1 JUHTIMISE ALUSED 2 Ott Alemaa Tallinna Ülikool 2012 2 Organisatsiooni keskkond SISEKESKKOND: inimesed, organisatsiooni kultuur, juhtimine, seadmed, ehitised, protsessid VÄLISKESKKOND: Muu maailm, mis mõjutab organisatsiooni 3 Organisatsiooni keskkond MIKROKESKKOND: Vahetu keskkond, kus organisatsioon toimib (kliendid, tarnijad, konkurendid) MAKROKESKKOND: kultuur, majandus, seadused, rahvusvahelisus 4 5 Keskkonna iseloomustus Keerukuse määr: mõjurite arv. Rohkem probleeme, rohkem võimalusi Muutlikkuse määr: kõrge muutlikkus eeldab paindliku organisatsiooni. Ebamäärasus = risk. Info annab tulevikueelise 2 teed: muuta organisatsiooni või püüda muuta keskkonda Tooge näiteid! 6 Keskkonna iseloomustus Keerukuse määr: mõjurite arv
behavior. They work on a micro-level of research, breaking down complex behavior into its smallest parts (e.g. genes, neurotransmitters or proteins). This approach is sometimes criticized for being overly simplistic, but it is important to have detailed information of the components of human behavior in order to understand the interaction of several factors. Kasamatsu and Hirai studied a group of Buddhist monks who went on a 72-hour pilgrimage to a holy mountain in Japan. During this time the monks did not eat, drink or speak and were exposed to cold, autumn weather. About 48 hours later they started to have hallucinations, often about their ancestors. The researchers took blood samples from the monks before the ceremony and immediately after the monks reported seeing hallucinations. They found that serotonin levels had increased in their brains. Serotonin activated the hypothalamus and the frontal cortex resulting in hallucinations
communications, then it can be classified as the study of Business English communication skills in the workplace. Both are important and used usually together. Culture. Barriers to Intercultural communication Synergy (from Greek for "working together") means that the combined effect is more than the effect of the sum of the individual parts. Culture: Could refer to literature, music, art. Here: refers to the system of shared attitudes, beliefs, values and behavior. The iceberg model: Behaviour, clothing, food above the surface of the water. Meanings, beliefs, attitudes and values below the surface. The onion model: layers of culture (behaviour, clothing, food) can be peeled away to reveal underlying basic assumptions (meanings, beliefs, attitudes and values). The tree model: contrasts visible and hidden culture: the roots- the historical origin of C; the
norms in each country. • McDonald’s makes certain that a Big Mac tastes the same in every country; but it also varies items on its menu according to local tastes. • Starbucks also adjusts their menu to fit local tastes. In Hong Kong, for example, they sell Dragon Dumplings. And as a global buyer of coffee, the company has long had a reputation for engaging local cultures according to their needs. • In Japan, Kentucky Fried Chicken has managed to associate their product with Christmas, and every year Japanese line up around the block to get their KFC chicken on that day. • Also Apple, Facebook etc INTERNATIONAL MARKETING CHALLENGES Since global marketing involves a variety of different products and opportunities, it’s impossible to identify a single customer profile. A global company must be prepared
suhted, eetika, abinõud ja eesmärgid, huumor, loovus, vastupanu kultuuristumisele, ebatäius, väärtused, ja dihhotoomiate lahendamine Ennast teostavate inimeste armastus ja loovus Kuidas jõuda eneseteostuseni? Arengusuuna otsimine: väärtused Ronald Inglehart: areng tähendab väärtuste muutumist, olulised kaks dimensiooni: Kuivõrd väärtustatakse rühmasõltuvust - Weak vs. strong SECULAR-RATIONAL Values: with secular- rational values getting weaker one approaches the mythical ideal of a sacred community, with these values getting stronger one approaches the rational ideal of a secular community. This polarity is about ideals of the COMMUNITY. Kuivõrd väärtustatakse eneseväljendust - Weak vs. strong SELF-EXPRESSION -Evolutsioon: võimekus, eneseteadvus, eneseväärtustamine ... -Tsiviliseerumine: normi internalisatsioon. Spontaansest normistatuks ...
