kontrolli Rooma Inglise kiriku üle, mis sai alguseks mitmete aastakümnete pikkuseks religioosseks pingeks. Inglise katolikud võitlesid oma koha eest ühiskonnas, mis oli domineeritud uue eraldiseisva ja kasvava Inglise protestantliku kirikuga. Henry tütar, Elizabeth I,tegi vastulöögi kasvavale usulõhele kehtestades Elizabethi religioosse kokkuleppe, mis kujutas endast iga kiriku ametnikkonna eest vastutavate ja juhtivate tunnistamist monarhi kui 1 Gunpowder Plot 2011: WWW 2 Fraser 1996:233 4 kiriku ja riigi valitsejana. Karistused keeldumise eest olid karmid; määrati trahve ja järjepidevalt seadust eiravad inimesed riskisid vangistamise ning hukkamisega. Katoliiklus muutus äärmuslikuks, kuid hoolimata ähvardustest saada hukatud jätkasid preestrid usu praktiseerimist salajamisi. 3 3 Haynes 1994: 12
from the harbour. Legends say, that during storms, the waves reached the gate. . In the 16th century, a powerful cannon tower was built next to the Great Coastal Gate. It had 155 loopholes, diameter of 25 meters, and a height of about 20 meters. The tower was named Roosikrantsi, but as it was the stoutest tower in the Wall, people started to call it "Fat Margaret". Through history, the cannon tower has also served as a storehouse for gunpowder and weapons, and as a prison. The Fat Margaret's Tower houses the Estonian Maritime Museum, with a permanent exhibit on Estonian maritime and fishing history. The viewing platform on the roof affords a lovely view onto the Old Town and the bay. I hope you will enjoy the visit. Loohole-laskeava Stoutest-trullakaim Storehouse-laohoone Gunpowder-püssirohi Maritime-merndus Permanent-pidev
EARL GREY ( bergamotiõliga aromatiseeritud must tee) Roheline tee • Aasias väga populaarne • Toodetakse lehtedest, mida on aurutatud ja kuivatatud, kuid mitte kääritatud • Rohekaskollase tee, mille maitse on kergelt mõru • Roheline tee sisaldab palju rohkem parkhappeid ja kofeiini kui must tee • Loetakse üheks kõige tervislikumaks joogiks maailmas • Tuntumad rohelise teesordid: Bancha, Sencha, Gunpowder, Gyokoro BANCHA SENCHA GYOKORO GUNPOWDER Valge tee • Valge tee on kõige naturaalsem, kõige vähem töödeldud tee • Valged teesordid on väga kallid ja haruldased kogu maailmas • Valmistatakse teepõõsa puhkemata pungadest • Teelehed on kergelt aurutatud ja kuivatatud • Kõrgelt hinnatud, sest omab enim antioksüdantseid omadusi Oolong tee ehk musta draakoni tee • Oolong on pooleldi kääritatud tee(musta ja
1900. Tallinn Mikhail Preobrazhenski St. Petersburg. . Toompea . 16th , Tallinn Europe. , Riga Vilnius , 80 2.35km . St Mary 1223 Toompea. More commonly , noblemen. (Toomkirik) Kiriku . GLAVN Lutheran . . 1878 Classicism Romanticism. 2 , . 1510-1529 seaward storehouse gunpowder, . , Maritime viewing on top of . Toompea , Kiek de Kök (peek ). 38m , 17m 4m . St ` ' Berndt Notke. St , . back to 13th , 1230 . St . Toompea ` ' . : Hermann , Czarist , Riigikogu, courtyard , 1920s. Viru, . Tallinn fascinating . (72 1806),
Nikolai Pirogov - Russian scientist and doctor Made in 1952 4 co-creators: J. Raudsepp, M.Mölder, P. Tarvas and A. http://y.delfi.ee/norm/129449/6449647 Volberg _IEUNb0.jpeg Main Building of Tartu University Built in 1804-1809 Project by Johann Wilhelm Krause Opened in 3 July 1809 Classical architecture http://y.delfi.ee/norm/35277/1384303_ K9CpKi.jpeg Gunpowder Cellar Dug into the side of the hill in 1767 Used as a gunpowder cellar until 1809 Restaurant, pub since http://f4.pmo.ee/f/2010/06/15/386735t20h7 1982 ad9.jpg Used sources Tartu Külastuskeskus. 2012. Tartu linna ja maakonna turismiinfo. Available at http://visittartu.com, accessed April 16, 2012. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2012. Barclay Hotell. Available at http://et.wikipedia
Calvinism with its strict insistence on simplicity and its dislike of ritual and celebration became the dominant religion in England. 7. Who was the king who took the Union Flag into use? Why is it called the Union Flag? King James I took the Union Flag into use. The flag was a symbol of the united countries England and Scotland and the flag combined the English flag of St. George with the Scottish flag of St. Andrew. 8. What is the Gunpowder Plot? Why was it organised? Gunpowder Plot was the name of the conspiracy by Catholics who tried to kill James and the Members of the Parliament to regain for their religion the influence that it had had before Elizabeth I's reign. 9. What were the landmarks in English literature in James I's reign? During James I reign, puritans was given the right to make an official translation of the Bible which was published in 1611. Also, the greatest writers during 17th
