the topology. For example, the edge switch connects "up" to the distribution layer managed switch. Lühidalt - The communication going from a satellite to ground is called downlink, and when it is going from ground to a satellite it is called uplink Duplex distance is the space between the uplink and downlink frequencies. The duplex distance for GSM is 80 MHz, where each channel has two frequencies that are 80 MHz apart. 3. Tihendamise meetodid, millised on sides kasutusel Sagedustihendus FDMA (lainepikkuse järgi WDMA), aegtihendus TDMA, koodtihendus CDMA, ruumiline tihendus SDMA.
ation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a com- petent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a cita- tion and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disap- peared between when this work was written and when it is read. 1 2010 Contents Preface ix
Motherboard - the principle printed circuit board assembly in a computer; includes core logic (chipset), interface sockets and/or slots, and input/output (I/O) ports. Printed circuit board (PCB) - a thin, laminated sheet composed of a series of epoxy resin and copper layers and etched electronic circuits (signal, ground and power) Chipset (or core logic) - two or more integrated circuits which control the interfaces between the system processor, RAM, I/O devises, and adapter cards. Processor slot/socket - the slot or socket used to mount the system processor on the motherboard AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port - a high speed interface for video cards; runs at 1X (66MHz), 2X (133MHz), or 4X (266MHz). PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect - a high speed interface for video cards, sound cards, network interface cards, and modems; runs at 33MHz.
2 Three forces to attack the waves There are three forces that are responsible for wave formation. Two of them (gravitational force and Coriolis force) are supporting the formation, one of them (surface tension) reduces the high of waves. At first the gravitational force: This one out of four forces in physics is dominant for wave generation. The gravitational force drives the water from the crest of a wave to wave through. Because of this the potential energy of the elevated water masses is converted into kinetic energy of the waves. The coriolis force is a minor one. This force force is caused by the rotation of the earth. Waves which are caused by this force are very long. The wavelength could be about one km. The surface tension works against the two forces mentioned above. The force caused by the tension of the surface is low and provokes more smaller waves. From stresses to waves
01.2010 Juhendaja: Roode Liias ……………………….. Ülesande vastu võtnud: Tanel Friedenthal ………………………. Abstract How are 3D and BIM Changing the Design, Fabrication and Construction of Complex Steel Structures? The adoption of three-dimensional (3D) design and construction tools have created a remarkable shift in the building industry. Intelligent 3D technology in the form of Building Information Modeling (BIM) not only promises to improve the notoriously inefficient construction process, but also opens the door for designing new geometric shapes, which until recently have been considered unbuildable. Steel has been extensively used to build some of the most challenging architectural icons of the 21st century, due to its low weight and high strength in both compression and tension
2000s, when the U.S. Navy tested a railgun that accelerates a 3.2 kg (7 pound) projectile to hypersonic velocities of approximately 2.4 kilometres per second (8,600 km/h), about Mach 7. They gave the project the motto "Velocitas Eradico", Latin for "I, speed, eradicate"-- or simply, "Speed Kills". 1.2 Theory behind it A railgun consists of two parallel metal rails connected to an electrical power supply. When a conductive projectile is inserted between the rails connected to the power supply it completes the circuit. Electrons flow from the negative terminal of the power supply up the negative rail, across the projectile, and down the positive rail, back to the power supply. This current makes the railgun behave as an electromagnet, creating a magnetic field inside the loop formed by the length of the rails up to the position of the armature. In accordance with the right-hand rule, the magnetic field circulates around each conductor
Dreams and Social Behavior: More than 95 percent of our dreams are peopled with others and most revolve around our relations with them. Culture- culture affects not only what dream is about but also how the dreamer thinks about it when she recalls it later on. In some societies including our own, dreams are generally dismissed as nonsensical fancies, irrelevant to real life. Dreams and internal conflict- according to Freud, dreams are product of an elaborate clash between two contending forces-unconscious primitive urges of our biological heritage and the civilizing constaints imposed by society. The disguise explains why dreams are so often odd and senseless. Senselessness is only on the surface, a cunning mask that lets us indulge in the unacceptable wish without realizing that iti is unacceptable. ' some distortions involve various transformations of the unacceptable themes, one is symbolism'
