vi Contents 12. Smoking 231 Zdzisław E. Sikorski and Edward Kol ´ akowski 13. Meat Packaging 247 Maurice G. O’Sullivan and Joseph P. Kerry 14. Novel Technologies for Microbial Spoilage Prevention 263 Oleksandr Tokarskyy and Douglas L. Marshall 15. Plant Cleaning and Sanitation 287 Stefania Quintavalla PART II. Products 299 16. Cooked Ham 301 Fidel Toldrá, Leticia Mora, and Mónica Flores 17. Cooked Sausages 313 Eero Puolanne 18. Bacon 327
They play a role in movement control. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER – A barrier made of epithelial cells which line the blood vessels of the brain. These cells form very tight junctions and control the passage of the chemicals between the blood and brain. BRAIN STEM – The part of the brain which connects to the spinal cord. It is the major route for information transfer between the brain and spinal cord. It controls such vital functions as respiration and heart rate. BROCA’S AREA – The brain region located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere which is implicated in the production of speech. CATECHOLAMINES – Group of neurotransmitters which includes dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline which are active both in the brain and the peripheral nervous system*. CAUDAL – Towards the tail end of a body. CELL – A structural and functional unit of all living organisms. CELL MEMBRANE – Very fine layer (~8-10 nm thick) which forms the external
analysis [4]. Therefore it is crucial to distinguish between real for each individual analysed. Comparing these profiles can help us informative allelic variants and the misleading single mutated to assess which specimens are similar enough on a genetic level to copies, to achieve reproducible findings. For this reason, a small be used together for one analysis e.g. for separating an enzyme of number of cloned sequences may not suffice to describe the whole interest or compiling a cDNA library. complement of the genome and there is no guarantee that these few sequences are actually the most prominent and true Materials and Methods descriptors for the individual studied. To overcome this problem, the allelic variants obtained should be quantified (either in the Sample collection and gemmule culture
2013): 1. Bacteria a) Heterotrophic bacteria, eg. symbiotic and non - symbiotic N2 fixers, ammonifier, cellulose decomposers, denitrifiers b) Autrotrophic bacteria, eg. nitrosomonas, nitrobacter, sulphur oxidizers, etc; 2. Fungus; 3. Viruses 4. Actinomycetes and stretomyces; 5. Algae eg. BGA, yellow gree algae, golden brown algae. The soil microflora largely depends on the type of soil, temperature, moisture, plant growth, nutrients, pH, and many other factors which may vary between locations but also within a single plot and over very small distances (OECD, 2007). Nevertheless of the quantity of microflora, biomass of all microorganisms living in soil play an important role in the functioning of entire soil ecosystems because their enormous biochemical activity (Barabasz et al. 2002). Soil microflora cycles carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, plays a role in soil structure
reddish-brown colour instead of black/sepia. In Shaw's terminology which can confuse modern readers, chocolate is a dilute of black (while blue is "maltesing" of black). It became apparent that Barrington dilution gene was in a different location to the ordinary black/chocolate genes and was inherited independently of black/chocolate. That means it wasn't the modern cinnamon. Genes in different locations can affect different enzymes involved in production of the same protein, in this case the production of eumelanin pigment. Shaw referred to the “standard chocolate dilution" as affecting enzyme D while the Barrington system affected enzyme B. He identified Barrington Brown as having 2 alleles; the dominant wild type and the recessive Barrington Brown dilution. B+ = Wild type gene. Apparently responsible for normal Enzyme B production, giving full intensity of melanin. b = Barrington Brown recessive gene. When 2 copies are present there is less Enzyme B
The sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is an annual(iga aastane) plant in the family Asteraceae, with a large flower head (inflorescence(õiekobar, õisik, õitseaeg, õidumine)). The stem(tüvi) of the flower can grow up to 3 metres tall, with the flower head reaching 30 cm in diameter. The term "sunflower" is also used to refer(nimetama, viitama, üle andma) to all plants of the genus(perekond, sugu) Helianthus, many of which are perennial(alaline, aastaringne) plants. What is usually called the flower is actually a head (formally(ametlikult) composite(liit-, komposiit- ; korvõieline, komposiit) flower) of numerous flowers (florets) crowded(täistuubitud, tunglev, rahvarohke) together