architecture in Estonia. The main building was built in 1804-1809 according to university architect Johann Wilhelm Krause's plans. The opening ceremony of the university's main building took place on 3 July 1809. Since that day, all major university events are celebrated in the main hall. Because of superb acoustics many concerts are held here, and its spaciousness allows for conferences to be held. The hall was re-opened on 3 May 2002 following its last renovation. Gunpowder Cellar The Gunpowder Cellar was dug into the side of the hill in 1767 as part of the complex of the bishop's citadel. It was used as a gunpowder cellar until 1809. Until 1982 it served as a storage room for many different enterprises, and was later developed into a eating place. Today the building hosts a beer restaurant carrying the same name. Ruins of Toome Cathedral The name of Tartu's "Toome Hill" is derived from the "Toomkirik" or Toom Cathedral of the area's bishopric
Its height is 38 meters and its walls are 4 meters thick. The tower was just high enough that its guards had a view into the kitchens of neighbouring buildings. The tower s name, "peek in the kitchen", comes from its height. The tower was partially destroyed during the Livonian War (1558-1583), but the building itself did not fall. The tower has been rebuilt several times, but up until the 20th century, it was still being used as a gunpowder storage and storehouse. Today the tower tells the story of the birth and development of Tallinn and the most important military events from the 13th to the 18th centuries. The external wall still holds stone and iron cannonballs from Russian tsar Ivan IV. The Great Coastal Gate, built along with the city wall, is situated on the northern side of the Old Town, near the harbour. During the reconstruction of the gate in the early 16th century, the cannon tower Fat Margaret was added
12: What did King Edward I do in 1290? King Edward I issued an edict in 1290, expelling all Jews from England 13: How much did London's population change between 1100 and 1300? In 1100 its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000 14: What did the Black Death do to London in the 14th century? Because of this London lost nearly a third of its population 15: What did the rebels of the Peasant's Revolt of 1381 do when they were in London? 16: What was the Gunpowder Plot and when did it happen? In 1603, James VI of Scotland came to the throne of England, essentially uniting the two countries. His enactment of harsh anti-Catholic laws made him unpopular, and an assassination attempt was made on 5 November 1605 17: What is the main holiday these days that celebrates this event? 18: What happened in 1665? Plague caused extensive problems for London in the early 17th century, culminating in the
considerably. When the Ingermanland bastion was heaped up, two lower storeys of the tower became underground ones inside the bastion earth mound. The entrance from the bastion was made into the second floor. The four upper floors were reconstructed to suit the guns on wheel carriages. Most of the steps in the embrasure floors were levelled and the embrasure mouths were funnelled. Above the embrasure chambers vents for siphoning gunpowder smoke out were built. The last floor got a new outer wall to support a new ceiling roof that was 2 m thick at its thinnest and 4 m thick at the top of the vault. While the armaments developed, the defence wall around the town lost its significance. In 1760 the tower was taken over by the state and was used as a storage, apartments, archive rooms. At the beginning of the 20th century the first Estonian heavy athletes used some of the rooms as training quarters.
few verified deaths were recorded. This reasoning has recently been challenged on the grounds that the deaths of poor and middle-class people were not recorded anywhere, and that the heat of the fire may have cremated many victims, leaving no recognizable remains. 2: How was the fire finally mastered? The battle to quench the fire is considered to have been won by two factors: the strong east winds died down, and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks to halt further spread eastward. 3: What did the Rebuilding of London Act 1666 say about bricks? That houses must be made out of bricks or stones. 4: Who was appointed to rebuild St. Paul's Cathedral and the ruined parish churches? Sir Christopher Wren 5: When was the Bank of England founded? It was established in 1694 (27 July). 6: When did Lloyd's of London begin to operate? The Society of Lloyd's was incorporated by Lloyd's Act 1871.
