Fiscal Policy (0)

Lõik failist

Sarnased õppematerjalid

3

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Introduction to macroeconomics

labour force. The labour force consists of · those who are either working or are actively looking for a job. In comparison with the total population, it leaves out - young people who are not yet working, - the old who are retired, - and those who do not wish to work--or have given up hope of working. Inflation refers to the rate of change of the average level of prices. Keynesian revolution explains why the study of macroeconomics is so intertwined with policy and politics. - Two traditional demand management instruments are fiscal and monetary policy. Fiscal policy manipulates government expenditures or taxes in an attempt to affect the volume of national spending. Monetary policy is directed at influencing interest and exchange rates, and more generally conditions in financial markets; this in turn affects spending on goods and services. Key Concepts · Macroeconomics gross domestic product (GDP)

Micro_macro ökonoomika

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Economic Country Review

with Finland experiencing one of the deepest contractions in the euro zone. A recovery of exports, domestic trade, and household consumption stimulated economic growth in 2010. The recession left a deep mark on general government finances and the debt ratio, turning previously strong budget surpluses into deficits. In addition to marginal growth prospects, general government finances will remain in deficit during the next few years. The great challenge of economic policy will be to mitigate a possible recession in 2012 in which measures supporting growth will be combined with general government adjustment measures. Longerterm, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012, ISSN 15538133). 2.2 Estonia 2.2.1 Background After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918

Majandusanalüüs

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Mikro ja makroökonoomika terminid

Säästmisfunktsioon Saving function Säästmise piirkalduvus Marginal propensity to save, MPS Varud Inventories Multiplikaator, võimendi Multiplier Indutseeritud Induced investment investeeringud Keinsi rist Keynesian –cross diagram Inflatsiooniline(langus) Inflationary (recessionary) gap lõhe Säästmise paradoks Paradox of thrift Raha ja pangandus, rahapoliitika. Money, monetary policy and Banking. Kaup-raha Commodity money laenuraha Credit money veksel bill rahatäht Bank note tchekk check dekreetraha Fiat money likviidsus liquidity Väärtuse mõõt Unit of account vahetusvahend Medium of exchange Väärtuse säilitamise Store of value vahend

Majandus

8

pdf

Fiskaalpoliitika ehk eelarvepoliitika

"Public Sector Development: Difficulties and Restrictions", In T. Haavisto, ed., The Transition to a Market Economy, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, Brookfield, US, 1997. 2. Dr. Gablers. Wirtschaftslexikon. Verlag Dr. Gabler KG, Wiesbaden, 1976. 3. Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2000. Statistikaamet, Tallinn, 2000. 4. Fakin, B., De Crombrugghe, A. "Fiscal Adjustments in Transition Economies: Social Transfers and the Efficiency of Public Spending ­ A Comparison with OECD Countries", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No 1803, 1997. 5. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. Zoido-Lobaton, P. "Governance Matters", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No 2196, 1999. 6. K. Kerem. "Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: The Estonian Case", BALT-ECON 2000, Canada, 2000. 7. Kerem, K., Püss, T., Randveer, M., Viies, M. Social Protection System in Estonia on the Threshold of Intgration into the Europen Union, Tallinn, 1998. 7. Papadopoulus, A. P., Sidiropoulus, M. G

Ajalugu

106

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Business peciliarities in Ukraine and Bealrus

1990-s When Ukraine became independent in 1991, there were expectations that it would in the near future become a wealthy free market democracy and a full member of the European and Euro-Atlantic communities. Ukraine never fulfilled those expectations. Instead, it is seen as an underachiever, sometimes as a sick man of Europe, and perhaps even as a potentially failed state thanks to its geopolitical situation, historical burdens, and the mistakes made in institutional development and policy. Economically, Ukraine has grown along with the region. As such, growth rates have not been low, but they come after the economically devastating 1990s and are not built on a 6 sustainable foundation. For years Russia provided Ukraine with underpriced gas while Ukraine's export prices increased rapidly. Over the decades Ukraine, however, grew dependent on oil and gas coming from Russia, at almost no cost. Today, 70 percent of gas

Inglise keel

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Inglise keele majandussõnastik

..................................tarbimise tasakaal 103. Consumer goods ­ ............................................tarbekaubad 104. Consumer price index ­ ....................................tarbijahinnaindeks 105. Consumer surplus ­ ..........................................tarbija hinnavaru 106. Consumption ­ ..................................................tarbimine 107. Contest ­ ...........................................................võistlus 108. Contractionary fiscal policy ­ ..........................kitsendav fiskaalpoliitika 109. Contribution ­ ...................................................rahaline toetus 110. Convenience store ­ .........................................esmatarbekaupade pood 111. Conventional marketing ­................................. tavakohane turundus 112. Conviction- .......................................................kindel veendumus 113. Corporation ­ ....................................................aktsiaselts 114

Inglise keel

38

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European Union Exam

Association (EFTA). 1960 Creation of European Free Trade Association 1961 UK applies to join the Community. 1962 The Parliamentary Assembly changes its name to the European Parliament. 1965 The Treaty merging the executives of the three Communities (ECSC, EEC, Euratom) is signed in Brussels; enters into force on July 1, 1967. Empty chair crisis 1966 Luxembourg compromise – solution for the empty chair crisis: weaker commission, veto power, common argiculture policy, qualified majority voting 1967 UK re-applies to join the Community. 1968 Agreement of EEC’s common external tarif 1972 Referendum in Norway on joining; majority votes against. Launch of „snake in the tunnel“ 1973 January: Denmark, Ireland and the UK join the European Communities. 1974 April: foreign secretary James Callaghan makes statement to the Council on the new Labour government’s policy on the Community. Calls for major

Euroopa liidu põhikursus

26

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Public Administration and Innovation

relations”. Oslo Manual 2005 P.S. Mergers and acquisitions! National innovation system (NIS) The national innovation systems approach stresses that the flows of technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions are key to the innovative process. Innovation and technology development are the result of a complex set of relationships among actors in the system, which includes enterprises, universities and government research institutes. For policy makers, an understanding of the national innovation system can help identify leverage points for enhancing innovative performance and overall competitiveness. It can assist in pinpointing mismatches within the system, both among institutions and in relation to government policies, which can thwart technology development and innovation. Policies which seek to improve networking among the actors and institutions in the system and which aim

Public Administration

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