It is, rather, largely the result of work by people with BAs, BSs, LLBs, MBAs, and PhDs. Elie Wiesel made a similar point to the Global Forum in Moscow last winter when he said that the designers and perpetrators of the Holocaust were the heirs of Kant and Goethe. In most respects the Germans were the best educated people on Earth, but their education did not serve as an adequate barrier to barbarity. What was wrong with their education? In Wiesel's words: "It emphasized theories instead of values, concepts rather than human beings, abstraction rather than consciousness, answers instead of questions, ideology and efficiency rather than conscience." The same could be said of the way our education has prepared us to think about the natural world. It is a matter of no small consequence that the only people who have lived sustainably on the planet for any length of time could not read, or, like the Amish, do not make a fetish of reading. My point is simply
• Suletud ja avatud süsteemid • Kui süsteem ei saa keskkonnast sisendit, siis lõppeb töö iseenesest Juhtimisteooriate areng 5 • OLUKORRALINE KOOLKOND 1970ndad! • Mõjutajad: ärikeskkond,tehnoloogia, organisatsiooni suurus • Võtmesõna: paindlikus • Esmane on ühendada olemasolev (mitte luua uut) • Tööd hästi teha on palju viise • Iga olukord on unikaalne • Kindlate reeglite asemel välis- ja sisemõjutuste analüüs Juhtimisteooriate areng 6 • ÕPPIV ORGANISATSIOON 1990ndad • Peter Senge “Viies distsipliin” (1990) • Keskkonna muutused tingivad muutuse organisatsioonis • Oskused, hoiakud, käitumine- kõik õpitakse jooksvalt • Eluaegne õpe • Vajalik õppimistingimuste olemasolu. • Organisatsiooni areng teatud faasini, kui õppimise eeltingimus • Iga organisatsioon õpib oma moodi • Suurendatakse võimet saada tulemusi • Üksikute liikmete õpitulemused on kõigele organisatsioonis kättesaadavad ÕPPIV ORGANISATSIOON
8 billion, or 30% of the population) and Christians (2.9 billion, or 31%), possibly for the first time in history.2 With the exception of Buddhists, all of the world’s major religious groups are poised for at least some growth in absolute numbers in the coming decades. The global Buddhist population is expected to be fairly stable because of low fertility rates and aging populations in countries such as China, Thailand and Japan. Worldwide, the Hindu population is projected to rise by 34%, from a little over 1 billion to nearly 1.4 billion, roughly keeping pace with overall population growth. Jews, the smallest religious group for which separate projections were made, are expected to grow 16%, from a little less than 14 million in 2010 to 16.1 million worldwide in 2050. Adherents of various folk religions – including African traditional religions, Chinese folk religions, Native American religions
African Americans an estimated 42M African Americans in the US. They are the biggest racial minority and the second-largest ethnic minority. African Americans attend college at half the rates that whites do, but more than Natives and Hispanics. Home ownership rates are lower and single mother households more common. Asian Americans descend from peoples in the Far East, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontonent. There are an estimated 15M Asian Americans in the US. They are the third-largest ethnic minoritu, but the fastest-growing one. Most Asian Americans have come from China, India, the Philippines, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan their countries of origin, their status in present-day American society. Asian Americans are sometimes referred to as the "model minority" because of their socioeconomic success. Overall, they are more educated and more wealthy than other Americans, but they also have bigger property rates than White Americans
tulemused-tagasiside. Strateegia on eesmärgistatud kavand, mis sobitab omavahel organisatsiooni ressursid, struktuuri ja kultuuri (tugevused, nõrkused) väliskeskkonna muutustega (võimalused, ohud). Strateegiline juhtimine on otsuste ja tegevuste kogum, mis kindlustab pikas perspektiivis äriühingu jätkusuutliku tulemuslikkuse. • Organisatsiooni seire, formuleerimise, elluviimise, hindamise ja kontrolli protsess. Strateegilist juhtimist iseloomustab: • Interdistsiplinaarsus Organisatsioon kui tervik • Fookus väliskeskkonnale Majandus Konkurents Turg • Fookus sisekeskkonnale Ressursid ja võimekused • Fookus tulevikku Otsused Plaanid Muutused strateegilise juhtimise arengu etapid finantsplaneerimine, prognoosimine, väliskeskkonnale orienteeritud starteegiline planeerimine, strateegiline juhtimine Strateegilise juhtimise baasteooriad *Ratsionaalse otsustamise vaade (nt Ansoff, LCAG mudel)