Elizabeth I (1558-1603) daughter of Henry VIII, a very strong woman, Catholics were attacked, Protestants looked on favourably; Mary, Queen of Scots was executed, the Spanish Armada was defeated, England became very powerful; she never married and the Tudor dynasty died with her. James VI of Scotland (1603-1625) son of Mary, Queen of Scots, became king after Elizabeth's death, united the two crowns, creating the title "King of Great Britain"; survived the Gunpowder Plot of 5th November, 1605, when the Roman Catholics tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament. Charles I (1625-1649) a king of England, Scotland and Ireland, in conflict with Parliament, was beheaded during the English Civil War. George III (1760-1820) his stubbornness led to the American War of Independence; Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, witnessed the Industrial Revolution. Queen Victoria (1837-1901) her reign saw a great expansion of national
Tee kuivab masinates temperatuuril 85-100 C umbes 20 min. Erinevad musta tee sordid. Nuwara Assam Kuldne Nõel Darjeeling Tee liigid Roheline tee Roheline tee on fermenteerimata tee. Temas on säilinud roheline värvus, sest kuuma auruga peatatakse teelehtede fermentatsioon, neid ainult närvutatakse ja kuivatatakse. Roheline tee sisaldab palju rohkem parkhappeid ja kofeiini kui must tee. Eelistatakse Jaapanis ja Hiinas ja Kesk-Aasias. Green Gunpowder tea Jasmiinitee Bancha Sencha Gyokuro Tee liigid Oolong Oolong on pooleldi fermenteeritud tee s.o. musta ja rohelise tee vahepealne, milles on ühendatud musta ja rohelise tee parimad maitse-ja aroomiomadused. Oolong on tervetest lehtedest ja teda ei rullita. Ka sisaldab ta kaks korda rohkem kofeiini, kui must tee ning on väga vitamiinirikas ja vürtsikas. Peetakse maailma aromaatsemaks teeks ja nimetatakse teetäiuslikkuseks. Anxi Oolongi tee Yellow Gold Oolong
In 1665 the Great Plague killed about 70,000 people. In the 1666 the Great Fire destroyed almost all of the City and a large area to the west. Thousands of new houses were built, and Christopher Wren constructed St Paul's Cathedral as well as many churches. Stuart London The first Stuart king, James I, came to the throne in 1603. In 1605 a group of men tried to blow up both him and the Houses of Parliament. This Gunpowder Plot failed. In 1625 Charles I came to the throne. Civil war broke out in1642 between supporters of the king and the parliamentary forces, led by Puritan called Oliver Cromwell. Charles I was beheaded in1649 and Britain became a republic known as the Commonwealth. In 1660 the monarchy retuned. Saxons and Vikings Later in the 5th century, Saxons settled just west of Londinium and formed the town of Lundenwic. It was raided by Danish Vikings
THE DOMINICAN St. CATHERINE`S MONASTERY One of the best-kept secrets of Tallinn is to be found in the very center of the city. Located near Viru Street, between Müürivahe and Vene Streets, is a medieval Dominican monastery which reveals a fascinating dimension of the city's history. The Dominican Order was founded by a Spaniard, Saint Dominic Gusman, in 1216. Up to that moment only bishops were permitted to preach, but their performance was inadequate beause of the time they had to devote to the administrstion of their dioceses. The result was that many Christians heard the Word of God rarely if at all . Dominic envisioned the creation of a body of trained theologians who would scatter throughout Europe and proclaim the gospel in the most remote areas. The nordic countries appear very early on the Dominic anagenda. To reach Tallinn the friars followed the trade route along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, and reached Estonia some 7...
· Dating back to Medieval London, this spectacular annual ceremony marking the beginning of the new parliamentary year takes places in October or November and features peers and bishops in traditional robes and a royal procession involving the State Coach . · The Yeomen of the Guard are responsible for searching the cellars of the Houses of parliament before the Queen arrives. · A duty undertaken ever since the infamous Gunpowder Plot of 1605 when Guy Fawkes tried to blow up Parliament. The televised ceremony that follows takes place in the House of Lords. · The proceedings begin with Black Rod (the Queen's Messenger) calling 250 members of the House of Commons to the Houses og Lords. · The door is initially slammed in his face before being re-opened. · This reminds people that the Commons can exclude everyone but the Sovereign's messengers. Lord Mayor's Show
It was a very peaceful time, she loved theatre and plays. People had good lives and were entertained. Mary (catholic), The queen of Scots, was executed by Elizabeth I. Elizabeth had no heir. The power of the English monarch increased in this period. Bubonic plaguse killed one third of the population in England during its first outbreak and continued to reappear periodically for another 300 years. 1605 The Gunpowder plot The 17th century James I became the first English king of the Stuart dynasty, he was already James VI of Scotland so the crowns of these two countries were united The goverments continued to seperate, but the linguistic differences were lessened The kind of Middle English spoken in lowland Scotland had developed into a written language known as Scots Scottish Protesntant church adopted English Bibles.