In all cases, absorption appears to be limited to cell layers immediately adjacent to the point of contact. Entry of formaldehyde into the blood (i.e., systemic absorption) occurs to a very limited extent, if at all. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE In reviewing the fate of formaldehyde in the environment, it should be noted that the environmental factors that influence the bioavailability to humans of formaldehyde from contaminated air, water, or plant material have not been studied. Air Formaldehyde is removed from the atmosphere by direct photolysis and oxidation by photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Formaldehyde absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation at wavelengths of 360 nm and longer; therefore, it is capable of photolyzing in sunlight. A half-life of 6 hours has been measured for photolysis in simulated sunlight. There are two photolytic pathways, one producing H2 and CO, and the other producing H and HCO radicals
Tallinn University Natural and exact sciences Molecular Biochemistry and Ecology Maria Gnidenko Capillary electrophoresis Essay Supervisor: Kert Martma Tallinn 2015 Table of contents Acronyms and symbols used Introduction History and development Physical basis and principle of separation Elektrophoresis Electroosmotic flow Separation process Electrodispersion Various methods of separation Capillary zone�
Air Bench ART, Before and After Thoraco-dorsal Fascia The Chop and Lift Full and Half-Kneeling Ideal Placement on One Line Tricep Rope Attachment Single-Leg Flexibility Assessment Down-Left Chop Ideal Placement Down-Left Chop Ideal Placement Turkish Get-Up Start and Finish of Two-Arm Single-Leg Deadlift RUNNING FASTER AND FASTER Hip Flexors Stretch Reverse Lunge Demonstration Untrained and Trained Start Positions Reverse Hyper(extension) on a Bench and Swiss Ball Enzyme Activity Graph Super Quad Stretch Pelvic Symmetry and Glute Flexibility Stretches Repositioning the Pelvis Pre-Workout Glute Activation Running by the Numbers Video Snapshots Diagram of Energetic Systems Taper Schedule 12-Weeks to 50k Schedules GETTING STRONGER How to Perform the Conventional Deadlift Brench-Press Plyometrics The Torture Twist The Sumo Deadlift The Sharapova Sit-Up: Janda Bench Pressing 854 Pounds: Set up Bench Pressing 854 Pounds: Technique
EOT (End of Transmission) framing/error detection: · Type of CRC (2B or 4B) transparency problem an can be rectified with byte stuffing (for byte-oriented protocols) and bit ·Indicates that a station has no data to transmit. Has 2 address fields (source & destination) for multiaccess · Disable or select authentication stage (PAP, CHAP, EAP) stuffing (for bit-oriented protocols). >Bit oriented synchronous transmission: preferred scheme · transparent to either Lacks framing delimiters and CRC · Line quality monitoring during normal operation (the > Byte stuffing (STX, ETX, DLE) Transmit side: insert DLE before control characters 1
have important metabolic and immunological effects (Arzt, 2001; Hoffman-Goetz & Pederson, 1994; Fitzgerald, 1998). Emotion regulation in relation.. 1 Figure 3. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis (HPA) Cortisol has been widely used in psychology to measure stress. Cortisol has metabolic effects on liver glucose sythnesis, breakdown of skeletal muscle protein to amino acids and in adipose tissue mobilizes fat. It can also have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions depending on concentration (Rhoades & Pflanzer, 1989). Most of these physiological effects prepare the body for hostile conditions. Cells of the immune system respond to stress or injury in many of ways (Benoy & Heels, 1998; Mayer & Watkins, 1998; Brines et al, 1996). They secrete a number of cytokines (signalling protein) such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) which is a pro-
Transfektsioon on võõra DNA viimine rakku. Keemilised meetodid. Kaltsiumfosfaadi meetod, DEAE dekstraan Füüsikalised meetodid. Mikroinjektsioon ja elektroporatsioon Membraanide fusioonid. Liposoomid, katioonsed lipiidid ja DNA kompleks lipofektsioon (DNA) konstrukti sisestamine viiruste abil. DNA viirused= näit. SV 40 (simian virus) pôhinevad vektorid · Mis on GFP, milliseid konkreetseid ekspresioonikonstrukte praktikumis kasutati? GFP-green fluoroescent protein, GFP võib funktsioneerida kui proteiin tag, ta viiakse plasmiidse DNA sees rakku ning tänu temale seotud signaaljärjestusele, saab sisseviidud DNA-valk kompleks seostuda just spetsiifilisse kohta rakus, ning tänu fluoroessents-efektile on näha see spetsiifiline koht ka valgusmikroskoobis nähtav.Ekspressioonikonstruktid olid plasmiidid GFP järjestuse ja erinevate signaalidega, mille tõttu ekspresseerus GFP erinevates rakupiirkondades. PEI
