Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Inglismaa ajalugu 16-20. sajand ". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
came, king, britain, century, wife, became, first, years, power, empire, england, english, monarch, parliament, part, didnt, mary, force, queen, stuart, scotland, country, colonies, class, british, rate, henry, money, birth, gave, back, elizabeth, unite, period, language, revolution, posed, lost, political, government, expensive, parties, rather, goodIt is one of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world and is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. The surrounding circular, earth bank and ditch, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Stonehenge was produced by a culture with no written language. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. *The Celts in Britain and their legacy The Cets lived in Britain in The Iron Age. They were warring tribes who were battleful amongst themselves as well as inter-tribal war. They were not centrally governed. The Celts brought iron working, iron ploughs and metal swords, horses, wheels and chariots - all these things gave them an instant superiority over the native tribes. The Celts built a number of hill forts throughout the region. The society was divided
Britain History Pre-Norman Britain The Iberians brought their metal-working skills and the first real civilization to Britain in the third millennium B.C and were overrun by various Celtic invasions that began in the 8th century. The Celts introduced their tribal organization and an early form of agriculture before they were forced westward by the Roman invasion. Forms of Celtic language are still spoken in Britain. Romans (with Julius Caesar in the head of them) first tried to occupy Britain in 55 B.C., but there was a rebellion in Gaul so they had to leave to fight against it. Next time they came in 43 A.D. and their leader was Emperor Claudius. Romans brought a lot with them. Their brought paved roads, the sites of important cities, the seeds of Christianity, the Roman law, Roman baths, language and advanced civilization. They also built Hadrian's Wall in 122 A.D
BRITISH HISTORY 17TH-19TH CENTURY SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ☄ When James I became the first English king of the Stuart dynasty, he was already king of Scotland, so the crowns of these two countries were united. ☄ The kind of Middle English spoken in lowland Scotland had developed into a written language known as Scots ☄ The Scottish Protestant church adopted English rather than Scots bibles ☄ Religion and politics are inextricably linked ☄ Some people tried to kill the king because he wasn't Catholic enough and another king had been killed, partly because he seemed too Catholic
Stonehenge One of the best known ancient wonders of the world, 5000 years old Megalith monument, built by western mediterraneans during 3000-1600 BC Circular structure, large standing stones, aligned with rising sun at teh solstice Attlers and bones were sued to dig pits that hold the stones The Celts in Britain and their legacy 700-200 BC celts invade Britain Gaels or Goehls(Ireland and Scotland),Cymri(Wales) and Brythons(gave name to Brittany) Fierce fighters,superb horsemen.Most of them farmers, lived in thatched houses Good at art, craftmanship, used iron Divided into tribes, ruled by kings, only in face of danger would they choose a single leader Legacy- hill-forts, farms, churches, field system, woodland, pasture, weapons, iron objects, langugae, culture Caesar in Britain The great Roman Emperor
материала, закрепление словаря и развитие навыков ведения беседы по тематике пособия. Пособие предназначено для студентов гуманитарных специальностей. Подготовлено на факультете лингвистики. The book contains an overview of the most important events in British history – from the first documented invasions of the island to the formation and fall of the British colonial empire. A series of exercises will help to remember the subject matter, practise the vocabulary and contribute to skills work. The book is intended for the Humanities students. Вавилов Н.А., 2008 3 4 Contents 5 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
British history Roman Britain Roman Britain was those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and about 410. The Romans referred to their province as Britannia. Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today. Historical records beyond the initial invasion are sparse, although many Roman historians mention the province in passing. Most of the knowledge of the period stems from archaeological investigations and especially epigraphic evidence.
The British Isles are shared by two separate and independent countries: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. All the islands have administrative ties with the mainland, except some islands which have their own legislative assemblies and systems of law, but the UK Government is responsible for their international relations and defence. Great Britain
1. The Queen’s official title. Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. 2. The Queen’s working day. Starts after breakfast. Reads the newspapers which are prepared by the Press Secretary, and a report on the previous day’s proceedings in the Parliament and the letters she receives. Also phone calls. Once a month she attends the Privy Council in order to give Royal Assent to various
One of the mysteries is how it was built at all with the technology of the time. Another is its purpose. It appears to function as a kind on astronomical clock and we know it was used by the Druids for ceremonies marking the passing of the seasons. It appears in number of novels. These days it is not only the interest of tourists but is also a gathering point of certain minority groups. It is now fenced off to protect it from damage. 3. The Roman conquest Julius Caesar's first raid was in 55 BC but the romans left. Ad 43- the Romans came to stay. The army established Roman rule in the south and SW of the country. The Romans started to introduce their laws to a new province of the Roman Empire and started to build good roads. Officials were appointed (governors, procurators to collect taxes, look after the estates and mines and se that the gold, silver, iron and lead were exported back to Rome). Introduced schools,a new language Latin, large farms (villas), baths.