city from the sea side and are very impressive when viewed from the harbor. Fat Margaret's Tower is now home to the Estonian Maritime Museum. Fat Margaret The round tower, Fat Margaret, has 155 loopholes, a diameter of 25 meters, and a height of about 20 meters, it was built to protect the harbour. It got it's name from the cannon stored there. Through history, the cannon tower has also served as a storehouse for gunpowder and weapons, and as a prison. Great Coastal Gate ·The first Great Coastal Gate was builded in place where city wall and long street came together. In that time it was only 100 meters to the sea. The first gate has not survived. It was 4-storey and height of 14,4m. Great Coastal Gate that we can see today, was built in 1518-1529. Nunna, Sauna and Kuldjala Towers Nunna, Sauna and Kuldjala Towers (Town Wall)
· An earlier consciousness of nationality than elsewhere in Europe · The Hundred Years War 1337-1453 · When the external war was lost, there was the internal war: War of the Roses 1455- 1485; York (white) vs Lancaster (red). 1485, Henry Tudor united both families and ended the civil war, he became Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch. The end of the Middle Ages. · Chivalry was changing. Major technological advancement gunpowder. Knights and their armour became useless. No need for enormous castles. · The previously rigid set of classes were not so rigid anymore. E.g. a poor man with a gun was a match for a knight with a sword. · Thomas Mallory "Morte D'Arthur". In prose, very simple, vivid, the last great representative of medieval romances. Even as he was writing it, the whole idea of chivalry was losing its status. · William Caxton the first printer in England
the Fat Margaret cannon tower was added. Built from 1511 to 1530, this hefty, round tower has a diameter of 25 metres, a height of about 20 metres, and walls up to 5 metres thick. The origins of Fat Margaret's name are a mystery. Some theories insist it was named for one of its larger cannons, while others hint at a cook called Margaret who once worked here. In any case, the tower has served a number of different functions throughout its history. It has been used a storehouse for gunpowder and weapons, and as a prison. Now it's home to the Estonian Maritime Museum, which provides a detailed look at the nation's seafaring past. 3 churches of the lower town Niguliste - 13th-century Gothic church-turned art museum. Destroyed during World War II and rebuilt during Soviet times, the church now houses a fascinating collection of medieval religious art, with altars from the 15th and 16th centuries, a collection of Baroque and Renaissance chandeliers, and a 'silver chamber
British parliament. 32. Westminster Abbey. Westminster Abbey has been the site of royal coronations since 1066 – when William the Conqueror was crowned the King of England there on Christmas Day – and the final resting place for sovereigns and respected politicians, poets and artists since the 13th century. Around 3,300 people are believed to be buried there, including Charles Dickens, Charles Darwin, George Frederick Handel and others. 33. Gunpowder Plot. On 5 November 1605, a group of Catholics planned to blow up the Houses of the Parliament while the king was in there. Before they could achieve this, one of them, Guy Fawkes, was caught in the cellars under Parliament with the gunpowder. He and his fellow conspirators were all brought to trial and then killed. At the time, the failure of the gunpowder plot was celebrated as a victory for British Protestantism over rebel Catholicism
Souchong jpt. Mustal teel on ka ergutav toime, ning seda juuakse tihti kohvi asemel. Juues väga kanget musta teed, võivad tekkida hallunisatsioonid ja muud kõrvalnähud. Aasias üliarmastatud rohelist teed toodetakse lehtedest, mida on aurutatud ja kuivatatud, kuid mitte kääritatud. Sellistest lehtedest saab rohekaskollase tee, mille maitse on kergelt mõru ja sarnanab rohkem värske teelehe maitsega. Kaks tuntumat rohelist teed on Sencha ja Gunpowder . Oolong -teed tehakse lehtedest, mis on osaliselt fermenteeritud ja need paigutuvad nii maitselt, värvuselt kui aroomilt musta ja rohelise tee vahepeale. Tuntuim oolong on Formosa oolong Taiwanilt . Teadusuuringud on tõestanud, et nii must kui roheline tee suurendab organismi antioksüdantide aktiivsust kui 45%. Samuti arvatakse neil olevat antibakteriaalne toime, millest on kasu kaariese ja igemeprobleemide korral.