1. Ökoloogiateaduse uurimisobjektid Ecology (from Greek: , "house"; -, "study of") is the scientificstudy of the relation of living organisms to each other and their surroundings.[1] Ecology includes the study of plant and animalpopulations, plant and animal communities and ecosystems. Ecologists study a range of living phenomena from the role of bacteria in nutrient recycling to the effects of tropical rain forest on the Earth's atmosphere. Autökoloogia on ökoloogia haru, mis tegeleb organismide keskkonnanõudluste ja keskkonna- suhete uurimise ja kirjeldamisega. Demökoloogia ehk populatsiooniökoloogia (Schwerdtfeger 1963: 1314) on ökoloogia haru,
false negative results would be expected, as the goal of testing is to rule out the presence of disease. Screening tests should be used to screen for diseases that (1) have serious consequences if left undetected, (2) are reasonably prevalent within the population, and (3) have treatment options readily available. Should a positive result be obtained, a more accurate, confirmatory test should then be performed. One example of a screening test would be the urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio (Cort:Crt)u, which is used to screen symptomatic patients for canine hyperadrenocorticism.[1,2] The (Cort:Crt)u ratio tests for the presence or absence of urinary cortisol excretion and is noninvasive and inexpensive. It also has a high diagnostic sensitivity, which means that a negative result strongly indicates that the patient most likely does not have the disease.[1,2] Urinary cortisol excretion can be caused by both pathologic and physiologic processes,
FGI 1081 Stilistika (Irina Ladusseva) Kab. 420 2 AP Ends with an exam; lasts only for 1 semester. At the exam you get 2 questions and an exercise (50 sentences: establish the device used, recognize it, and name it). Care about the pronunciation of the terms. Books: - I. Galperin "Stylistics" - I. Ladusseva "Rhythm and Text" - I. Ladusseva "Vocabulary and Style" - I. Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I. Ladusseva "A Guide to Punctuation" EXAMINATION TOPICS: 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies 2. Inherent connotations. Phonesthe
converted to Glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate costs 1 ATP · Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, without oxygen pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. · Net gain 3 moles of ATP (glucose = 2 ATP) Anaerobic Glycolysis · Reserve fuel activated when a person accelerates during race, during the last 200 m of a mile run, or performs a 400 m run or 100 m swim. Lactic Acid/Lactate Formation · During very high intensity exercise high rate of glycolysis H+ released faster than they can be removed by NADH (ETC) increased lactic acid production. · The above due to both lack of O 2 and the recruitment of fast twitch fibres. · Lactic acid lactate diffuses into blood for buffering and rapid removal. Lactic Acid as an Energy Source · Lactic acid allows high rates of ATP production for short duration (2-3 minutes). · As exercise intensity slows or during recovery sufficient O2 available again
GGSVNASNAAELFAQPDIDGALVGGASLKADAFAVIVKAAEAAKQAMKPGCTLFFLLCSALTVTTEAHAQTPDTA TTAPYLLAGAPTFDLSISQFREDFNSQNPSLPLNEFRAIDSSPDKANLTRAASKINENLYASTALERGTLKIKSI QMTWLPIQGPEQKAAKAKAQEYMAAVIRTLTPLMTKTQSQKKLQSLLTAGKNKRYYTETEGALRYVVADNGEKGL TFAVEPIKLALSESLEGLNKMTIQQWLFSFKGRIGRRDFWIWIGLWFAGMLVLFSLAGKNLLDIQTAAFCLVCLL WPTAAVTVKRLHDRGRSGAWAFLM VASTUS: Kasutasin programmi Protein-protein BLAST (blastp) Format alignments 500 Sarnased järjestused Database: NCBI Protein Reference Sequences Posted date: Apr 9, 2006 5:23 AM Number of letters in database: 811,773,583 Number of sequences in database: 2,250,671 Lambda K H 0.319 0.133 0.393 Gapped Lambda K H 0.267 0.0410 0.140 Matrix: BLOSUM62 Gap Penalties: Existence: 11, Extension: 1 Number of Sequences: 2250671 Number of Hits to DB: 127332226 Number of extensions: 4937094 Number of successful extensions: 13884 Number of sequences better than 10: 117
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). STYLISTICS Stylistics is the study of style. The very term "stylistics" came in more com
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis Kristjan Rannaäär Veterinary medicine, 2. year, 2. group Abstract Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a highly contagious ocular disease and big problem in cattle farms worldwide. It is the most common ocular disease of cattle caused by bacteria Moraxella bovis. This study focuses on IBK despite having low mortality rate and complete recovery, it causes significant loss of productivity in the herds affected due to the costs of treatment and considerable impact on afflicted animals, including blindness. This research is focused on the details, such as risk factors, pathogenesis, etiology, clinical signs prevention, transmission, and treatment, which animal handlers should be aware of to minimize the harm caused by IBK. Vaccination does not ensure lifelong immunity and not