.......................................................................................... 8 Population and Ethnicity..............................................................................................9 3 Introduction The official name of the country is the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is an island country. It consists of the island of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Great Britain can be divided into three parts England, Wales and Scotland. Each of them has their own capital city. Glasgow in Scotland, Cardiff in Wales and London in England. The country is situated in the north-western Europe. The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244,000 square kilometres and about 60 million people live there. The UK contains a number of small islands. The largest islands that belong to the United
1) General facts The UK: * the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was formed in 1801 * it covers 243,610 sq km * everybody from the UK is called British * the capital city is London * is made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which in turn are divided into counties * the flag is called the Union Jack which is a combination of the flags of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland * the population is about 60,000,000 people, the population density is 242 people/sq km
ENGLISH LITERATURE Ancient Britain Lived on the British Isles in the 1st millenium. They most probably came from Eastern Europe and belonged to the Celtic race and also spoke Celtic. They were primitive hunters- gatherers, farmers. Some Celtic words are still used in modern English, however they are used mostly in place names. For example: · avon river · cumb valley · ford shallow place in the river Ancient Britons had their own religion and priests or druids and temples. In the year 55 BC Britain became a Roman province. Romans were highly developed and
Years 1154-1485 Henry I was the first unquestioned ruler. One of the most important kings in the Middle Ages. He had lands in Britain & France. Then the government was the monarch, a person, not a place. He had more land than any pervious king. After his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, he also ruled the lands south of Anjou. His empire stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees. England provided most of its wealth, but the heart was Anjou. Henry II began to regain royal control. During the war some barons had become very powerful. He pulled down some of their castles. He tried to restore law & order. He wanted the same kind of justice to be used everywhere. He appointed his own judges to travel around the country. They dealt with crimes & disagreements over poverty. Serious offences were tried in the king's court
British kings and queens Kings King Henry VIII King Henry VIII is arguably the most well-known king of England. Famous for beheading his wives, of which he had six, King Henry VIII also had several children. King James I King James I was already King of Scotland when he got the English crown. King James I was the first ruler to call himself King of Great Britain, as he ruled England, Scotland and Wales. King James was the first King of Great Britain. King William I, the Conqueror King William I, otherwise known as William the Conqueror was born in France on 1028. He became friendly with the current English King, Edward the Confessor. He invaded and attacked England on Edward's death, as he was promised the English crown, but then denied it by the Saxon Harold. King George VI King George VI did not expect to become king, he was the shy brother of Edward VIII who only took the thrown when Edward abdicated
REVISION QUESTIONS 1. What do you know about Margaret Thatcher? Winston Churchill? Margaret Thatcher was the first female Prime Minister in Europe. She was a member of the conservative party. She died recently. Winston Churchill was the Prime Minister during WW II. He was excellent in making speeches, but he was a heavy drinker and also smoker. 2. What are the main countries of the UK and their capitals? There are 4: England with London as the capital; Wales with Cardiff as the capital; Scotland with Edinburgh as the capital; and Northern Ireland with Belfast as the capital. 3
The United Kingdom The United Kingdom consists of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland and it is situated in the Atlantic Ocean near the mainland of Europe. The population of the UK is 58.6 million and area is 244,110 sq km. Britain has a temperate humid climate. Its characteristic features are mild winters, warm summer, no temperature extremes, abundant rain all year round and frequent changes of weather. The mild climate is partly due to the warm Gulf Stream and partly to the south westerly winds. Occasional winds from the east in winter may bring cold and dry weather. The distribution of rainfall is influenced by the Atlantic Stream. The mountainous areas of the north and west have more rain than the
The Renaissance In the history the Middle Ages were followed by the Renassance period. During this period a new class called bourgeoeisie came into being. This is the period when monarchies based on nationality were estabilished. The Renaessance started in Italy In the 14th century. Then it spread all over Europe, reached England in 16th century. The struggle for power culminated in a war called The War of Roses. It was a civil war between two dynasties, families. They had different emblems on one side the Yorks (white rose) other Lancasters (red). They couldn't decide who gets the throne. War ended 1485. A new dynasty came to throne, Tudor, the first king in this dynasty was Henry Vll. When he came to throne a period of stability followed because he built a nation based state. He was good at diplomacy.He could avoid quarrels and wars with
Great Britain Pärnu 2012 Contents Great Britain Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, the largest European island, and the largest of the British Isles.