Kuigi erinevat liiki mustade teede maitse varieerub, on see enamasti tugevam kui rohelistel või oolong-teedel. Tuntuimad mustad teed on Darjeeling, English Breakfast, Earl Grey, Lapsang Souchong jpt. Aasias üliarmastatud rohelist teed toodetakse lehtedest, mida on aurutatud ja kuivatatud, kuid mitte kääritatud. Sellistest lehtedest saab rohekaskollase tee, mille maitse on kergelt mõru ja sarnanab rohkem värske teelehe maitsega. Kaks tuntumat rohelist teed on Sencha ja Gunpowder. Oolong-teed tehakse lehtedest, mis on osaliselt fermenteeritud ja need paigutuvad nii maitselt, värvuselt kui aroomilt musta ja rohelise tee vahepeale. Tuntuim oolong on Formosa oolong Taiwanilt. Lisaks nimetatuile on veel mitmeid teisi teesorte: valge tee, kollane tee, punane tee jt. Eestis on turuliidriks Lipton aga Tetley ei jää palju maha, samuti Dilmah püsib turul kenasti. 7 4. TEE VALMISTAMINE
tower was added. Built from 1511 to 1530, this hefty, round tower has a diameter of 25 metres, a height of about 20 metres, and walls up to 5 metres thick. The origins of Fat Margaret's name are a mystery. Some theories insist it was named for one of its larger cannons, while others hint at a cook called Margaret who once worked here. In any case, the tower has served a number of different functions throughout its history. It has been used a storehouse for gunpowder and weapons, and as a prison. Now it's home to the Estonian Maritime Museum, which provides a detailed look at the nation's seafaring past. Visitors should be sure to climb up to its rooftop viewing platform to get a lovely view of Old Town and the bay. http://www.tourism.tallinn.ee/eng/fpage/explore/attractions/old_town #!p_174824 Song Celebrations and Song Festival traditions
Sobivad täiuslikult nii hommikueine juurde, kui pärastlõunaste kondiitritoodete kõrvale. Väga hästi sobib neid juua koos piimaga. Roheline tee Aasias üliarmastatud rohelist teed toodetakse lehtedest, mida on aurutatud ja kuivatatud, kuid mitte kääritatud. Sellistest lehtedest saab rohekaskollase tee, mille maitse on kergelt mõru ja sarnanab rohkem värske teelehe maitsega. Kaks tuntumat rohelist teed on Sencha ja Gunpowder. Roheline ja Must tee erinevad kääritamise poolest, rohelise tee lehti ei kääritata kuid musta tee lehti kääritatakse. Erinevad ka värvuse poolest, roheline tee on rohekaskollane aga must tee on punakaspruun. Musta tee maitse on tugevam. Tee Tee maitsestamiseks võidakse lisada väga erinevaid aineid ja drooge: soola, suhkrut, mitmesuguseid pipraid, nelki, muskaati, tsitruselisi, rosinaid, mett, alkoholi jpm. Venemaal juuakse teed moosiga
Sobib toidu kõrvale nautimiseks. Sencha Kõige populaarsem Jaapani roheline tee. Sencha teed korjatakse kevadel. Koosneb noortest mahlakatest lehtedest ning seetõttu on ka teel kerge puhas maitse ning aroom. Säilitab C-vitamiini sisalduse minimaalse töötluse tõttu. Aitab kaasa seedimisele. Hojicha Jaapani roheline tee, mida on röstitud. Röstimise käigus on tee kaotanud loodusliku kofeiini, mis teeb temast väga maheda ja mõnusa, veidi suitsulõhnalise ja maitselise tee. Gunpowder Hiina roheline tee. Teepõõsa noored lehed on tugevalt keeratud rulli kuulikesteks. Teetõmmises lehed keerduvad uuesti lahti. Gen Maicha See eksootiline Jaapani roheline tee koosneb röstitud riisist ja popcornist ning mahedast rohelisest teest. Tulemuseks on värskendav tassike teed, mis on üheaegselt nii magus kui vürtsikas. Sobib hästi pärastlõunaseks ja õhtuseks nautimiseks. Gyokuro Eksklusiivne Jaapani roheline tee, pärineb kuulsast Yamashiro regioonist. Tõlkes
In 1100 its population was around 18,000 but after 200 years it had grown to nearly 100,000. However disaster struck during the Black Death, when London lost nearly a third of its population. After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, stability in politics allowed the city to grow even more. In 1603, James VI of Scotland came to the throne of England, essentially uniting the two countries. An assassination attempt was made on him on the 5th of November in 1605, now known as the famous Gunpowder Plot. Plague caused more problems for London later in that century, culminating in the Great Plague. That was the last major outbreak in Europe, possibly thanks to the Great Fire of London in 1666. The fire broke out in the original City and quickly swept through London's wooden buildings, destroying large amounts of the city. Rebuilding took over ten years. Following London's growth in the 18th century, it became the worlds largest city from about 1831 to 1925
