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Suurbritannia ajalugu ingl. k (0)

1 Hindamata
Punktid
History of Great Britain
Prehistory (-55BC)
- no written records
- 6th - 3rd c. BC the Celts came to British isles
- hill figures, hill forts, stone circles ( Stonehenge )
Roman- Britain (55BC - 400AD)
- Julius Caesar, named the country Albion
- Hadrian 's Wall, villas , roads, the town of Bath
The Anglo-Saxon, Danish and Norman invasions
- Germanic tribes settled and stayed
- Anglia
- Christianity was brought , religion became important , churches were built
- 8th century = raids by the Vikings and the Danes
1016 - 1042 : Under Danish rule ( York was the capital )
1042 : local Anglo-Saxons regain their rule
1066 : Normans arrive ( the Norman conquest )
Medieval Britain (1066-15th c.)
- the Battle of Hastings - William the Conqueror
- a new Anglo-Norman state
- the feudal system introduced
- the rule of the king and church strengthened
- centralised country, military rule
- Scotland , Wales and Ireland conquered
- Norman castles built
- spoke Norman French
- 1170 the murder of Archbischop Thomas a Becket in Canterbury Cathedral
( the religious centre of England & the Anglican church of the whole world )
- late 12th century : Robin Hood
- 1215 the Magna Carta ( personal and political liberty, signed by the king & the barons )
The first legal document !
- 1337 : the Hundred Year 's War
- 1348 the Black Death
- 1455-1485 : the Wars of the Roses for the throne of England, fought by two parts of the Royal family: House of Lancaster(red rose ) and the House of York(white rose)
House of York won --> Henry Tudor became Henry VII
The Tudors 16th c.
- a lively period : new learning , sea exploration, naval victories, trade expansion
- 1588 : the sinking of the Spanish armada ( Sir Francis Drake - naval leader , first Englishman to sail around the world
- Walter Raleigh : explorer of America, brought potatoes &tobacco to England
Powerful Tudor Monarchs :
1491-1547 Henry VIII
- had 6 wives ( the secoond was Anne Boleyn )
- established the church of England ( Protestant/Anglican ) and became its head
1558- 1603 Elisabeth I
- one of the greatest monarchs of England
- a long and golden period
- commercial prosperity
- intellectual brilliance
- literature ( W.Shakespeare )
The Stuarts 17th c.
- 1603 James VI of Scotland inherits Englands' throne
- 1605, November 5 : Guy Fawkes Night ( Bonfire Night )
- conflicts between the king and the parliament leads to the Civil War
- Oliver Cromwell
- outcome : Charles I is executed, Cromwell starts to rule the country ( Lord Protector )
- called the country 'Commonwealth' --> the only period in British history with no monarch
- 1658 O.Cromwell dies
- the parliament firmly established
- Charles I son is crowned Charles II
The House of Hanover 18th - 19th c.
- George I from Hanover becomes the king of England
- the country is run by Sir Robert Walpole ( Britain's first PM, first to live at 10 Downing Street )
- 1715 &1719 Scottish Jacobite Rebellions ( to restore the rule of the Stuarts in Scotland )
- leaders : James Stuart ( the old Pretender ) and his son Charles ( the young Pretender / Bonnie Prince Charlie )
- 1746 The Battle of Culloden ( lasted for 40 min. )
- Charles and the Highlanders against the English army --> the Scots lost their independence
Great Figures
Duke of Wellington
- finished the wars on land against Napoleon
- battle of Waterloo 1815
Admiral Nelson
- defeated the French in the battle of Trafalgar 1805 on the sea
- the flag ship called 'Victory'
- famous quote: 'every man of England must do his duty '
Captain James Cook
- navigator
- explorer
- mapped many seaways and charted many countries
Industrial revolution ( second half of the 18th c. )
- new machines ( weaving ), factories established
- new methods of farming
- England is rich in coal , wool, iron ore
- international trade boom
- canals and railways were built
- population increased to
- London : the largest and richest city in Europe ( population 1mln )
1810-1820 the Highland Clearances in Scotland
- local farmers could not pay the high rent so they left and they were replaced by sheep
19th c. A time of great social reform
- slave trade abolished
- laws to regulate work
- primary schools
1837-1901 the Victorian Age
Queen Victoria
- longest reigning monarch, 64 years
- her husband was Prince Albert ( died in 1861 --> Victoria's long mourning )
- nine children
- British Empire very powerful ( 1/4 of the world's territory and population
- Empire strongest in 1920 ( the peak )
The Crimean War
Between Russia and the alliance of France , Turkey , Austria and Britain to halt Russian expansion into the Balkans
- Russia lost, many casualties on both sides
Florence Nightingale ( Lady With the Lamp )
- first woman to run a field hospital
- turned nursing into a true profession
The Boer War 1899- 1902
Britain fought against to republics in South Africa and made them part of the British Empire
The potato famine in Ireland 1845-1850
- great disaster
- 1mln died, 1mln emigrated
Charles Dickens ( 1812 -1870)
- famous novelist
- 'Oliwer Twist ' and 'The Pickwick Papers'
The 20th c.
- The House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
1901- 1910 King Edward VII
- an able monarch, Queen Victoria's eldest son
1910-1936 King George V
- changed the family name to Windsor in 1917
World War I 1914-1918
- 'It will be over by Christmas' ( wrong )
- the Allies vs. Germany ,Austria-Hungary,Turkey
Fighting for independence in Ireland
- Easter Monday 1916, uprising
- 1921 the Irish Free State ( changed into the Republic of Ireland in 1949
- Northern-Ireland remains annexed to the UK
The General Strike 4.May 1926
- in support of the miners
- the only one in British history
Fighting for the right to vote
- suffrage
- all men& women over 21 got the right to vote in 1928
Emmeline Pankhurst (died in 1928)
- a fighter for women's rights , especially voting
1936 A sensation!
Edward XIII
- changes royal history
- abdicated (vabatahtlikult troonist loobuma ) to marry Mrs Wallis Simpson (divorcee from the USA)
- his brother becomes George VI( (1936-1952) --> the present Queen's father
Queen Elisabeth(1900-2001)
- close to people, especially during WWII
- the British Empire was replaced by The British Commonwealth of Nations
1939-1945 World War II
- two sides
- the Blitz in England : bombing cities, especially London
- rationing(piiratult jagama )=restricting the amount of food, petrol ,clothes
- the Battle of Britain = British Aircraft prevented the Germans from bombing , Summer -Autumn 1940
Churchill --> the Architect of the Victory
How did Britain lose its Empire?
- the Empire strongest in 1920s
- mid 20th c. --> the Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations
Britain&Europe
- 'Our hearts are not in Europe'
- everything is overseas for them
- 1973 joined the European Common Market ( later EU )
- a strong opposition to the Euro
Britain and the USA
- common language
- wartime alliance
- the Cold War
- Churchill's popularity in the USA
Britain today
- long history of political order
- last invasion in 1066
- Scotland and Wales --> own pariliaments from 1999
- since 2003: participation in the Iraq War
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Briti maaloo konspekt, Inglismaa ajalugu 55 E.m.a - tänapäev

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