· Hobbes leviathan · Locke second treatise of government · Rousseau - social contract · Montesquieu - The Spirit of the Laws · Kant idea for a universal history from a cosmopolitan point of view · Hegel - philosophy of right Key dates 1603 Shakespear's King Lear , Death of the Queen Elizabeth 1. 1618-48 The Thirty Year's War 1649 Execution of Charels 1 of England, Establishment of Oliver Cromwell's Prodecorate 1651 Hobbes' Leviathan(1588-1679) 1660 The Restoration of Charels 2. as king of England
1. Society- people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture. The cultural bond may be ethnic or racial or geographical, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities. 2. Culture- beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. 3. A unitary state- a state governed as one single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (subnational units) exercise only powers that their central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. 4. A federal state-- a political entity characterized by a union of partially self- governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. 5. A multinational state- A multinational state is a sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations
British Parliament Structure and Functioning of the British Parliament today Britain is a parliamentary monarchy . The British Parliament is a bicameral parliament , that is to say that it is made up of two chambers, or two "Houses"; above the two Houses, but in an essentially formal role , there is the Sovereign - king or queen - also known as "the crown." Role of the Sovereign The British monarch has all authority, but no power. The Sovereign appoints the Prime Minister, and every year opens the sessions of parliament, in a historical and ritual ceremony called the State Opening of Parliament . Historically, this ceremony used to take place in the Autumn; but since 2012, it has been brought forward to May. This is the only regular time when the members of both Houses come together
An analysis of the problem of Political Power Written by: Katre Kikkas Introduction It is said that in the political philosophy there are only two questions: ,,Who can have what?" and ,,Who will decide over it?". It is not exactly like that but it is quite close to the trough, to begin with. The first question includes material amenity's, and dividing rights and liberties.(Wolff, 1996) What is power? It is ability to influence others to do something they otherwise would not. Also, others can be affected with threats and force. (Kilp, 2010) Political power includes also right to force the others and to punish them if
PIL regulates relations between states. Thats why PIL is important for international relation students. PIL influences the life of everybody, it doesn't regulate people directly but indirectly (through the decisions of the states), because it's everywhere. It's like air. E.g. when you want to send a letter to Brazil, you put a stamp from your own country and send it from your post office and the letter gets delivered. Why is this so easy, because there are certain international conventions that regulate postal services. E.g. traffic signs are almost the same everywhere, why? Because of certain int conventions that require the states to have more or less unified traffic signs. States apply international regulations to national regulations and they have to be in accordance with each other, the states can always specify these regulations. Therefore, PIL regulates people indirectly.
Findings, conclusions and comments made in the publication do not necessarily reflect the opinion of GIZ. This publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the written permission of the copyright holder. © Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusmmenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), 2011. 2 CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK 2 Introduction For the past few years, Georgian government has carried out a number of significant economic reforms in various fields in order to create attractive business environment and to breathe a new life into Georgian economy. The main aim of the reforms was to boost foreign investments, cre- ate new jobs, stimulate entrepreneurial activities in a variety of fields and increase the welfare of citizens. As a result of economic deregulation policy which was focused on liberalization of the Economy,
Still more disturbing is the fact that an alarming proportion--approximately onethird--of the students have neither. Eating brown bread Interestingly enough, bread, a good source of fiber, enjoys popularity among young people. 75 per cent of the students surveyed eat three or more slices of brown bread per day, with only a quarter of respondents restricting themselves to one or two slices. Eating fat As regards fat consumption, the majority of the students eat margarine. Four students prefer butter, and another four eat neither. Conclusion It is noticeable that the eating habits of students in their final year at Freedonian Secondary School are not very healthy. Moreover, there are no students who have both breakfast and school lunch, eat more than four slices of brown bread per day, and avoid fat.
PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES" is to provide the students with comprehensive and practical overview of the fundraising possibilities in EU and Estonia. The course gives an overview of EU structural support and regional implementing agencies, that are available for a businessman to apply for a fund. A successful student will be aware of and understand the EU fundraising possibilities in the frames of cooperation with Russian and Eastern Partnership countries, and able to define the financing criteria and priorities. The current reading material summarises the main aspects covered by lectures and structurises the information channels for the future. The course supports the other Traderun courses, especially the course related to EU cooperation with Russia and Eastern Partnership Countries. 4 1. UKRAINE 1.1. General information 1.1.1. Country Profile Capital: Kyiv. Total area: 603,550 sq
University of Tartu Faculty of Social Sciences and Education Institute of Government and Politics Marie Allikmaa The strategies of creating a dominant party the case of United Russia Tartu 2011 After the collapse of USSR in 1991, many observers expected Russia to develop into a competitive party system. Yet, the reality quickly challenged this view. The developments of party politics in post-Soviet Russia have accurately been described in terms of a pendulum
century has been the New Public Management (NPM). It is of particular interest in the post-autistic economics (pae) context because NPM largely rests on the same ideology and epistemology as standard textbook economics (STE) is based (for my take on this, see Drechsler 2000), and it has had, and still has, similar results. Already more on the defensive within public administration (PA) than STE is within economics, NPM also shows that such major paradigm shifts in theory and policy may actually happen. In addition, it occasionally appears that pae-oriented scholars have overlooked the fact that some features in public management reform, state organization, and the economic interpretation of state functions that they advocate from "Good Governance" to "efficiency" as a goal in itself actually belong into the "other camp" and by and large have a disastrous effect on "industrial" and
1.)the Monarch is the Supreme Governor of the church, 2.)the Church performs a number of official functions, 3.)Church and State are linked. To disestablish Disestablishmentarianism refers to campaigns to sever links between church and state, particularly in relation to the Church of England as an established church. It was initially a movement in the United Kingdom in the 18th century. The established churches in Wales and Ireland could not count on even nominal adherence by a majority of the population of those countries. In Ireland, the predominantly Roman Catholic population campaigned against the position of the established Anglican Church of Ireland - eventually disestablished in Ireland from 1 January 1871. A broad church The Church of England is a broad church, representing a wide spectrum of theological thought and practice The Church of England is a broad church, representing a wide spectrum of theological thought and practice
EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished.The monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002. It is currently composed of 18 member states that use the euro as their legal tender. At the moment there are 28 member states in the EU. To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria. These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law; a functioning marketeconomy; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership, including EU law. No member state has ever left the Union. After 1952, there have been 7 enlargements: 1973, 1981, 1986, 1995, 2004 (including Estonia), 2007, 2013.
PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES" is to provide the students with comprehensive and practical overview of the fundraising possibilities in EU and Estonia. The course gives an overview of EU structural support and regional implementing agencies, that are available for a businessman to apply for a fund. A successful student will be aware of and understand the EU fundraising possibilities in the frames of cooperation with Russian and Eastern Partnership countries, and able to define the financing criteria and priorities. The current reading material summarises the main aspects covered by lectures and structurises the information channels for the future. The course supports the other Traderun courses, especially the course related to EU cooperation with Russia and Eastern Partnership Countries. 3 1. LEGALIZATION OF A COMPANY WITH A FOREIGN OWNER IN RUSSIA
legislative initiative proposed a law draft prohibiting breeding, sale and import of pit bulls, Rottweilers, and close mixes of both. The parliament of Member State A ordered an additional scientific study, which largely confirmed the statistics. It also noticed, “Children are normally at greatest risk from dog bite because they play with dogs more often, have less experience in reading dog behavior, are more likely to engage in activity that alarms or stimulates a dog, and are less able to defend themselves when a dog becomes aggressive”. Scientific studies in dog psychology were not conclusive on direct causation between a dog breed and aggressiveness. They pointed out other influential factors such as individual character and disposition of an animal, resulted, among other things, from its training, living surroundings etc. In those circumstances and following the precautionary principle, the parliament adopted the