o The Celtic language survives in the names of many places in England- Dover, Kent, Thames o The Celts are best known for their art- many bronze objects with elaborate designs; brooches; pins; mirrors; Celtic stone crosses o The Celts had 3 social orders: warriors, druids(priests) ordinary people 2) The Romans o (55 BC-Caesar) 43 AD- 410 AD- Claudius o From present-day Italy o Southern Britain became Britannia and was ruled by a roman governor o The Romans built over 20 towns: Colchester, Londinium, Winchester etc. They were good engineers and built roads and villas that had central heating, glass windows and mosaic floors o 122 AD- Hadrian's Wall; 138 AD- Antonine Wall o Druids(celtic priests) were banned and Britain was influenced by christianity 3) The Germanic Invasions I
History of Great Britain Prehistory (55BC) no written records 6th 3rd c. BC the Celts came to British isles hill figures, hill forts, stone circles ( Stonehenge ) RomanBritain (55BC 400AD) Julius Caesar, named the country Albion Hadrian's Wall, villas, roads, the town of Bath The AngloSaxon, Danish and Norman invasions Germanic tribes settled and stayed Anglia Christianity was brought, religion became important, churches were built 8th century = raids by the Vikings and the Danes 1016 1042 : Under Danish rule ( York was the capital ) 1042 : local AngloSaxons regain their rule 1066 : Normans arrive ( the Norman conquest ) Medieval Britain (106615th c.) the Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror a new AngloNorman state the feudal system introduced the rule of the king and church strengthened centralised country, military rule Scotland, Wales and Ireland conquered
Church of England and he was now free to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn. 3. Why did Henry VIII get the title Fidei Defensor? The title was given to him by the pope because Henry VIII was against Protestantism and other religious reforms by J. Calvin and M. Luther. For that, the pope named Henry VIII the Fidei Defensor, meaning Defender of the Faith 4. Why did Mary I get the nickname Bloody Mary? Because during her reign, England became officially a Roman Catholic country, Parliament persecuted a lot of protestants and over 300 people who were burned at the stake. 5. Historians often speak about different ages or times in British history. When (in which centuries) were the following ages: Elizabethian, Georgian, Victorian. Characterise each of them (2 3 sentences). Elizabethian time started in the middle of 16th century and ended in the beginning of 17th century
Mary I Mary I, called Mary Tudor (1516-1558), Queen of England (1553-1558). Mary was born in London on February 18, 1516, the daughter of Henry VIII by his first wife, Catherine of Aragón. Because Henry divorced Catherine, Mary was declared illegitimate. Nonetheless, Henry included her in his will, and on the death of her half-brother, Edward VI, on July 6, 1553, she became the legal heir to the throne. Although Lord High Chamberlain John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, favoured the
A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs no more than 4% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Netherlands, along with 11 of its EU partners, began circulating the euro currency on 1 January 2002. The country continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment. Economic growth slowed considerably in 2001-02, as part of the global economic slowdown, but for the four years before that, annual growth averaged nearly 4%, well above the EU average. (3) 1.4 Population The great majority of inhabitants of the Netherlands are Dutch. They are mainly descended from Franks, Frisians, and Saxons. Most residents of Friesland Province are Frisian, a distinct cultural group with its own language. Fearing overpopulation, the government encouraged Dutch emigration after World War II (1939-1945), and some 500,000 people left. But an even
It is interesting to note that even though lying is seen as a terrible offense in Lilliput, Flimnap tells a huge lie (that Gulliver slept with Flimnap's wife) and gets away with it. Apart from the ludicrous physical implications of a giant having relations with a Lilliputian, the problem here is that the society must be able to enforce its norm against lying for the law to matter. This may also be a commentary on the seeming ability of those in positions of power to get away with breaking the law. When the law comes down unfairly on Gulliver, he has actual rather than statutory power to leave, so he simply leaves Lilliput to live with their enemies. Furthermore, satire is shown through the plot of journey and return. The Lilliputians symbolize humankind's widely excessive pride in its own puny existence because, in spite of the small size of the Lilliputians, they do not consider the notion that Gulliver is enormous compared to them and could kill
London History The Romans AD 43- AD 410 The Romans finally invaded Britain in AD 43 from Kent. The Romans lead by Julius Caesar attempted to invade Britain twice before that in 55 and 54 BC but the invasions were unsuccessful. They made their way to the river Thames and sailed up it. The Romans knew it was important to control a crossing point at the river Thames, so they decided to build a settlement on the north bank. Although small settlements had been built on the banks of the Thames, the Romans were the ones who built the first city. They called their city Londinium.