socialpsychology.org/ Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) 2. Inimsuhete ajalooline areng Meenutuseks: meie ühine ajalugu Vanaisad: homo erectus (2,0mln) homo neandertalensis (0,2 mln) Vanaema: Australopithecus afarensis a human ancestor that had developed bipedalism, but which lacked the large brain of modern humans. Antropogeneesi õied From left to right, the FBI assigns the above individuals to the following races: White, Black, White (Hispanic), Asian. Top row males, bottom row females. Homo sapiens • Kujunes ca 250 000 a tagasi. Ca 200 000 aastat suhteliselt väikesed muutused • Ca 50 000 aastat tagasi – kiired muutused (areng?!). Suure hüppe teooria – vt J. Diamond, The Third Chimpanzee • Mis muutus: uued jahipidamisviisid, riietus, luunõelad, koopamaalid, kaaslaste matmine. • Käitumuslikult kujunes välja tänapäevane inimene • Aju osakaal/roll: kaasaegse inimese aju tarbib ca 20 watti (400
It would be pretty difficult to learn all the languages in order to communicate with the people. There must be a global language to have better communication among the people. No language barriers and more opportunities for people to work, study. English is the language of the technological revolution and the internet. Consider a keyboard for example; they are designed for Latin characters, so speakers of Asian languages use complicated techniques to enter words The subsequent question was: “In your opinion, what makes English a global language?”. It was an open question and the most common responses were: English is easy to learn The influence of the USA A lot of people speaking it as L1 and L2 The language of science, education and business. History and culture The whole world is influenced by the US and EU
organization. The Five Levels of Software Process Maturity I Initial II Repeatable III Defined IV Managed V Optimizing Organisatsiooni küpsustastmed •CMM määratleb organisatsiooni tarkvaraarenduse 5 küpsustaset: 1.tase – Initial – metoodika puudumine (=häkkerlus, “põõsametoodika”), organisatsioonon mitteküps. Mitteküpses organisatsioonis pole enamasti tarkvaraprotsess määratletud. Ja isegi kui mingi protsess on määratletud, ei peeta sellest kinni. Mitteküps organisatsioon lahendab probleeme nende esilekerkimise järjekorras, tegevus seisneb peamiselt “tulekahjude kustutamises”. Kuna tähtaegadest ei suudeta kinni pidada, on meeskonnal vaja pidevalt sooritada töökangelastegusid. Ka (juhuslikult) õnnestunud projekti kordamiseks peaks meeskond ja selle liikmete rolled samad olema. Seega, 1se taseme puhul võime küll rääkida üksikisikute võimekusest ja küpsusest, mitte aga organisatsiooni küpsusest. 2.tase – Repeatable – korratav
States. White House was built in 1792-1800 and it became the official president residence. The Civil War 18611865 was between the Union (Abraham Lincoln) and the Confederacy (Robert E. Lee) and the reason was that the north side (Union) was against slavery in the south side (Confederacy). The war was won by the Union and it ended slavery. The racism against black people remained. America took part in both World Wars. In World War II Japan bombed Pearl Harbors in 1941 and in 1945 America dropped two nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which ended the war. In 1963 after John F. Kennedy death gave Martin Luther King his I Have a Dream speech which is a key factor that ended most of the racism in America. In 2001, 11th September Islamic terrorists crashed into the twin towers (WTC). Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda are thought responsible for the
of the non-European Union migrants to Ireland. After Dublin (1,661,185 in Greater Dublin), Ireland's largest cities are Belfast (579,276 in Greater Belfast), Cork (380,000 in Greater Cork),Limerick (93,321 incl. suburbs), Derry (90,736 in Derry Urban Area), Galway (71,983 in city proper) and Waterford (45,775 in city proper). Transport Roads Motorists must drive on the left in Ireland, as in Britain, Australia, India, Hong Kong and Japan. Unfortunately, tourists driving on the wrong side of the road cause serious accidents every year.