Kuigi erinevat liiki mustade teede maitse varieerub, on see enamasti tugevam kui rohelistel või oolong-teedel. Tuntuimad mustad teed on Darjeeling, English Breakfast, Earl Grey, Lapsang Souchong jpt. Aasias üliarmastatud rohelist teed toodetakse lehtedest, mida on aurutatud ja kuivatatud, kuid mitte kääritatud. Sellistest lehtedest saab rohekaskollase tee, mille maitse on kergelt mõru ja sarnanab rohkem värske teelehe maitsega. Kaks tuntumat rohelist teed on Sencha ja Gunpowder. Oolong-teed tehakse lehtedest, mis on osaliselt fermenteeritud ja need paigutuvad nii maitselt, värvuselt kui aroomilt musta ja rohelise tee vahepeale. Tuntuim oolong on Formosa oolong Taiwanilt. Lisaks nimetatuile on veel mitmeid teisi teesorte: valge tee, kollane tee, punane tee jt. Tee valmistamine Erinevatel rahvastel ja piirkondadel on sadu erinevaid tee valmistamise meetodeid. Teed võidakse valmistada veega, piimaga, võiga, rasvaga, õliga jne
families. There were several illnesses over the Rebel army. Boudica died shortly after the battle. She was forgotten by the Middle Ages. In Victorian era she became popular again. First play of her in 1610, 3 films, several novels, Henry Purcell has somposed a piece of music, 2 statues one of these was destroyed. Some politicians are sometimes called after her. Rogen: "The Great Fire of London" Drought, narrow streets, wooden buildings, floors of straw, much gunpowder and oil in houses. 2 diarists, no fire department, water was against smaller fires, houses were demolished, water hose was very short. 1666 September 2 fire started from a bakery near midnight. Fire lasted for 4 days, 80% of London burnt down. People flee over Thames. Refugee camps were overloaded with crowds. Only a few people died (5-10), the plague ended, many famous buildings were destroyed. Sir Christopher Wren made the plans to rebuild the city. A monument. Siim: "Jane Austen"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_warfare http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_warfare http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot http://www.miksike.ee/documents/main/lisa/2klass/2joostes/relvad.htm http://www.miksike.ee/documents/main/lisa/5klass/5eestim/skandinaaviapronksiaeg17.ht m http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_engine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catapult http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breech-loading http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_infantry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare 15
imprisoned for many it was their last moment of freedom before their death. Fortunately, Elisabeth was released from the Tower and later became Queen. Elisabeth's father, Henry VII, made the Tower the feared destination of his enemies. Sir Thomas More was beheaded there in 1535 and the King's second wife, Anne Boleyn, was beheaded on Tower Green in 1536. Six years later Catherine Howard, Henry VIII's fifth wife, suffered the same fate. The Gunpowder plot conspirators were interrogated in the Tower before being executed. The Tower is famous as home of the Crown Jewels. Today they can be viewed in their special jewel house ( built in 1967) from a moving pavement. They include the Crown of Queen Elisabeth the Queen Mother which contains the celebrated Indian diamond, the Koh-I- noor and St .Edward's Crown which is used for actual crowning of the monarch and weighs over two kilograms. The
They were the first to reach northen coast of New World and also they developed in India. East-Indias tradeing company was made and it was very rich and powerful. Britain had a lot of land so British Empire was made. Stuart England Stuart period was between 1603-1714. First king was James I. He was not as powerful as Elizabeth and people didnt like him. Thats why Guy Fawkes and some more people planned the Gunpowder plot to kill the king. The plot failed and Guy Fawkes was hanged. James I raised taxes and he didnt cooperate with the Parliament, what led to civil war in 1641. English civil war was between the parliament and the king. It was during the reign of Charles I. Civil war was ended in 1651 and led to execution of Charles I. After that the commonwealth of Britain became but most of the people took Oliver Cromwell as a dictator. So he was killed
(salpeetrist) valmistatud püssirohtu kasutati esialgu meditsiinilisel otstarbel ning http://www.history.com/shows/man ilutulestike valmistamisel. Sõjalisel kind-the-story-of-all-of- otstarbel hakati püssirohtu us/videos/mankind-the-story-of-all- kasutama alates 10.saj, kui of-us-gunpowder-to-guns kasutusele tulid nn tulepiigid, mis kujutasid endast õlal kantavaid pambustorusid, mis sisuliselt toimisid leegiheitjatena. PÜSSIROHI Trükkimiseks kasutati esialgu puitplaadile graveeritud trükiplaate. Alates 11.saj hakati Hiinas kasutama lahtikäivate ja vahetatavate osadega trükitüüpe. TRÜKIKUNST Hiina kiri on mõistekiri, kus kirjamärgid e hieroglüüfid tähistavad enamasti igaüks erinevat sõna