For example, quality can be focusing on construction, on making sturdy and safe furniture, and on testing it. Like Ikea, the Swedish furniture chain, that advertised in its catalogs with production quality and gave examples on how a couch was tested on sturdiness. In survey statistics the main focus has been on accuracy, on reducing the mean squared error or MSE. This is based on the Hansen and Hurwitz model (Hansen, Hurwitz, & Madow, 1953; Hansen, Hurwitz, & Bershad, 1961) that differentiates between random error and systematic bias, and offers a concept of total error (see also Kish, 1965), which is still the basis of current survey error models. The statistical quality indicator is thus the MSE: the sum of all squared variable errors and all squared systematic errors. A more modern approach is total quality, which combines both ideas as Biemer and Lyberg (2003) do in their handbook on survey quality. They apply the concept of fitness for use to the
A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of these finished products to customers. Supply chains exist in both service and manufacturing organizations, although the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and firm to firm. Supply chain management is typically viewed to lie between fully vertically integrated firms, where the entire material flow is owned by a single firm and those where each channel member operates independently. Therefore coordination between the various players in the chain is key in its effective management. Cooper and Ellram [1993] compare supply chain management to a well-balanced and well-practiced relay team. Such a team is more competitive when each player knows how to be positioned for the hand-off.
Body Weight Conversions Body Weight Conversions Volume (Food) Conversions Muscles of the Body (Partial) Today's Random Medical News P-Value Grid Number of Respondents by Weight Loss Average Weight Lost by Number of Meals Per Day CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS START HERE Thinner, Bigger, Faster, Stronger? How to Use This Book FUNDAMENTALS--FIRST AND FOREMOST The Minimum Effective Dose: From Microwaves to Fat-Loss Rules That Change the Rules: Everything Popular Is Wrong GROUND ZERO--GETTING STARTED AND SWARAJ The Harajuku Moment: The Decision to Become a Complete Human Elusive Bodyfat: Where Are You Really? From Photos to Fear: Making Failure Impossible SUBTRACTING FAT BASICS The Slow-Carb Diet I: How to Lose 20 Pounds in 30 Days Without Exercise The Slow-Carb Diet II: The Finer Points and Common Questions Damage Control: Preventing Fat Gain When You Binge The Four Horsemen of Fat-Loss: PAGG ADVANCED
Tallinn University Natural and exact sciences Molecular Biochemistry and Ecology Maria Gnidenko Capillary electrophoresis Essay Supervisor: Kert Martma Tallinn 2015 Table of contents Acronyms and symbols used Introduction History and development Physical basis and principle of separation Elektrophoresis Electroosmotic flow Separation process Electrodispersion Various methods of separation Capillary zone�
Response 2. 11264 100% 3. 12522 0% 4. 1023 100% 5. 10037 0% Score: 0/10 2. Kuidas nimetatakse mälupesa, mis hoiab infot mälupesa kohta, kus asub programmi jaoks oluline informatsioon? Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 1. Direct 0% address 2. Count 0% 3. Flag 0% 4. Pointer 100% 5. Loop 0% Score: 0/10 3. Kui palju mälu on Ecki xComputer´l? Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 1. 512 B 0% 2. 1KB 0% 3. 2KB 100% 4. 4KB 0% Score: 0/10 4. Kas register ja mälupesa on samad asjad? Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 1. Jah 0% 2. Ei 100% Mis on BIOS? Student
(c) which holds open the mouth of the trawl. The beam, 9-12 m in length, is constructed from heavy steel tube and supported on each side by rugged steel trawlheads (d) which slide over the sea bottom. Ahead of each groundrope several tons of tickler chains (e) or chain mats (f) are used to disturb fish, causing them to rise up and be taken by the trawl following immediately behind. Towing speeds are generally higher than otter trawling, reaching 6 or 7 knots on clean ground with ticklers, whereas on rough ground stone mats are towed at around 4 knots. Beamers usually operate on the continental shelf (200 m) with warp length/water depth ratios of between 2.5:1 to 3:1. Some larger vessels use a double wire system (z) to facilitate the hauling procedure. 14 Beamtraal 15 EQUIPMENT ON A TRAWLER DESIGNED FOR STERN TRAWLING