gone eras, but which have been stolen from us, and the ones who stole them have gone on to become very rich. This is nothing but an excuse for our failures. In 1987, David Sun and John Tu, both immigrants, started their Kingston Technology Company in Fountain Valley, California with hardly much financing 3 other than their savings. Nine years later they sold 80 percent of the company to the Softbank Corporation of Japan for $1.5 billion. The company is still going strong, and they still control 20%, after pocketing $1.5 billion. In 1997, former US President George W. Bush was asked to speak to a group of officials of Global Crossing Ltd., a telecommunications company, at a fee of $80,000. Since the company was supposedly short on cash, he was asked if he would prefer to take his fee instead in stocks of the company. In early February, 1999 the $80,000 stock had skyrocketed to over $14million. Who says some
day (13,400,000 m3/d). Import Oil imports by country. In order of net imports in 2011, 2009 and 2006 in thousand bbl/d and thousand m³/d: # Importing Nation 103bbl/day (2011) 103m3/day (2011) 103bbl/day (2009) 103m3/day (2009) 103bbl/day (2006) 103m3/day (2006) 1 United States 1 8,728 1,388 9,631 1,531 12,220 1,943 2 China 2 5,487 872 4,328 688 3,438 547 3 Japan 4,329 688 4,235 673 5,097 810 4 India 2,349 373 2,233 355 1,687 268 5 Germany 2,235 355 2,323 369 2,483 395 6 South Korea 2,170 345 2,139 340 2,150 342 7 France 1,697 270 1,749 278 1,893 301 8 Spain 1,346 214 1,439 229 1,555 247 9 Italy 1,292 205 1,381 220 1,558 248 10 Singapore 1,172 186 916 146 787 125
coastal states don't necessarily have a say. E.g. Panama channel, Suess channel, Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, straits between Sweden and Denmark, Danube river, river Nile Lecture 4 Antarctica Antarctica's unique regime was established by the Antarctic Treaty (Washington, 1 December 1959). Originally signed by 12 countries which were not far from Antarctica or had some explorations there (UK, Japan, South-Africa etc). Initially concluded for 30 years, then prolonged. Some scholars consider the treaty's principles as norms of customary international law. The unique feature of Antarctic is that it comprises of all territories that go under the south latitude 60 (includes all ice shelves, doesn't prohibit using rights under IL concerning high seas). So Antarctic was an international territory. So it is a common heritage of mankind.
export, especially steel, prices. Boosted by rapidly improving terms of trade, import volumes grew much faster than export volumes and the net growth impact of foreign trade was negative by some 5 percent annually. As imports were liberalized in the 1990s, consumers and investors alike preferred the superior quality, choice, and brands available from world markets. By the 2000s an increasing share of them could afford foreign goods. Cheap imports from Asian and other countries also became available. The trade balance has been consistently negative since 2005, and the current account has followed since 2006. Imports contribute to welfare, but for that to be sustainable, any country also has to be able to cover the import bill with exports, running down reserves, inward investment (direct or other), or raising foreign credit. But exports, of course, were not providing the necessary boost
Ressursid 2. STRATEEGIA FORMULEERIMINE (SÕNASTAMINE) a. Missioon b. Eesmärgid c. Strateegiad d. Poliitikad 3. STRATEEGIA ELLUVIIMINE a. Programs, tegevused, mis on vajalikud plaanide täitmiseks b. Eelarved c. Procedures tööde tegemiseks 4. HINDAMINE JA KONTROLL a. Performance tegelikud tulemused 5. TAGASISIDE JA ÕPPIMINE Strateegilist juhtimist iseloomustab: Interdistsiplinaarsus: Organisatsioon kui tervik Fookus väliskeskkonnale: Majandus, konkurents, turg Fookus sisekeskkonnale: ressursid ja võimalused Fookus tulevikku: otsused, plaanid, muutused Strateegilise juhtimise baasteooriad: Ratsionaalse otsustamise vaade (nt Ansoff, LCAG mudel) Majandusteaduslik vaade (nt Property rights, Principal-agent, Mänguteooria, tööstusökonoomika) Ressursid ja teadmised (nt resource vased view, knowledge-based view)
international law (rahvusvaheline õigus) - body of rules that nations recognize as binding in their coundct towards one another operating law (õigusega töötamine) - ensuring obidieance to regulation; to have the rights to impliment justice on others political structure (poliitiline struktuur) - institutions or groups and their relations to each other within political systems as they constitute the political landscape of the political entity social values (sotsiaalsed väärtused) - larger concept which includes the subjective aspects of the citizens' well-being, such as their ability to participate in making decisions that affect them civil war (kodusõda) - (armed) conflict between politicalfactions or religions within same county industrialization (industrialiseerimine) - a large-scale introduction of manufacturing
positions are embedded that this paper turns to empirical exploration of the practices, ideologies and social identity of lifestyle travellers. EXPLORING LIFESTYLE TRAVELLERS Study Methods The empirical material for this paper derives from 25 ethnographic interviews with lifestyle travellers in northern India and southern Thailand from July through September 2007. Stebbins (1997, p. 358) suggests that the unstructured ethnographic interview ‘remains the most effective way to explore the values, attitudes and orientations used to explain and justify’ lifestyles. My own six years of experience backpacking through Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America (1999 to 2003, 2005) helped in gaining access to the social world of these lifestyle travellers. My past travel periods typically ranged from six to nine months, as after this length of time I ordinarily exhausted my savings and turned to casual employment in the United States to save up funds for my next extended backpacking trip.