Cutty Sark was a very fast sailing boat, a clipper. It's ruins can now be seen in Greenwich. Festivals Changing the Guards The guards and soldiers are regularly changing the guards since 1660. They wear the bearskin caps. Some of the guards are on the horses but most of them are on foot. Guy Fawkes Night It is held on 5th November every year. People burn the dolls of Guy Fawkes. It is also known as the Bonfire or Cracks Night. Guy Fawkes was the man who led the Gunpowder Plot. Trooping the Colour It started in the 17th century to celebrate the queen's birthday. It is a military ceremony. It is held on the 2nd Saturday in June. Queen is greeting the parade. Notting Hill Carnival It started in 1964. It is held in August. It comes from Trinidad and Tobago. It is the 2nd largest festival held in London. The City of London Festival It started in 1962. It is similar to our Old Town Days. Regent Street Festival
The Cataclysmic Death of Stars Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine Written by Ron Cowen March 2007 Ever since he was a teenager, Stan Woosley has had a love for chemical elements and a fondness for blowing things up. Growing up in the late 1950s in Texas, "I did everything you could do with potassium nitrate, perchlorate, and permanganate, mixed with a lot of other things," he says. "If you mixed potassium nitrate with sulfur and charcoal, you got gunpowder. If you mixed it with sugar, you got a lot of smoke and a nice pink fire." He tested his explosive concoctions on a Fort Worth golf course: "I screwed the jar down tight and ran like hell." "kaboomWoosley", now an astronomer at the University of California at Santa Cruz, has graduated to bigger explosions--much bigger. Woosley studies some of the most powerful explosions since the birth of the universe: supernovae, the violent deaths of stars. The universe twinkles with these cataclysms
värvus) Teel on magus maitse tänu vähesele tannini hulgale. Korjatakse ja selekteeritakse käsitsi varakevadel esimese korjanduse ajal. Kogu see delikaatne ümberkäimine tagab kõrge kvaliteedi. Lasta tõmmata vaid 3 minutit. Gen Maicha See eksootiline Jaapani roheline tee koosneb röstitud riisist ja popcornist ning mahedast rohelisest teest. Tulemuseks on värskendav tassike teed, mis on üheaegselt nii magus kui vürtsikas. Sobib hästi pärastlõunaseks ja õhtuseks nautimiseks. Gunpowder Hiina roheline tee. Teepõõsa noored lehed on tugevalt keeratud rulli kuulikesteks. Teetõmmises lehed keerduvad uuesti lathi. Hojicha Jaapani roheline tee, mida on röstitud. Röstimise käigus on tee kaotanud loodusliku kofeiini, mis teeb temast väga maheda ja mõnusa, veidi suitsulõhnalise ja maitselise tee. China jasmine silver pearl mountan On kvaliteetseim jasmiiniga maitsestatud roheline tee. Kasutatakse ainult ainult käsitsi korjatud teelehti
A round stone slab in the square signifies the place of the pillory. Pharmacy The Town Council Pharmacy is the oldest medical establishment in Tallinn and it is one of the oldest pharmacies in Europe that has worked at the same place since the early 15th century. Beside medicine, the pharmacy sold all sorts of different products in the Middle Ages. One could buy sweets, preserves, marzipan and cookies. The pharmacy sold stationery, dies, gunpowder, spices, candles and torches. When tobacco was brought to Europe and then to Estonia, the pharmacy started to sell it first. There were a few miracle drugs on sale, like the unicorn's horn powder, the powder made of the oversea mummies, the powders made of burnt hedgehogs, earthworms or swallow's nests. The Burcharts are the family whom we usually speak about in connection with the Town Council's Pharmacy. Johann Burchart I came from Hungary in 1580. Three years later he leased the pharmacy
piston pump. During 1606, Italian scientist Giovanni Batista della Porta of Naples heated water in a flask until the water turned into steam. This steam filled the empty space of a closed tank of water with the only opening as a pipe from the depth of the water. The water was forced out because of the pressure of the expanding warm air. In the 1600's several scientists continued work on steam powered pumps. Robert Boyle proposed the steam engine in 1678. During the 1680's a gunpowder explosion was used to heat water. Jean de Hautefeuille tried to up water, and Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens tried a piston in a cylinder. These experiments were the beginnings of a nuclear power-like process. In 1712, Thomas Newcom and John Calley built their first successful steam engine. Nicholas Cugnot built the first mechanically propelled road vehicle in 1769. Cugnot's vehicle was powered through a two - cylinder piston connected steam engine. It used high pressure steam as the