Design of operations. Variable cost changes in total in proportion to changes in the related level of total activity or volume. Fixed cost remains unchanged in total for a given time period, despite wide changes in the related level of total activity or volume. Cost driver is a variable, such as the level of activity or volume, that causally affects costs over a given time span. Relevant range is the band of normal activity level or volume in which there is a specific relationship between the level of activity or volume and the cost. Cost of goods sold: Beginning finished goods inventory Cost of goods manufactured Cost of goods available for sale Deduct: ending finished goods inventory Cost of goods sold Schedule of cost of goods manufactured Direct materials: Beginning inventory Add: purchases of DM = Cost of DM available for use Deduct: ending inventory Direct materials used Direct manufacturing labor Manufacturing overhead costs
What is biogas? Typically it refers to the gas produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic matter including manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste. If opportunely refined it can be used for electricity production. Also for space-, water- or process heating. Unintentional production of biogases has been an ongoing issue in many regions of the world, and several nations have also looked to biogas as a potential source of clean energy. India and China have both invested extensively in creative biogas technology to provide fuel for their citizens and there are a number of interesting applications for this gas which appeal to people who are interested in sustainable energy and the health of the environment. The basis for biogas is organic material such as food scraps and feces which are held in an anaerobic area, which can range from a storage tank which is not
Attic- the room in a house under the roof Bedsit- a room that you rent that is used for both living and sleeping in Brick pillars- Bungalow- a house that is all on one level Caravan- BRITISH a vehicle that people can live and travel in on holiday. Caravans are usually towed (=pulled) by a car. The American word is trailer Carpenter- someone whose job is to make things from wood, or to repair things that are made of wood Cellar- a room under a building, below the level of the ground, usually used for storing things Compatible- ideas or systems that are compatible can exist together Concrete- made of concrete Confession- a spoken or written statement in which you admit that you have committed a crime Conservationist- someone who works to protect the environment from damage or destruction Council- the elected officials who govern a local area such as a city or county: can be followed by a singular or plural verb
Sunflowers are native(pärit) to the Americas. The earliest known examples of a fully domesticated sunflower were found at the Olmec site of San Andrés dating some time before 2500 B.C.[1] The Incas used the sunflower as an image of their sun god. Gold images of the flower, as well as seeds, were taken back to Europe early in the 16th century. The Giant sunflower (Hlianthus giganteus) is native to Connecticut. They can grow to be between 3 and 12 feet tall. Their flower heads can be between 2 to 3 inches wide. They are most commonly found in valleys with wet meadows or swamps. The Giant sunflower grows between July and October. To grow well, sunflowers need full sun. They grow best in fertile, moist, well-drained soil with a lot of mulch. In commercial planting, seeds are planted 45 cm (1.5') apart and 2.5 cm (1") deep. Sunflower "whole seed" (fruit) is sold as snacks and can be processed into a peanut butter
Savanna A savanna is a grassland ecosystem with scattered trees or shrubs. In savannas trees are small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. It is often believed that savannas are characterized by widely spaced, scattered trees, however in many savanna communities tree densities are higher and trees are more regularly spaced than in forest communities. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of C4 grasses. Savannas are also characterised by seasonal water availability, with the majority of rainfall being confined to one season of the year. Savannas can be associated with several types of biomes. Savannas are frequently seen as a transitional zone, occurring between forest and desert or prairie. Although the term savanna is believed to have originally come from a Native American word
recommendation you wish to make. This requires an ability to emphasise certain facts and 'bury' others. However, all facts need to be linked to give a logical flow. This unit will give you language practice in this important aspect of producing written documents. Evaluation Exercise 1 Connectives Study the following two versions of the same text and decide which do you find easier to read and why? what is the difference between them? When the ICN equipment was first introduced, it was found to provide a flexible and advanced system. Its speed of operation was greater than comparable hardware then available. In recent months major faults have developed in the equipment. The local agent appears incapable of providing a reliable repair service. The system is regularly out of order for several days at a time. The makers have agreed to replace the system free of charge
Total-revenue-total-cost approach
Should we produce this product?