This does not mean that all of us are equally strong, smart or beautiful, but that everyone has the ability to damage or kill the other. The main goals, we all want to achieve, are having a shelter, security, power, wealth and enough food. This means that people are constantly competing with each other and that makes all of us (who desire the same things) enemies. Hobbes names the insecurity and fear people feel towards each other a "state of nature". In this state there are no moral rules or enforced laws, also no justice or injustice. People, being violent and arbitrary, will only follow their own interest. So without laws and boundaries, people would be in constant war - every man for himself. In this kind of society there is no time for cultural or industrial development. No one can enjoy life because of the constant fear they life in. The "state of nature" or in other words chaos is not be beneficial to anyone. So to get what
telegraph, telephone, and TV, creating involvement in depth. A fairly complete handbook for studying the extensions of man could be made up from selections from Shakespeare. Some might quibble about whether or not he was referring to TV in these familiar lines from Romeo and Juliet: But soft! what light through yonder window breaks? It speaks, and yet says nothing. In Othello, which, as much as King Lear, is concerned with the torment of people transformed by illusions, there are these lines that bespeak Shakespeare's intuition of the transforming powers of new media: Is there not charms By which the property of youth and maidhood May be abus'd? Have you not read Roderigo, Of some such thing? In Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida, which is almost completely devoted to both a psychic and social study of communication, Shakespeare states his awareness that true social and political navigation depend upon anticipating the consequences of innovation:
1. UN as a world organization The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the UN Charter had been ratified by a majority of the original 51 Member States. The day is now celebrated each year around the world as United Nations Day. The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people. It affords the opportunity for countries to balance global interdependence and national interests when addressing international problems. There are
!!!!!!!!!!! HOMEWORK - Academic writing Title Introduction Body conclusion Lõikude vahele 1 rida, taandrida ei jäeta! Argumendid millegi poolt, argumendid millegi vastu. Väldime I-vormi, vaid kasutame passive-vormi. Lõhikesi vorme ei kasutata! (don't) 150 sõna Teema "should mery-killing be punished?" HOMEWORK Terms to explain: Nation - a country, especially when thought of as a large group of people living in one area with their own government, language, traditions, etc: Stranger someone whom you do not know Citizen - a person who is a member of a particular country and who has rights and obligations because of being born there or because of being given them Penalty - a punishment for doing something that is against a law Government - the group of people who officially control a country System of courts - a set of connected positions which operate together to ensure ... ? To commit a crime to do sth that is forbidden by law
law. Descriptive law – describes the way people or natural phenomena behave, e. g. law of gravity Prescriptive law – prescribe how people ought to behave e.g. speed limits In all societies relations between people are regulated by prescriptive law; customs (informal rules of social and moral behaviour); rules we accept if we belong to a particular institution (religion, organization); laws imposed on people by a government Penalties for breaking the rules are different. For not following the customs there may not be a punishment, or a person may be criticized by the society; rules of a social institution tend to carry precise penalties but they are not enforceable by any political authority; however governments use a system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce the laws they have made. The relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules.
- noncount (denote an undifferentiated mass or continuum): water, gold, sugar, furniture Concrete vs. Abstract: (semantic distinction) concrete: table, milk abstract: love, thought, idea remark--remarks, warmth--*warmths One class or more: Nouns in English can be assigned to a primary or default class. Nevertheless, it is often possible to coerce a noun from one class to another, with a concomitant meaning change. Proper count: There are three Evas in the class. Count noncount (mass): After the accident, there was cat all over the road. Mass count: The waitress brought three waters to the table. - dual class membership: some nouns can be seen from the point of view of count or noncount nouns. I want an evening paper. Wrap the parcel up in brown paper - a different lexical item a garment clothing, a laugh laughter, a `permit permission, a job, a task work, a poem - poetry