FGI 1811 Proseminar (Irina Ladusseva) 2.0 AP Kab. 420 03.09.2002. Writing a term paper (this spring) and graduation paper. To get a pass: one written task (part of introduction, thesis statement) Term paper should be printed (20-25 pages long). Graduation paper should be printed (50-60 pages long). First write term paper, and choose a topic right now (theme of term paper later will be developed into graduation paper). Rights: we have a right to have a supervisor. Supervisor writes on the front page "Lubatud kaitsmisele". You need time to: 1. read the theory 2. collect material 3. regularity (1-2 hours a day deal with your paper) The first draft of term paper should be ready by March. Supervisors are: 1. Suliko Liiv (country study, grammar, contrastive studies, methodology) 2. Liliana Skopinskaja (methodology) 3. Jaanika Marley (foneetika, methods) 4. Ene Alas (translation, methods) 5. Paul Rüsse (literature (Am.,Br.), met
nanotechnology is warranted. · Robotics Robotics is the science and technology of robots, and their design, manufacture, and application.[1] Robotics has connections to electronics, mechanics, and software.[2] · History · High-tech industries · Further analysis from OECD has indicated that using research intensity as only industry classification indicator is also possible. The OECD does not only take the manufacturing but also the usage rate of technology into account. The OECD's classification is following (stable since 1973): Industry name Total R&D-intensity (1999, in %) ISIC Rev. 3 High-Technology Pharmaceuticals 10.46 2423 Aircraft & spacecraft 10.29 353 Medical, precision & optimal instruments 9
ing supplied in order to prevent any malfunction due to static electricity. • When using a thermocouple-input type Temperature Sensor Unit, observe the following precautions: • Do not remove the cold junction compensator attached at the time of deliv- ery. If the cold junction compensator is removed the Unit will not be able to measure temperatures correctly. • Each of the input circuits is calibrated with the cold junction compensator attached to the Unit. If the Unit is used with the cold junction compensator from other Units, the Unit will not be able to measure temperatures correct- ly.
large letters of the alphabet, and see where people are, albeit not details about them. Linda Morfoot, 65, of Long Beach, Calif., blind for 12 years, says she can now toss a ball into a basketball hoop, follow her nine grandchildren as they run around her living room and "see where the preacher is" in church. "For someone who's been totally blind, this is really remarkable," said Andrew P. Mariani, a program director at the National Eye Institute. "They're able to get some sort of vision." Scientists involved in the project, the artificial retina, say they have plans to develop the technology to allow people to read, write and recognize faces. Advances in technology, genetics, brain science and biology are making a goal that long seemed out of reach -- restoring sight -- more feasible. "For a long time, scientists and clinicians were very conservative, but you have to at some point
areas and the delimitation of the maritime areas of the two states. Qatar relies on the exchanges of letters of December 1987 and Doha Minutes of 25 December. Both parties agree that the letters constitute an international agreement with binding force. Bahrain maintains that the Minutes are a slime record of negotiations; they're not an international agreement. Also, that Qatar is not able to seize the Court unilaterally; the text says seisin only by the two parties. Therefore the Court lacks jurisdiction to deal with the application of Qatar. Bahrain is wrong. The Minutes are an international agreement, because it is not simply a record of a meeting. It enumerates the commitments to which the Parties have consented previously and thus create rights and obligations in international law for the parties.
Producing process Biogas is normally produced by using the excreta of animals as the source material. In most of the countries where biogas is produced, the excreta of the cattle and other farm animals are used. In India gobar or cow dung is used for the purpose of making biogas. 20% of the excreta of animals are made up of dust particles that are inorganic in nature. The percentage of the inorganic dust particles is brought down by combining water with the excreta in a 1:1 ratio. The rate of feeding of any biogas manufacturing plant that is based on dung is 3,500 kilograms per day. Under normal circumstances the microbial content of the biogas is maintained by the addition of 2% of the expended slurry of the slurry of the fresh dung. 1% calcium ammonium nitrate of the dung is combined with the slurry in such cases. At times waste of kitchens and excrement of human bodies is used in these processes. The human excreta are supposed to occupy, at the most, 3% of the slurry.