state and the structure of society and more importantly law as a form of legal reasoning that travels across time and space to create new institutional forms and doctrinal arrangements. The field of Comparative Family Law is undergoing rapid development despite initial constraints. Scholars of comparative law often overlooked family law as an important and distinctive site for the contestation of norms and values, perhaps because they viewed family law as too political for the technical inquiry carried out by comparativists. Other scholars characterized the family as a unique place, the opposite of the market, where traditional rather than modern discourses are at play and where moral and religious values, often in tension with secular visions, shape legal institutions. Family law scholars tended to focus on single legal regimes, rarely opening their inquiry to comparative methods. 3.Actors in CL
TOPICS For the PRELIM Year 1 Put down 10-12 relevant terms and retell about: 1. Prescriptive and descriptive law Prescriptive law – prescribe how people ought to behave Descriptive law – describes the way people or natural phenomena behave Break the law – do something illegal Penalty – punishment Government – system by which a state or community is controlled Law – the system of rules System of courts – all judicial institutions Enforce – to make people obey the law Authority – a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity /the moral or legal right or ability to control Prescribe – to tell someone what they must have or do, or to make a rule of something Impose The word law can have several meanings, it can be divided into prescriptive and descriptive law. Descriptive law – describes the way people or natural phenomena behave, e. g. law of gravity Prescriptive law – prescribe how people ought to behave e.g. spee
In his work Germania he mentioned a primitive people from the north called the Fenni; which was probably a reference to the Same (see below), who at that time were living on and around the 60th parallel. Over the centuries the Same were gradually pushed further north, and today they live in Finnish Lapland. Whichever part of the country they happen to come from, Finns have a lot in common: they all share deeply ingrained down-to-earth rural values combined with the spiritual qualities relating to the sauna. Many of them come from the land of Karelia which was split right down the middle by the Finno-Russian frontier after World War II; hardly anyone lives there now, but the Karelians` pride at being something quite separate from either Finns or Russians still remains. (Finland: Insight compact guides) Population Finland currently numbers 5,302,778 inhabitants and has an average population
America into a number of independent republics. Philippines The Spanish caste system based on racial ancestry was enforced in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period, with minor differences. The terms criollo was used with the same sense as in Spanish America, namely for a person born in the Philippines with entirely Spanish ancestry, or in many cases in Latin America, mostly Spanish and some Amerindian. However, those with Asian blood were not regarded as Criollo in the Philippines. Criollos were more commonly called filipinos ("from the Philippines") or insulares ("from the islands") according to the original meaning of the word. The criollo class was below that of the peninsulares born in spain, but out-ranked the people of mixed Austronesian-Spanish descent, and the Christianized native Austronesian peoples. 9 The meaning of filipino changed drastically during the Philippine Revolution for
1. Kes järgnevatest ei tohi kuuluda aktsiaseltsi nõukogusse? (aktsionär, riigiametnik, finantsjuht, juhataja) Aktsiaseltsi nõukogu liige ei pea olema aktsionär. Nõukogu liikmeks ei või olla aktsiaseltsi juhatuse liige, prokurist ega audiitor, samuti aktsiaseltsi tütarettevõtja juhatuse liige. Põhikirjas võib näha ette muid isikuid, kes ei või olla nõukogu liikmeks. 2. Kes tegeleb suures äriühingus strateegia elluviimisega? Strateegiline juhtimine ei ole ainult äriühingu tippjuhtide vastutus. Inimesed kõikidelt ettevõtte tasanditelt mängivad strateegi arendamises, elluviimises ja muutmises rolli. Tippjuht peab juhtima ja suunama ettevõtte strateegia arengut selle loomist ja muutmist vastavalt vajadusele. Juhi ülesanne on formuleerida firma erinevaid ärivaldkondi ühendavad strateegiad, mis tagavad ettevõttele konkurentsieelise ning olla ühtlasi eestvedajaks strateegiast tulenevate taktikate ja tegevuste elluviimisel. Ideaalsel juhul ,,kulutab" strateegili
shelf life. In terms of advertising, it would not serve to be useful for every kind of product or message. These were some of the pros and cons of mass media. Ultimately, it always depends upon the individual and the way a particular message is perceived for a positive influence of the mass media! http://www.buzzle.com By Kashmira Lad The role and power of the mass media Our world today is increasingly driven by a combination of information and entertainment values, and these are both promoted by the explosion of different means of communication, especially electronic communication such as satellite TV and Internet. This means the market for information is extremely competitive and is characterized by the following: 1. Overload on the audience: Most people today, even in many developing countries, have access to scores of information sources in their homes and offices, including television, radio, internet and others