How do you mean? I mean that the country isn't inundated with tourists. It hasn't been ruined by time-share developments or scores of ugly hotels, bars and discos. .... in a sense most of us are already using them (computers). How do you mean? Well, whenever we use our washing machines.... we are using computer circuitry. .....many pizza parlours, pubs and burger bars are really being subsidized by the Government. How come? Because nobody would be able to accept jobs in these places if they didn't have their incomes topped up by the state. Without doubt, television has a lot to answer for. In what way? You've only got to switch on a film and you'll see a violent incident every five or ten minutes on average. 9.3 Clarification through "Why" / "Why not" Questions inviting reason, illustration or example. The young are often embarrassed by them (traditions)
Association (EFTA). 1960 Creation of European Free Trade Association 1961 UK applies to join the Community. 1962 The Parliamentary Assembly changes its name to the European Parliament. 1965 The Treaty merging the executives of the three Communities (ECSC, EEC, Euratom) is signed in Brussels; enters into force on July 1, 1967. Empty chair crisis 1966 Luxembourg compromise – solution for the empty chair crisis: weaker commission, veto power, common argiculture policy, qualified majority voting 1967 UK re-applies to join the Community. 1968 Agreement of EEC’s common external tarif 1972 Referendum in Norway on joining; majority votes against. Launch of „snake in the tunnel“ 1973 January: Denmark, Ireland and the UK join the European Communities. 1974 April: foreign secretary James Callaghan makes statement to the Council on the new Labour government’s policy on the Community. Calls for major changes in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), "fairer methods of
pärimisprintsiip. Riik on kui pere, kus on üks perepea. Perre sünnitakse omale kohale, kuhu ka jäädakse. 6. Segavalitsuse teooria ja praktika varauusajal Aristoteles: eri vormide segunemine pole ideaal, ent on praktiline lahendus, kui on eri grupid ühiskonnas. Väldib võimust eemale jäävate gruppide pahameelt. Varauusaja vabariiklikud mõtlejad (Machiavelli, Guicciardini, Harrington): mixed government on ideaal: loob tasakaalu Segavalitsus on parim, sest see loob tasakaalu ja säilitab süsteemi stabiilsuse. Eeskujuks Rooma süsteem, kus on nii demokraatlik (tribuunid), aristokraatlik (senat) kui ka monarhistlik (konsulid) võim. Eeskujuks Sparta süsteem, kus valitses stabiilsus võim jagunes samuti eri institutsioonide vahel. Locke ja Montesquieu arendasid segavalitsuse ideed edasi võimude lahususe printsiibini, vältimaks türanniat. Riigi
and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. 2. The Queen’s working day. Starts after breakfast. Reads the newspapers which are prepared by the Press Secretary, and a report on the previous day’s proceedings in the Parliament and the letters she receives. Also phone calls. Once a month she attends the Privy Council in order to give Royal Assent to various items of government legislation. Discusses domestic matters with the Master of the Household. Towards the end of the day, there is always another pile of official papers and reports waiting to be read or acted upon. The business on constitutional monarchy never ends. 3. Who is the present heir to the throne? Speak about his education. Who are the 2nd and 3rd in line? Present heir is Prince Charles, The Prince of Wales. Has been an exchange student in Australia
combating terrorism and will present the reasons for why this controversial behaviour that democratic governments have been proven to conduct and still are being accused of until the current day is irrational and dangerous. Theoretical justification of torture The utilitarian view that a political leader should allow torture to rescue civilians’ lives is justified by that this would result in maximum happiness for the greatest number of people. It is said that in case of a moral dilemma there is never the possibility of 2 complete justification. Torture is illegal but if human lives can be saved, it is worth it. This disregards the act itself and only looks at the result (Driver, 2014). Hedonism supposes that a decision is ethically correct if the consequence brings maximal satisfaction to the individual. Eudemonism replaces the word satisfaction by happiness
In practice, Governor General performs her functions in queen's absence. Since 1989 Bill Hayden has been the Governor General Government Australia is constitutional monarchy, based on liberal democratic tradition. In practice Australia is parliamentary democracy. The power in the country is put to life by Parliament. Parliament is consists of The House Of Representatives and The Senat. The House of Representatives consists of 150 members. The party with the majority provides the Prime Minister, who also forms the Government. Today the power is divided by three parties: The Australian Labour Party, the Liberal Party and National Party. The Senat's membership is wider, it comprises 12 senators from each state and 2 from each territory. Senators are elected for six year terms. The Executive power in Australia is in the hands of the Commonwealth Government lead by the Prime Minister. Today the Prime Minister is John
The great Enlighteners: Crèvecoeur, Jefferson, Paine, Franklin. The American Enlightenment is the intellectual thriving period in the United States in the midtolate 18th century (17151789), especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion. American Enlightenment a gradual but powerful awakening that established the ideals of democracy, liberty, and religious tolerance in the people of America. If there were just one development that directly caused the American Revolution and uplifted the intellectual culture of the continent while it was only a British colony, it would be the American Enlightenment. Broadly, the Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that changed the fundamental