techniques not very reproducible. DNA can also be microinjected into target plant cells using very thin glass needles in a method similar to that used with animals. Microinjection, however, has produced only a few transgenic plants. The technique is laborious, technically difficult, and limited to the number of cells actually injected. Biolistics, involves accelerating very small particles of tungsten or gold coated with DNA into cells using an electrostatic pulse, air pressure, or gunpowder percussion. As the particles pass through the cell, the DNA dissolves and becomes free to integrate into the plant-cell genome. This improbable technique actually works quite well and has become, along with electroporation, one of the methodologies of choice. Biolistics has the advantage of being applicable to whole cells in suspension or to intact or sliced plant tissues. For example, plant meristems or tissues capable of regeneration can be targeted directly
and function as a unity. But in the electric age this integral idea of structure and configuration has become so prevalent that educational theory has taken up the matter. Instead of working with specialized "problems" in arithmetic, the structural approach now follows the linea of force in the field of number and has small children meditating about number theory and "sets." Cardinal Newman said of Napoleon, "He understood the grammar of gunpowder." Napoleon had paid some attention to other media as well, especially the semaphore telegraph that gave him a great advantage over his enemies. He is on record for saying that "Three newspapers are more to be feared than thousands bayonets." Alexis de Tocqueville was the first to master the grammar of print and typography. He was thus able to read off the message of coming change in France and America as if he were reading aloud from a text that had been handed to him
tootmistehnika kiiresti Zhejiangi ning ka teistele teetootmisaladele Hiinas. Tänapäeval on Dragon`s Well lamedakujuline segatud-küpsetatud roheline tee, mis on saadud samasuguse korjamise ja tootmistehnikaga kui läänejärve oma. Dragons Welli tee tootmisalade eristamiseks on nimele ,,Draakoni Kaevu tee" alati lisatud tegeliku tootmisala nimi. Näiteks Dragon Welli tee Xinchangist on nimetatud ,,Xinchangi Dragon Well tee" (Xinchang on Zhejiangi provintsi linn). Green Gunpowder tea Seda kutsutakse ,,Zhucha" Pinyinis ning ,,pärliteeks" Hiinas. Püssirohu rohelist teed kutsutakse nii sellepärast et see on veeretatud väikesteks pallikesteks, mis meenutavad püssirohuteri. See on Hiina põhiline eksporditud roheline tee, mille peamine tootmisala on Zhejiangi provints. Nõelapea püssirohu rohelist teed toodetakse Pinshuis Shaoxingi linnas, Zhejiangi provintsis. Nõelapea vihjab Pinsui linnale). Nagu ajalooürikud väidavad, oli Pinsui suurim püssirohutee
kuningas James VI-le. Inglismaa troonile astus ta James I nime all [160325]. Nii nagu Elisabeth, toetus ka James I anglikaani riigikirikule, rünnates ühtaegu nii katolitsismi kui puritaanlust, vaatamata sellele, et nii katoliiklased (kuna tegu oli Mary Stuarti pojaga) kui ka puritaanid (sest kuningas oli sotlane) lootsid tema toetusele. 5. novembril 1605 paljastati Londonis püssirohuvandenõu (Gunpowder-Plot). Äärmuskatoliiklane Guy Fawkes kavatses parlamendi koos kuningaga õhku lasta, paigutades Westminster Abbey keldrisse 36 püssirohuvaati. Üks vandenõulastest paljastas ettevõtmise ning Fawkes tabati otse sündmuskohal askeldamast. Püssirohuvandenõu vallandas järjekordse katoliiklaste tagakiusamislaine. Siit on pärit ka tänini püsinud rituaal enne parlamendi istungjärgu algust hoone kelder üle vaadata. Katoliiklaste kõrval jätkati ka puritaanide jälitamist
ing and stabilizing the product’s red color. nitrite on flavor and preservation (Grever and Saltpeter (KNO3) was recognized as the con- Ruiter 2001; EFSA 2003; Lücke 2008). taminant of these “better” salts. The chemical Nitrite or nitrous acid formed as shown by reactions behind it, however, remained the first equation in Figure 6.1, when reduced unknown. Known for centuries for its oxida- by microbial action is able to sequester tive power in gunpowder (carbon + KNO3), oxygen in a meat batter, chemically reacting saltpeter was known as an oxidative in the reverse direction to form nitrate, thus compound. preventing oxidative (rancidity) processes. Thus the reaction of nitrate in preserving (Honikel 2008; Fig. 6.2). Also, the formation or in preventing oxidative changes (rancid- of flavoring substances, mainly from fatty
annaabi.ee 