Sampling length L Sampling length L Probability density Parameter from bearing ratio curve and profile height amplitude curve Rku Pku Kurtosis of profile Material ratio curve of the profile Profile height amplitude curve Wku (Abbott Firestone curve)
Another suggestion, although much less frequently used, is the Islands of the North Atlantic (IONA). Climate Overall, Ireland has a mild, but changeable, climate all year. The island is not noted for its extremes. The warmest recorded air temperature was 33.3°C. The coldest air temperature was -19.1°C Average temperatures in the island vary from -4°C (min) to 11°C (max) in January, and 9°C (min) to 23°C (max) in July. Flora and fauna Ireland has fewer animal and plant species than either Britain or mainland Europe because it became an island very soon after the end of the last Ice Age, about 8,000 years ago. Nevertheless, it is home to hundreds of plant species, some of them unique to the island. Many different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, temperate forests, conifer plantations, peat bogs, and various coastal habitats. Fauna
density rural areas which results in spreading of city over more and more rural land. Urban sprawl results in land degradation, increased traffic, environmental issues and health issues. FIND OUT 5 WAYS HOW TO FIX URBAN SPRAWL. 10. Genetic Engineering: Genetic modification of food using biotechnology is called genetic engineering. Genetic modification of food results in increased toxins and diseases as genes from an allergic plant can transfer to target plant. Genetically modified crops can cause serious environmental problems as an engineered gene may prove toxic to wildlife. Another drawback is that increased use of toxins to make insect resistant plant can cause resultant organisms to become resistant to antibiotics. FIND OUT 5 REASONS TO AVOID GM FOOD. If humans continue moving forward in such a harmful way towards the future, then there will be no future to consider
Her friend, Les, didn't like to use any energy at all. He walked to school, read books instead of watching TV, played the trumpet instead of Guitar Hero, and turned off the lights anytime he left a room. Then one evening, there was a power outage. The lights went out, the TV turned off, and everything became very quiet. Jules became very upset, and quite scared. She couldn't do anything that she wanted to do. She didn't think she could survive. Meanwhile, Les didn't seem to mind at all. He was able to light a few candles and he could still read his books, practice his trumpet, and hang out and play cards with his family. The two friends then realized that there was a big difference in their lifestyles and the amount of energy they used. So Jules decided she should figure out how much energy Les used and then compare her energy consumption to how much she really needed. To do this, they figured out how much energy Jules was using for entertainment, light, heating and
kerogen, which is found in various oil shales around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons via a process known as catagenesis. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis in a variety of mainly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure. There were certain warm nutrient-rich environments such as the Gulf of Mexico and the ancient Tethys Sea where the large amounts of organic material falling to the ocean floor exceeded the rate at which it could decompose. This resulted in large masses of organic material being buried under subsequent deposits such as shale formed from mud. This massive organic deposit later became heated and transformed under pressure into oil. Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an "oil window"below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen, and above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process
1 One advantage of the new scheme is its cost effectiveness. Moreover,... a) it is likely to be extremely well accepted by the workforce. b) it is unlikely to be popular with the workforce. c) I recommend that it should be adopted. 2 One advantage of the new scheme is its cost effectiveness. However,... a) it is likely to be extremely well accepted by the workforce. b) it is unlikely to be popular with the workforce. c) I recommend that it should be adopted. 3 There was an unusually high rate of absence in March, due to the 'flu epidemic. As a result,... a) in April, the absence rate was back to normal. b) production dropped by 3 per cent on the previous month's figures. c) difficulty was encountered in obtaining supplies of raw materials. 4 The manufacturers could be asked to send a representative to train company employees in the use of the machine on site. Alternatively,... a) this would be the most cost effective solution.
localize in one half brain basic mental processes like learning and memory. In the future, we can expect deeper insights into the mechanics of how the brain works. Using one or more examples, explain effects of neurotransmission on human behavior. Acetylcholine is believed to play a role in memory formation. Martinez and Kesner carried out and experiment with the aim of determining the role of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on memory. Rats were trained to go through a maze. Once they were able to do this two different groups of rats were injected with chemicals that either increased or decreased the activity of acetylcholine in the brain. There was also a third group, who were not injected anything. The results showed that the rats with more acetylcholine in their brain were faster in finding the food in the maze and the rats with less acetylcholine were slower and took more wrong turns. The researchers concluded that acetylcholine played an important role in creating a
Style The term style is a polysemantic one. The latin word ,,stilus" meant a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Already, in classical latin the meaning of style was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style of symbolism, romanticism 3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres of human activity fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, official documents, business correspondenc et
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