The period between the two European wars will stand out as one of the most destructive epochs in our history. The land is strewn with the wreckage of what was once beautiful. In point of fact the crime has been made possibly more by stupidity than by wickedness. Three-quarters of the damage could have been avoided without diminishing the national housing programme by a single jerry-built villa. The destructiveness must be checked. Lack of imagination. Imagination is the power to see what is not there, to experience what has not yet come to be, to walk in the past or in the future. The English people have little time for visions, they have no leisure in which to dream. The man in the street must see a society that is strong and safe in the comfort of a wide association of states, a community in which no man is poor or unemployed, in which there is no servility to the pomp of wealth and no which children are the free and happy citizens. This society does not yet exist, but only because we
Harold McMillan articulated his now famous “winds of change” sweeping Africa. We had high hopes for Africa, for the Black race, that the insidious imposition of foreign rule on us, the looting of Africa’s natural resources by our colonial masters accorded us would be things of history. That is more than forty years ago. Unfortunately, the promise of independence has not been fulfilled. Today, Africa has become more desolate; there is more starvation, diseases and non-provision of essential services than when we got our independence. There are all kinds of wars in Africa than the rest of world put together. The majority of so-called Africans leaders want to stay in power until the day their bodies are put in the grave. Through buffoonery, utter mismanagement and downright stealing of the wealth of the masses, these leaders have so impoverished Africa that we are now nothing but a beggar continent. We beg for
enthronement of John Balliol as king. The Scots were resentful of Edward's meddling in their affairs and this relationship quickly broke down. War ensued and King John was deposed by his overlord, who took personal control of Scotland. Andrew Moray and William Wallace initially emerged as the principal leaders of the resistance to English rule in what became known as the Wars of Scottish Independence. The nature of the struggle changed dramatically when Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick, became king (as Robert I). War with England continued for several decades, and a civil war between the Bruce dynasty and their long-term Comyn-Balliol rivals, the flashpoint of which could be traced to the slaying in a Dumfries church of John 'the Red' Comyn of Badenoch by Bruce and his supporters, lasted until the middle of the 14th century
called ,,the continental United states". The continental United States is bounded to the North by Canada and to the South by Mexico. The border with Canada is often called ,,the longest unguarded border in the world". The United States and Canada are good friends and they have very few problems in managing the border. The borded with Mexico is different. Immigrants are constantly crossing the border illegally. Every day about 2,000 of them are captured and sent back, but may others get through. There are also two states that are not connected to the continental United States. They are Alaska and Hawaii. There are two mountain ranges in the continental Unitet States: the Appalachians in the east and the Rockies in the west. In the very middle of the continent is the Mississippi River. Almost all the rivers between the mountains flow into the Mississippi. Along the border with Canada, there are five big lakes, called ,,the Geat Lakes". Climate
BIMCO, Primar Stavanger and IC-ENC. 4 Facts about chart carriage reguirements This compendium is also available at www.primar-stavanger.org and www.ic-enc.org, and will be kept up-to-date on a regular basis. The editing of the compendium was completed at 25 November 2004 Definitions A navigational electronic chart system is a general term for all electronic equipment that is capable of displaying a vessel’s position on a chart image on a screen. There are two classes of navigational electronic chart systems. The first is an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), which meets IMO/SOLAS chart carriage requirements. The second is an Electronic Chart System (ECS), which can be used to assist navigation, but does not meet IMO/SOLAS chart carriage requirements. ECDIS: ECDIS equipment is specified in the IMO ECDIS Performance Standards as follows:
Homereading 4 Changing world Religions Islam Islam is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. The word Islam means "submission", or the total surrender of oneself to God An adherent of Islam is known as a Muslim, meaning "one who submits (to God)". There are between 1.1 billion and 1.8 billion Muslims, making Islam the secondlargest religion in the world, after Christianity. Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad, God's final prophet, and regard the Qur'an and the Sunnah (words and deeds of Muhammad) as the fundamental sources of Islam.They do not regard Muhammad as the founder of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original monotheistic faith of Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.