Profit Yes; Loss No
In what amount?
Output level where economic profit is maximized
TR TC = (P x Q) - (FC + VC) = economic profits
· Break-even point = when normal profit is satisfied
Intersection of TC + TR (TR covers all TC)
No economic profit only normal
There are 2 break-even points on graph any point in between is economic profits
Profit is maximized on a graph where the vertical distance between TR and TC is
the greatest
Profit Maximization in Shotr-run: MR/MC Approach
· As long as MRD ARP > AVC at the point where MC = MR, profit is maximized and
production should continue
· At any point where MR>MC, keep producing!!
· You can still profit more
· At any point where MR
Moreover, it provides a useful vehicle for communicating the architecture to non-technical audiences, such as management, marketing, and users. Logical Architecture In Logical Architecture, the externally visible properties of the components are made precise and unambiguous through well-defined interfaces and component specifications, and key architectural mechanisms are detailed. The Logical Architecture provides a detailed "blueprint" from which component developers and component users can work in relative independence. Logical Architecture. Model System Behavior Execution Architecture An Execution Architecture is created for distributed or concurrent systems. The process view shows the mapping of components onto the processes of the physical system, with attention being focused on such concerns as throughput and scalability. The deployment view shows the mapping of (physical) components in the executing system onto the nodes of the physical system.
very rapid uncontrolled rate in a nuclear weapon. The amount of free energy contained in nuclear fuel is millions of times the amount of free energy contained in a similar mass of chemical fuel such as gasoline, making nuclear fission a very tempting source of energy; however, the products of nuclear fission are radioactive and remain so for significant amounts of time, giving rise to a nuclear waste problem. Concerns over nuclear waste accumulation and over the destructive potential of nuclear weapons may counterbalance the desirable qualities of fission as an energy source, and give rise to ongoing political debate over nuclear power. What is radioactive decay? Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation. This decay, or loss of energy, results in an atom of one type, called the parent nuclide transforming to an atom of a different type, called the daughter nuclide. For example: a
VORMISTAMISE ÜLESANNE 2 TUNNITÖÖ Õppeaines: SISSEJUHATUS ERIALASSE Tehnoloogia ja ringmajanduse instituut Õpperühm: Juhendaja: Tallinn 2021 SISUKORD 2 ABSTRACT Pilling is an undesired defect of textile fabrics, consisting of a surface characterized by a number of roughly spherical masses made of entangled fibers. Mainly caused by the abrasion of fabric surface occurring during washing and wearing of fabrics, this defect needs to be accurately controlled and measured by companies working in the textile industry. Pilling measurement is traditionally performed using manual procedures involving visual control of fabric surface by human experts. Since the early nineties, great efforts in developing automatic and non-intrusive methods for pilling
2V? What is the voltage range corresponding to 1 LSB? 1,2𝑉 0,0195𝑉 = 61 ; 61 = 001111012 Digital output code for an input of 1.2V is 001111012. Voltage range corresponding to 1 LSB is U= 0,0195V. Question 3 A 15 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 10V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 6.83V? 15 bit = 32768 10V/ 32768 = 0,0003 V 6,83V / 0,0003 = 22767 22767 = 01011000 111011112 Question 4 What is the value of the quantization error between an input voltage of 2.3V and quantized voltage with the output code word equal to 011101012 using an 8 bit ADC with 5V reference? 011101012 = 117 Correspond to 5V * 117/256 = 2.2852V Error = 2,3V – 2.2852 = 0,0148V Question 5 A digital multimeter is designed to have a readout with four decimal digits. How many bits will be required in its ADC? MAX = 9999 213 = 8192 214 = 16384 (too many digits) 13 Bit will be required in ts ADC. Question 6
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