The Rise and Demise of the New Public Management Wolfgang Drechsler (University of Tartu and Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia) © Copyright: Wolfgang Drechsler 2005 Within the public sphere, the most important reform movement of the last quarter of a century has been the New Public Management (NPM). It is of particular interest in the post-autistic economics (pae) context because NPM largely rests on the same ideology and epistemology as standard textbook economics (STE) is based (for my take on this, see Drechsler 2000), and it has had, and still has, similar results. Already more on the defensive within public administration (PA) than STE is within economics, NPM also shows that such major paradigm shifts in theory and policy may actually happen. In addition, it occasionally appears that pae-oriented scholars have overlooked the fact that some features in public management reform, state organization, and the economic interpre
possess 20 times more wealth than African Americans and 18 times that of Latinos. Whereas the average white family has accumulated $113,149 of wealth, the typical black household has only accumulated $5,677 in wealth), housing discrimination (no blacks allowed in white area neighbourhoods), education (The achievement gap is deeply alive in the black middle class. Middle-class black children lag behind their white and Asian peers, with the gap the largest among the college-educated. According to scholars on the middle-class black-white education gap, black middle-class performance is closer to poor white children), poverty (As of 2010, the poverty rate among non-Hispanic whites was 9.9%, whereas the poverty rate among African Americans was 27.4%) and more. Moreover, the historical implications of slavery and marginalization has made race a
International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). ISBN number with barcode Each book is specified by an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), which is unique to every edition of every book produced by participating publishers, world wide. It is managed by the ISBN Society. An ISBN has four parts: the first part is the country code, the second the publisher code, and the third the title code. The last part is a check digit, and can take values from 09 and X (10). The EAN Barcodes numbers for books are derived from the ISBN by prefixing 978, for Bookland, and calculating a new check digit. Commercial publishers in industrialized countries generally assign ISBNs to their books, so buyers may presume that the ISBN is part of a total international system, with no exceptions. However many government publishers, in industrial as well as developing countries, do not participate fully in
Established church The Church of England is the established church, which means that: 1.)the Monarch is the Supreme Governor of the church, 2.)the Church performs a number of official functions, 3.)Church and State are linked. To disestablish Disestablishmentarianism refers to campaigns to sever links between church and state, particularly in relation to the Church of England as an established church. It was initially a movement in the United Kingdom in the 18th century. The established churches in Wales and Ireland could not count on even nominal adherence by a majority of the population of those countries. In Ireland, the predominantly Roman Catholic population campaigned against the position of the established Anglican Church of Ireland - eventually disestablished in Ireland from 1 January 1871. A broad church The Church of England is a broad church, representing a wide spectrum of theological thought and practice The Church of England is a broad church, represent
Of these, 53,5 % were built according to the DBB contracting model, while another 38,5 % followed the DB contracting model. The remaining 8 % were other kinds of models. Thus the DBB contractual model is the most used model in the Estonian construction industry. It is probably due to the fact that Estonian clients and investors pay too much attention to price rather than quality. They also tend to fail to consider other fundamental values that a construction project ought to satisfy. As discussed in the earlier subchapters, the DBB approach is the most fragmented project delivery structure. Consequently, all the associated problems and their causes named in previous subchapters apply to the construction industry in Estonia. We tried to determine the main applications that site crew members use daily. The figure below illustrates that site crews use mostly traditional applications that have been in use on sites over many decades
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