QUEEN VICTORIA & HER TIME Project Mari Murakas Class 11A 2011 Early life of Queen Victoria Victoria was born in London on 24 May 1819, the only child of Edward, Duke of Kent, and Victoria Maria Louisa of Saxe-Coburg. [1] The Duke of Kent was the fourth son of George III and Victoria Maria Louisa was the sister of King Leopold of Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Kent selected the name Victoria but her uncle, George IV, insisted that she be named Alexandrina after her godfather, Tsar Alexander II of Russia. [2] Victoria's father died when she was eight months old. The Duchess of Kent developed a close relationship with Sir John Conroy, an ambitious Irish officer. Conroy acted as if Victoria
Gildas, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, saints' lives, poetry, archaelogical findings and place- name studies. British landlords ruled small, unstable kingdoms and continued some Roman traditions of governance. In the mid-5th cent, Vertigern, a British leader, hired Germanic mercenaries to help defend against peoples of the north (Picts & Scots). In the end they revolted & the process of invasion and settlement began. The first Saxon ,,kings" were Hengist & Horsa in Kent, Aelle in Sussex, Cerdic / Cynric in Wessex. So the first ,,English" became mainly from Northern Germany & Denmark. The resistance of the Celts was long. They were free at the time, not like other Roman provinces on the Continent. Around 500, the Britons seem to have won several victories. One of their leaders was Ambrosius Aurelianus and one of their victories was at the place called Mount Badon. The
Report of SCOTLAND Maiki Joakit 10. klass 2008 Etymology Scotland is from the Latin Scoti, the term applied to Gaels. The Late Latin word Scotia (land of the Gaels) was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to (Gaelic-speaking) Scotland north of the river Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, both derived from the Gaelic Alba. The use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. History Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land-mass of modern Scotland, have destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period. It is believed that the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation. Groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500
names and faces, the line of succession to the throne, and even the family's rarely- used last name. But let's start from the beginning. The House of Windsor is the reigning royal house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The dynasty is of German paternal descent and was originally a branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, itself derived from the House of Wettin, which succeeded the House of Hanover to the British monarchy following the death of Queen Victoria, wife of Albert, Prince Consort. The name was changed from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor (from "Windsor Castle"[1]) in 1917 because of anti-German sentiment in the British Empire during World War I.[2] There have been four British monarchs of the house of Windsor to date: three kings and the present queen, Elizabeth II. During the reign of the Windsors, major changes took place in British society. The British Empire participated
Cromwell’s dictatorship. In 1660, monarchy restored under Charles II. 1668 the Glorious Revolution + constitutional monarchy, i.e. constitution added to restrict the power of the monarch and divide obligations and power with the Parliament. Beginning of the century, literature, especially drama flourished. Emergence of puritanism – poetry becomes leading form. Puritanism – purification of religion, of all unnecessary rituals and decorations, in essence, all pleasure equals sin. Closed theatres and denounced all drama, dance, rural festivals, even country sports
The Roman occupation (AD 43 Londinium not important Boadicea a revolt against - AD 410) politically. An important trading the Roman conquest centre. Devastation AD 61. Rebuilt. Roman walls built in AD 200. Anglo Saxons (AD 400 Destroyed the Roman towns. Many 1066) kingdoms. London in ruins. King Egbert one Flourishing. Attacks by Vikings. kingdom England (the 9th century) King Albert the Great London is the capital Edward the Confessor
2. There are approx. 300-400 million speakers of English in the world. English occupies the 3rd place by its number of speakers; it is right behind Mandarin and Spanish. 3. ESL (English as a Second Language) used in your own country (e.g. India) EFL (English as a Foreign Language) used in a foreign country ESP (English for Specific Purposes) used in business, airlines, hotels etc. 4. Settlement colonies people migrated into them from Britain and started their own communities, they are the present English-speaking countries (USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand) Trading Empire (dependencies) mainly ESL countries; British people were seen more as a small ruling class (India, Africa) 5. Australia, The USA, Canada, Sri Lanka, India & Pakistan, Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand, South Africa were the British colonies that became dominions
The early middle ages The Norman Conquest Since William was crowned king, there were many rebellions against the Normans. A small Norman army marched from village to village and destroyed the ones it couldn't control. The Normans took away the Saxon lords' land. Only a few Saxons who supported William could keep their land. Feudalism William gave parts of his conquered land to his captains around the country to avoid rebellions and uprisings. He also kept some land to himself to make sure his was much stronger than his nobles
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